List of county courthouses in Georgia

Last updated

The U.S. state of Georgia is divided into 159 counties, more than any other state except for Texas, which has 254 counties. In Georgia, county seats typically have a courthouse at a town square. Courthouses in Georgia have been replaced for a variety of reasons. Courthouses have typically been replaced over time due to natural wear on courthouses, being destroyed in the Civil War, or communities outgrowing their current courthouse. When county seats have been moved, a new courthouse was typically constructed. Courthouses in Georgia have also been destroyed by disasters including fire, tornadoes, war, and arson. The most recent county courthouse to suffer a disaster was the burning of Hancock County, Georgia's courthouse in August 2014.

Contents

History

The architectural style of courthouses in Georgia has varied over time and from region to region.

Antebellum

It was common for the first courthouse of a county on the frontier to be a log cabin type structure. Houses being repurposed for county courthouses was not an uncommon method for a county acquiring a courthouse. Courthouses often doubled as churches and schools before the 1900s. During Georgia's colonial period the area was subdivided into parishes. Some parishes did have the equivalent of county courthouses. No county courthouses in Georgia from the 1700s currently survive. [1]

By the mid-1800s it became common for courthouses to still be made of wood, but out of wood that had been processed into boards instead of unhewed logs. The Old Marion County Courthouse in Tazewell, Georgia and the Old Chattahoochee County Courthouse are only two surviving wooden courthouses in Georgia. Neither are currently in use as a courthouse. County seats of areas with larger populations often built courthouses made out of bricks before counties from more rural areas. Vernacular architecture was a common style. Greek Revival was another common pre-Civil War architectural style for county courthouses. [2]

American Civil War

During the American Civil War, twelve county courthouses were destroyed by Union troops. In June 1863, the courthouse of McIntosh County at Darien was destroyed by Union Troops along with most of the town. Dade County was destroyed in 1863 during the Chattanooga Campaign. Catoosa County's courthouse at Ringgold was saved from destruction by William Tecumseh Sherman when he learned it was also a Masonic lodge. [3]

The courthouses of Cherokee County, Clayton County, Cobb County, Polk County, and Whitfield County were destroyed in 1864 during the Atlanta Campaign. The courthouses of Bulloch, Butts, Screven County, Washington County, and Wilkinson County were destroyed during Sherman's March to the Sea in 1864. [4]

Bibb County Courthouse, Macon, Georgia circa 1876 Mulberry Street, at 2nd, Courthouse, businesses, circa 1876 - DPLA - 0bcdd2159e134bd9c08a4e0024456463.jpg
Bibb County Courthouse, Macon, Georgia circa 1876

Reconstruction to the 1920s

By the late 1800s, brick courthouses were more common than they had been earlier in the century. Many courthouses were being constructed in styles more elaborate than the typical vernacular architecture, which had previously been common. Neoclassical, Italianate, and Romanesque were the most common architectural styles of county courthouses during the late 1800s. High Victorian Gothic and Second Empire were also common. [5]

Works Progress Administration

During the 1930s, the Works Progress Administration assisted many county governments with building new courthouses and renovating older courthouses. Stripped Classicism and Colonial Revival were two of the more common styles during the 1930s. [6]

Post-World War II courthouses

After World War II, Neoclassical architecture had been surpassed by Modern architecture as the top style for new courthouses. When modern architecture was not used as the style of a new courthouse, it was often due to an attempt to replicate the appearance of a previous. By the 1980s, many counties began to replace their historic courthouses with judicial complexes. Most offices would be transferred to the new building, but some would remain in the old courthouses. [7]

Surviving original county courthouses

It is uncommon for counties to still have their original courthouse. The surviving county courthouses that were their county's first courthouse are: [8]

A county still having their previous county courthouse in existence is not uncommon. Many previous county courthouses have been repurposed as museums. It is rare for a county to have more than one previous county courthouse still in existence, or to have a courthouse still in existence other than the one immediately preceding their current one. The Old Bartow County Courthouse, 1869 Clayton County Courthouse, Floyd County Courthouse, and the Old Spalding County Courthouse are examples of such courthouses. The only surviving courthouse from a town that is not the current county seat is the Old Marion County Courthouse in Tazewell, Georgia. [9]

Oldest courthouses

The ten oldest of Georgia's county courthouses still in existence are: [10]

The ten oldest of Georgia's county courthouses currently in use as courthouses are: [11]

