Grey alien

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Grey alien
Greylien.png
Illustration of an archetypal Grey alien
Grouping extraterrestrial or being of other origin
Similar entities Reptilian humanoid, little green men
Folklore Ufology
Other name(s)Zeta Reticulian, Roswell Grey, Roswell Alien, Greys, Zetan
RegionWorldwide
DetailsHumanoid with a small and frail body (sometimes appearing as tall), grey skin, large forehead, almond-shaped black eyes, small noses, lips, and ears.

Grey aliens, also referred to as Zeta Reticulans, Roswell Greys or Greys, [a] are purported extraterrestrial beings. They are frequent subjects of close encounters and alien abduction claims. The details of such claims vary widely. That said, Greys are typically described as being human-like with small bodies, smooth, grey-colored skin; enlarged, hairless heads; and large, black eyes. The Barney and Betty Hill abduction claim, which purportedly took place in New Hampshire in 1961, popularized Grey aliens. [1] [2] Precursor figures have been described in science fiction and similar descriptions appeared in early accounts of the 1948 Aztec UFO hoax and later accounts of the 1947 Roswell UFO incident.

Contents

The Grey alien has emerged as an archetypal image of an intelligent non-human creature and extraterrestrial life in general, as well as an iconic trope of popular culture in the age of space exploration.

Description

Appearance

Greys are typically depicted as grey-skinned, diminutive humanoid beings that possess reduced forms of, or completely lack, external human body parts such as noses, ears, or sex organs. [3] Their bodies are usually depicted as being elongated, having a small chest, and lacking in muscular definition and visible skeletal structure. Their legs are depicted as being shorter and jointed differently from humans with limbs proportionally different from a human. [3]

Greys are depicted as having unusually large heads in proportion to their bodies with no hair on the body, and no noticeable outer ears or noses, sometimes with small openings or orifices for ears, nostrils, and mouths. In drawings, Greys are almost always shown with very large, opaque, black eyes, without eye whites. They are frequently described as shorter than average adult humans. [4]

Association with Zeta Reticuli

The association between Grey aliens and Zeta Reticuli originated with the interpretation of a map drawn by Betty Hill by a school-teacher named Marjorie Fish sometime in 1969. [5] Betty Hill, under hypnosis, had claimed to have been shown a map that displayed the aliens' home system and nearby stars. [6] Upon learning of this, Fish attempted to create a model from a drawing produced by Hill, eventually determining that the stars marked as the aliens' home were Zeta Reticuli, a binary star system. [5]

History

Origins

In 1893, H. G. Wells presented a description of humanity's future appearance in the article The Man of the Year Million, describing humans as having no mouths, noses, or hair, and with large heads. In 1895, Wells also depicted the Eloi, a successor species to humanity, in similar terms in the novel The Time Machine . [7]

Crowley's drawing of "Lam", the entity that he believed he was in contact with Supposed channeled entity by occultist crowley.jpg
Crowley's drawing of "Lam", the entity that he believed he was in contact with

As early as 1917, the occultist Aleister Crowley described a meeting with a "preternatural entity" named Lam that was similar in appearance to a modern Grey. Crowley believed he had contacted the entity through a process that he called the "Amalantrah Workings," which he thought allowed humans to contact beings from outer space and across dimensions. Other occultists and ufologists, many of whom have retroactively linked Lam to later Grey encounters, have since described their own visitations from him, with one describing the being as a "cold, computer-like intelligence," and utterly beyond human comprehension. [8]

"...the creatures did not resemble any race of humans. They were short, shorter than the average Japanese, and their heads were big and bald, with strong, square foreheads, and very small noses and mouths, and weak chins. What was most extraordinary about them were the eyes — large, dark, gleaming, with a sharp gaze. They wore clothes made of soft grey fabric, and their limbs seemed to be similar to those of humans."

Gustav Sandgren,The Unknown Danger (1933)

In 1933, the Swedish novelist Gustav Sandgren, using the pen name Gabriel Linde, published a science fiction novel called Den okända faran (The Unknown Danger), in which he describes a race of extraterrestrials who wore clothes made of soft grey fabric and were short, with big bald heads, and large, dark, gleaming eyes. The novel, aimed at young readers, included illustrations of the imagined aliens. This description would become the template upon which the popular image of grey aliens is based. [7]

Barney and Betty Hill abduction

The conception remained a niche one until 1965, when newspaper reports of the Betty and Barney Hill abduction made the archetype famous. [6] The alleged abductees, Betty and Barney Hill, claimed that in 1961, humanoid alien beings with grayish skin had abducted them and taken them to a flying saucer. [6] [9] [10]

In his 1990 article "Entirely Unpredisposed", Martin Kottmeyer suggested that Barney's memories revealed under hypnosis might have been influenced by an episode of the science-fiction television show The Outer Limits titled "The Bellero Shield", which was broadcast 12 days before Barney's first hypnotic session. The episode featured an extraterrestrial with large eyes, who says, "In all the universes, in all the unities beyond the universes, all who have eyes have eyes that speak." The report from the regression featured a scenario that was in some respects similar to the television show. In part, Kottmeyer wrote:

Wraparound eyes are an extreme rarity in science fiction films. I know of only one instance. They appeared on the alien of an episode of an old TV series The Outer Limits entitled "The Bellero Shield." A person familiar with Barney's sketch in "The Interrupted Journey" and the sketch done in collaboration with the artist David Baker will find a "frisson" of "déjà vu" creeping up his spine when seeing this episode. The resemblance is much abetted by an absence of ears, hair, and nose on both aliens. Could it be by chance? Consider this: Barney first described and drew the wraparound eyes during the hypnosis session dated 22 February 1964. "The Bellero Shield" was first broadcast on 10 February 1964. Only twelve days separate the two instances. If the identification is admitted, the commonness of wraparound eyes in the abduction literature falls to cultural forces.

— Martin Kottmeyer, Entirely Unpredisposed: The Cultural Background of UFO Reports [11]

Carl Sagan echoed Kottmeyer's suspicions in his 1997 book, The Demon Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark, where Invaders from Mars was cited as another potential inspiration. [6]

Diffusion into folklore

After the Hills' encounter, Greys would go on to become an integral part of ufology and other extraterrestrial-related folklore. This is particularly true in the case of the United States: according to journalist C. D. B. Bryan, 73% of all reported alien encounters in the United States describe Grey aliens, a significantly higher proportion than other countries. [12] : 68 

A Grey as popularized from the cover of Communion, by Whitley Strieber: The portrait was painted by Ted Seth Jacobs to Strieber's description and approval. Communion book cover.jpg
A Grey as popularized from the cover of Communion, by Whitley Strieber: The portrait was painted by Ted Seth Jacobs to Strieber's description and approval.

During the early 1980s, Greys were linked to the alleged crash-landing of a flying saucer in Roswell, New Mexico, in 1947. A number of publications contained statements from individuals who claimed to have seen the U.S. military handling a number of unusually proportioned, bald, child-sized beings. These individuals claimed, during and after the incident, that the beings had oversized heads and slanted eyes, but scant other distinguishable facial features. [13]

In 1987, novelist Whitley Strieber published the book Communion , which, unlike his previous works, was categorized as non-fiction, and in which he describes a number of close encounters he alleges to have experienced with Greys and other extraterrestrial beings. The book became a New York Times bestseller, [14] and New Line Cinema released a 1989 film adaption that starred Christopher Walken as Strieber. [15]

In 1988, Christophe Dechavanne interviewed the French science-fiction writer and ufologist Jimmy Guieu on TF1's Ciel, mon mardi ! . Besides mentioning Majestic 12, Guieu described the existence of what he called "the little greys", which later on became better known in French under the name: les Petits-Gris. [16] Guieu later wrote two docudramas, using as a plot the Grey aliens / Majestic-12 conspiracy theory as described by John Lear and Milton William Cooper: the series "E.B.E." (for "Extraterrestrial Biological Entity"): E.B.E.: Alerte rouge (first part) (1990) and E.B.E.: L'entité noire d'Andamooka (second part) (1991).[ citation needed ]

Greys have since become the subject of many conspiracy theories. Many conspiracy theorists believe that Greys represent part of a government-led disinformation or plausible deniability campaign, or that they are a product of government mind-control experiments. [17] During the 1990s, popular culture also began to increasingly link Greys to a number of military-industrial complex and New World Order conspiracy theories. [18]

In 1995, filmmaker Ray Santilli claimed to have obtained 22 reels of 16 mm film that depicted the autopsy of a "real" Grey supposedly recovered from the site of the 1947 incident in Roswell. [19] [20] In 2006, though, Santilli announced that the film was not original, but was instead a "reconstruction" created after the original film was found to have degraded. He maintained that a real Grey had been found and autopsied on camera in 1947, and that the footage released to the public contained a percentage of that original footage. [21]

Analysis

In close encounter claims and ufology

Greys are often involved in alien abduction claims. Among reports of alien encounters, Greys make up about 50% in Australia, 73% in the United States, 48% in continental Europe, and around 12% in the United Kingdom. [12] : 68  These reports include two distinct groups of Greys that differ in height. [12] : 74  [3]

Abduction claims are often described as extremely traumatic, similar to an abduction by humans or even a sexual assault in the level of trauma and distress. The emotional impact of perceived abductions can be as great as that of combat, sexual abuse, and other traumatic events. [22]

The eyes are often a focus of abduction claims, which often describe a Grey staring into the eyes of an abductee when conducting mental procedures. [3] This staring is claimed to induce hallucinogenic states or directly provoke different emotions. [23]