County courthouse listing

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Georgia (U.S. state)</span> U.S. state

Georgia, officially the State of Georgia, is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. It borders Tennessee to the northwest, North Carolina to the north, South Carolina to the northeast, Florida to the south, and Alabama to the west. Of the 50 United States, Georgia is the 24th-largest by area and 8th most populous. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, its 2023 estimated population was 11,029,227. Atlanta, a global city, is both the state's capital and its largest city. The Atlanta metropolitan area, with a population of more than 6 million people in 2021, is the 8th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 57% of Georgia's entire population. Other major metropolitan areas in the state include Augusta, Savannah, Columbus, and Macon. Georgia has 100 miles (160 km) of coastline along the Atlantic Ocean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baldwin County, Georgia</span> County in Georgia, United States

Baldwin County is a county located in the central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, its population was 43,799. The county seat is Milledgeville, which was developed along the Oconee River. Baldwin County is part of the Milledgeville micropolitan statistical area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milledgeville, Georgia</span> City in Georgia, United States

Milledgeville is a city in and the county seat of Baldwin County in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is northeast of Macon and bordered on the east by the Oconee River. The rapid current of the river here made this an attractive location to build a city. It was the capital of Georgia from 1804 to 1868, including during the American Civil War. Milledgeville was preceded as the capital city by Louisville and was succeeded by Atlanta, the current capital. Today U.S. Highway 441 connects Milledgeville to Madison, Athens, and Dublin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Louisville, Georgia</span> City in Georgia, United States

Louisville is a city in and the county seat of Jefferson County, Georgia, United States, and also a former state capital of Georgia. It is located southwest of Augusta on the Ogeechee River, and its population was 2,493 at the 2010 census, down from 2,712 at the 2000 census. By 2020, its population was 2,381. Its name is pronounced "Lewis-ville", though it and the differently pronounced city in Kentucky were both named for Louis XVI.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sandersville, Georgia</span> City in Georgia, United States

The city of Sandersville is the county seat of Washington County, Georgia, United States. The population was 5,813 in 2020. It is also a part of the Central Savannah River Area. Sandersville is known as the "Kaolin Capital of the World" due to its abundance of kaolin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dixie Highway</span> United States historic place

Dixie Highway was a United States auto trail first planned in 1914 to connect the Midwest with the South. It was part of a system and was expanded from an earlier Miami to Montreal highway. The final system is better understood as a network of connected paved roads, rather than one single highway. It was constructed and expanded from 1915 to 1929.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Georgia General Assembly</span> Legislative branch of the state government of Georgia

The Georgia General Assembly is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Georgia. It is bicameral, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Georgia State Capitol</span> State capitol building of the U.S. state of Georgia

The Georgia State Capitol is an architecturally and historically significant building in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The building has been named a National Historic Landmark which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. As the primary office building of Georgia's government, the capitol houses the offices of the governor, lieutenant governor, and secretary of state on the second floor, chambers in which the General Assembly, consisting of the Georgia State Senate and Georgia House of Representatives, meets annually from January to April. The fourth floor houses visitors' galleries overlooking the legislative chambers and a museum located near the rotunda in which a statue of Miss Freedom caps the dome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas W. Hardwick</span> American politician (1872–1944)

Thomas William Hardwick was an American politician from the U.S. state of Georgia who served as governor of Georgia, a United States Senator from Georgia, a member of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia, and a member of the Georgia House of Representatives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atlanta City Hall</span> United States historic place

Atlanta City Hall is the headquarters of the City of Atlanta government. It was constructed in 1930, and is located in Downtown Atlanta. It is a high-rise office tower very similar to dozens of other city halls built in the United States during the same time period. Located in South Downtown, it is near other governmental structures, such as the Georgia State Capitol and the Fulton County Courthouse. The Neo-Gothic structure features many architectural details that have helped to make the building a historical landmark. It is Atlanta’s fourth city hall.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fall Line Freeway</span> Highway in Georgia

The Fall Line Freeway is a 215-mile-long (346 km) highway designed to span the width of the U.S. state of Georgia from Columbus at the Alabama state line to Augusta, travelling through several cities including Macon, Fort Valley, Sandersville, and Wrens. Though it is called a freeway, it is composed of both limited-access and high-speed divided highway portions. There are also two segments of the highway that are two lanes, separated by a center turn lane: a brief portion in west-central Washington County and another brief portion in northern Jefferson County. As of August 2018, the Fall Line Freeway is 100% open to traffic. Between August 2017 and July 2018, the highway was completed. The Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) announced that the highway was officially signed as SR 540 on September 24, 2018, as the newest state route in the state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Georgia in the American Civil War</span> Overview of the role of the Confederate state of Georgia during the American Civil War

Georgia was one of the original seven slave states that formed the Confederate States of America in February 1861, triggering the U.S. Civil War. The state governor, Democrat Joseph E. Brown, wanted locally raised troops to be used only for the defence of Georgia, in defiance of Confederate president Jefferson Davis, who wanted to deploy them on other battlefronts. When the Union blockade prevented Georgia from exporting its plentiful cotton in exchange for key imports, Brown ordered farmers to grow food instead, but the breakdown of transport systems led to desperate shortages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice</span>

The Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) is a state agency of Georgia, United States, headquartered in Avondale Estates, near Decatur and in Greater Atlanta. The agency operates juvenile correctional facilities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Georgia (U.S. state)</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the U.S. state of Georgia enjoy most of the same rights and liberties as non-LGBT people. LGBT rights in the state have been a recent occurrence, with most improvements occurring from the 2010s onward. Same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 1998, although the state legislature has not repealed its sodomy law. Same-sex marriage has been legal since 2015. In addition, the state's largest city Atlanta, has a vibrant LGBT community and holds the biggest Pride parade in the Southeast. The state's hate crime laws, effective since June 26, 2020, explicitly include sexual orientation.

The Macon and Brunswick Railroad ran from Macon, Georgia to Brunswick, Georgia. Its construction was interrupted by the American Civil War, and initially only ran from Macon to Cochran, Georgia. The 5 ft gauge line was completed and extended to the Georgia coast when it opened in its entirety in December 1869. Construction of the line stimulated the lumber industry along its path, and the founding of new towns and counties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis in Georgia (U.S. state)</span> Legality, use and culture of cannabis in the U.S. state of Georgia

Cannabis in Georgia is illegal for recreational use, but decriminalized in the cities of Atlanta, Savannah, Macon, Athens, and others. Limited medical use is allowed in the form of cannabis oil containing less than 5% THC.

Charles Blaney Cluskey was an Irish architect active from the 1830s to the start of the Civil War, and therefore he is recognized as an antebellum architect. He is reputed to be the initiator of the Greek Revival–style in the south, and his commissions, both public and private, can still be seen in Augusta, Milledgeville and Savannah, Georgia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lynching of Paul Reed and Will Cato</span> Murders and lynchings in Statesboro, Georgia in 1904

The lynching of Paul Reed and Will Cato occurred in Statesboro, Georgia on August 16, 1904. Five members of a white farm family, the Hodges, had been murdered and their house burned to hide the crime. Paul Reed and Will Cato, who were African-American, were tried and convicted for the murders. Despite militia having been brought in from Savannah to protect them, the two men were taken by a mob from the courthouse immediately after their trials, chained to a tree stump, and burned. In the immediate aftermath, four more African-Americans were shot, three of them dying, and others were flogged.

Floyd L. Griffin Jr. is an American politician who served as the mayor of Milledgeville, Georgia, from 2001 to 2005, and in the Georgia State Senate from the 25th district from 1995 to 1999, as a member of the Democratic Party. He sought the Democratic Party's nomination for Lieutenant Governor of Georgia in 1998 and Georgia Secretary of State in 2022.

References

  1. ↑ Jordan, Robert H.; Puster, J. Gregg (1984). Courthouses in Georgia. Harrison Company. ISBN   9780910694018.
  2. ↑ Jordan, Robert H.; Puster, J. Gregg (1984). Courthouses in Georgia. Harrison Company. ISBN   9780910694018.
  3. ↑ "Counties". GEORGIAINFO: An Online Georgia Almanac. Digital Library of Georgia. 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  4. ↑ "Counties". GEORGIAINFO: An Online Georgia Almanac. Digital Library of Georgia. 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  5. ↑ Jordan, Robert H.; Puster, J. Gregg (1984). Courthouses in Georgia. Harrison Company. ISBN   9780910694018.
  6. ↑ Jordan, Robert H.; Puster, J. Gregg (1984). Courthouses in Georgia. Harrison Company. ISBN   9780910694018.
  7. ↑ Jordan, Robert H.; Puster, J. Gregg (1984). Courthouses in Georgia. Harrison Company. ISBN   9780910694018.
  8. ↑ "Counties". GEORGIAINFO: An Online Georgia Almanac. Digital Library of Georgia. 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  9. ↑ Jordan, Robert H.; Puster, J. Gregg (1984). Courthouses in Georgia. Harrison Company. ISBN   9780910694018.
  10. ↑ "Counties". GEORGIAINFO: An Online Georgia Almanac. Digital Library of Georgia. 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  11. ↑ "Counties". GEORGIAINFO: An Online Georgia Almanac. Digital Library of Georgia. 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  12. ↑ "Counties". GEORGIAINFO: An Online Georgia Almanac. Digital Library of Georgia. 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  13. ↑ "Court House Burned". The Macon Telegraph and Messager. Macon, Georgia. 9 September 1876. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  14. ↑ Wilson, Asia (29 October 2018). "Baker Co. voting precinct destroyed during Hurricane Michael". WALB. Albany, Georgia. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  15. ↑ "Court House Burnt". Southern Recorder. Milledgeville, Georgia. 26 February 1861. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  16. ↑ "Correspondence of the Morning News". Daily Morning News. Savannah, Georgia. 28 May 1856. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  17. ↑ "Fire in Waynesboro". Central Georgian. Sandersville, Georgia. 31 January 1856. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  18. ↑ "We are sorry to hear..." Georgia Courier. Augusta, Georgia. 14 February 1828. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  19. ↑ "The court house". Bainbridge Democrat. Bainbridge, Georgia. 17 December 1891. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  20. ↑ Huxford, Folks (1916). History of Clinch County, Georgia. Macon, Georgia: J. W. Burke Company. p. 46.
  21. ↑ "Courthouse Fire Licks at Dynamite Cache". Atlanta Journal and the Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. 4 May 1952.
  22. ↑ "The court house..." Houston Home Journal. Perry, Georgia. 13 October 1898. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  23. ↑ "Courthouse Burns in Coffee County". Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. 26 November 1938.
  24. ↑ "Fire". Home Journal. Perry, Georgia. 17 March 1881. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  25. ↑ "Dade Court House Burnt". Savannah Daily Georgian. Savannah, Georgia. 20 April 1853. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  26. ↑ "DeKalb Courthouse Destroyed by Blaze". Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. 14 September 1916.
  27. ↑ "Court House Burnt". The Georgia Telegraph. Macon, Georgia. 18 May 1847. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  28. ↑ "Court House Consumed". Macon Telegraph. Macon, Georgia. 5 January 1898. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  29. ↑ "Fire at Swainsborough". Daily Chronicle and Sentinel. Augusta, Georgia. 5 May 1841. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  30. ↑ "Court House Burns Down". The Home journal. Perry, Georgia. 5 June 1919. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  31. ↑ "Courthouse fire suspect denied planning arson". Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. 6 October 1982.
  32. ↑ "DOI Called on Cumming Courthouse Fire". The Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. 7 November 1973.
  33. ↑ "Notice of Levy of Special Tax". The Brunswick Times. Brunswick, Georgia. 22 September 1897. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  34. ↑ "'Twas not like Banquo's Ghost". The Brunswick Times. Brunswick, Georgia. 4 March 1897. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  35. ↑ "To Welcome Friends In New Home". The Brunswick News. Brunswick, Georgia. 23 February 1908. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  36. ↑ "Old Cairo Courthouse Burns Down". Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. 19 February 1980.
  37. ↑ "Court House Burned". Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. 15 September 1871.
  38. ↑ "FIRES!". Southern Banner. Athens, Georgia. 25 December 1851.
  39. ↑ Womack, Amy (11 August 2014). "Cause undetermined for fire that destroyed Hancock County Courthouse". Macon Telegraph. Macon Georgia. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  40. ↑ Carter, Margaret-Ann; Key, Randy (11 May 2016). "Hancock County Courthouse Rises From The Ashes". News Channel 6 WJBF. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  41. ↑ "Burning of Heard County's Courthouse". Herald and Advertiser. Newnan, Georgia. 16 March 1894. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  42. ↑ "Houston Has Had Three Courthouses In Its 153 Years". Houston Home Journal. Perry, Georgia. 6 June 1974. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  43. ↑ "Court House Burnt". Southern Recorder. Milledgeville, Georgia. 30 March 1858.
  44. ↑ "Another Court House Burnt". Southern Banner. Athens, Georgia. 1 July 1858. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  45. ↑ "Building A New Courthouse". Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. 13 March 1904.
  46. ↑ "Festival Scheduled April 1". Houston Home Journal. Perry, Georgia. 23 March 1978. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  47. ↑ "We regret to hear..." Albany Patriot. Albany, Georgia. 5 March 1857. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  48. ↑ "A Court House Burnt - Great Excitement - Valuable Documents Lost". Columbus enquirer. Columbus, Georgia. 10 March 1857. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  49. ↑ "Festival Scheduled April 1". Houston Home Journal. Perry, Georgia. 23 March 1978. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  50. ↑ "Another Fire". Savannah Daily Republican. Savannah, Georgia. 13 November 1845. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  51. ↑ "Letter From Darien". Savannah Morning News. Savannah, Georgia. 31 January 1873. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  52. ↑ "Mysterious fire rekindles history". The Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. 13 December 1981.
  53. ↑ "Meriwether Keeps Sprouting New Courthouses". Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. 16 February 1878.
  54. ↑ Caldwell, Wilber (2001). The Courthouse and the Depot. Mercer University Press. p. 282. ISBN   9780865547483.
  55. ↑ "State Items". Newnan Herald. Newnan, Georgia. 26 January 1867. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  56. ↑ "Court House Burned". Georgia Constitutionalist. Augusta, Georgia. 3 September 1844. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  57. ↑ "The following is an extract..." Chronicle and sentinel. Augusta, Georgia. 16 October 1838. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  58. ↑ "Covingtons was the scene..." Early County News. Blakely, Georgia. 3 January 1884. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  59. ↑ "Georgia Courthouse Is Razed By Flames". Butler Herald. Butler, Georgia. 12 May 1938. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  60. ↑ "Arson Probed In Peach Fire". Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. 10 December 1969.
  61. ↑ "Incendiarism at Blackshear". Savannah Morning News. Savannah, Georgia. 13 March 1875. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  62. ↑ Dixon, Dawn (11 June 2008). "Making a home out of history". Blackshear Times. Blackshear, Georgia. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  63. ↑ "Old Courthouse Being Razed". Butler Herald. Butler, Georgia. 28 October 1937. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  64. ↑ "Georgia Town Has A Bad Blaze". Sandersville Herald. Sanderville, Georgia. 14 January 1897. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  65. ↑ "Stewart County Courthouse Destroyed Fire Early Today". Daily Times Enterprise. Thomasville, Georgia. 21 April 1922. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  66. ↑ "They have a nice reason..." Butler Herald. Butler, Georgia. 10 May 1934. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  67. ↑ Hilt, Kathy (February 6, 2024). "The End of Era; The Beginning of Another". Southeast Georgia Today. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
  68. ↑ "Twiggs Courthouse Was Burned to the Ground". Macon Telegraph. Macon, Georgia. 8 February 1901. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  69. ↑ "Court House Burnt". Southern Banner. Athens, Georgia. 15 May 1856.
  70. ↑ "Layfayette Courthouse Burned". Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. 3 February 1883.
  71. ↑ Jordan, Robert H.; Puster, J. Gregg (1984). Courthouses in Georgia. Harrison Company. p. 171. ISBN   9780910694018.
  72. ↑ "Destructive Fire at Waycross". Savannah Morning News. Savannah, Georgia. 14 October 1874. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  73. ↑ "Disastrous Fire". Daily Morning News. Savannah, Georgia. 27 April 1854. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  74. ↑ "Loss $60,000 in Big Blaze". Atlanta Georgian and News. Atlanta, Georgia. 7 April 1909. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  75. ↑ "Sandersville in Ruins". Southern Recorder. Milledgeville, Georgia. 27 March 1855. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  76. ↑ "Grand Jury Presentments". Central Georgian. Sandersville, Georgia. 21 March 1866. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  77. ↑ "Webster Courthouse Damaged by Fire". Grady County Progress. Cairo, Georgia. 2 October 1914. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  78. ↑ "Burning of the Wilcox County Courthouse". Savannah Morning News. Savannah, Georgia. 27 March 1878. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  79. ↑ "The court-house..." Southern Recorder. Milledgeville. 4 February 1854. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  80. ↑ "Court House Burned". Albany News. Albany, Georgia. 30 January 1879. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  81. ↑ "Court House Burnt". Weekly Sumter Republican. Americus, Georiga. 29 October 1880. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  82. ↑ "Fire at Isabella". Americus Times-Recorder. Americus, Georgia. 10 August 1893.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.