Psychocultural expression of intelligence

Neurologist Steven Novella proposes that Grey aliens are a byproduct of the human imagination, with the Greys' most distinctive features representing everything that modern humans traditionally link with intelligence. "The aliens, however, do not just appear as humans, they appear like humans with those traits we psychologically associate with intelligence." [24]

The "Mother Hypothesis"

In 2005, Frederick V. Malmstrom, writing in Skeptic magazine, volume 11, issue 4, presents his idea that Greys are actually residual memories of early childhood development. Malmstrom reconstructs the face of a Grey through transformation of a mother's face based on our best understanding of early-childhood sensation and perception. Malmstrom's study offers another alternative to the existence of Greys, the intense instinctive response many people experience when presented an image of a Grey, and the act of regression hypnosis and recovered-memory therapy in "recovering" memories of alien abduction experiences, along with their common themes. [25]

Evolutionary implausibility

According to biologist Jack Cohen, the typical image of a Grey, assuming that it would have evolved from a world with different environmental and ecological conditions from Earth, is too physiologically similar to a human to be credible as a representation of an alien. [26]

Other hypotheses

The interdimensional hypothesis, the cryptoterrestrial hypothesis, and the time-traveller hypothesis attempt to provide an alternative explanation to the humanoid anatomy and behavior of these alleged beings.

Grey aliens are a common way to depict extraterrestrials in fiction. Grey Aliens Drawing.jpg
Grey aliens are a common way to depict extraterrestrials in fiction.

Depictions of Grey aliens have gone on to appear in a number of films and television shows, supplanting the previously popular little green men. As early as 1966, for example, the superhero character Ultraman was explicitly based on them, [27] and in 1977 they were featured in Close Encounters of the Third Kind . [28] Greys have also been worked into space opera and other interstellar settings: in Babylon 5 , the Greys are referred to as the "Vree", and are depicted as being allies and trade partners of 23rd-century Earth, [29] while in the Stargate franchise they are called the "Asgard" and depicted as ancient astronauts.[ citation needed ] South Park refers to them as "visitors".

During the 1990s, plotlines wherein Greys were linked to conspiracy theories became common. [18] A well-known example is the Fox television series The X-Files , which first aired in 1993. It combined the quest to find proof of the existence of Grey-like extraterrestrials with a number of UFO conspiracy theory subplots, to form its primary story arc. Other notable examples include the XCOM video game franchise (where they are called "Sectoids"); Dark Skies , first broadcast in 1996, which expanded upon the MJ-12 conspiracy;[ citation needed ] and American Dad! , which features a Grey-like alien named Roger, whose backstory draws from both the Roswell incident and Area 51 conspiracy theories. [30] [31]

The 2011 film Paul tells the story of a Grey named Paul who attributes the Greys' frequent presence in science fiction pop culture to the US government deliberately inserting the stereotypical Grey alien image into mainstream media; this is done so that if humanity came into contact with Paul's species, no immediate shock would occur as to their appearance. [32] Child abduction by Greys is a key plot point in the 2013 film, Dark Skies . [33]

Greys appear in Syfy's 2021 science fiction dramedy series Resident Alien . [34]

The Greys appear as the main antagonistic faction in the 2023 independent game Greyhill Incident . [35]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Spelled "Gray" in certain dialects

Related Research Articles

UFO conspiracy theories are a subset of conspiracy theories which argue that various governments and politicians globally, in particular the United States government, are suppressing evidence that unidentified flying objects are controlled by a non-human intelligence or built using alien technology. Such conspiracy theories usually argue that Earth governments are in communication or cooperation with extraterrestrial visitors despite public disclaimers, and further that some of these theories claim that the governments are explicitly allowing alien abduction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roswell incident</span> UFO legend caused by 1947 balloon crash

The Roswell incident is a conspiracy theory which alleges that the 1947 United States Army Air Forces balloon debris recovered near Roswell, New Mexico was actually a crashed extraterrestrial spacecraft. Operated from the nearby Alamogordo Army Air Field and part of the top secret Project Mogul, the balloon was intended to detect Soviet nuclear tests. After metallic and rubber debris were recovered by Roswell Army Air Field personnel, the United States Army announced their possession of a "flying disc". This announcement made international headlines, but was retracted within a day. To obscure the purpose and source of the debris, the army reported that it was a conventional weather balloon.

Alien abduction refers to the phenomenon of people reporting what they believe to be the real experience of being kidnapped by extraterrestrial beings and subjected to physical and psychological experimentation. People claiming to have been abducted are usually called "abductees" or "experiencers". Most scientists and mental health professionals explain these experiences by factors such as suggestibility, sleep paralysis, deception, and psychopathology. Skeptic Robert Sheaffer sees similarity between some of the aliens described by abductees and those depicted in science fiction films, in particular Invaders From Mars (1953).

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antônio Vilas-Boas</span> Brazilian farmer who claimed to have been abducted by extraterrestrials in 1957

Antônio Vilas-Boas (1934–1991) was a Brazilian farmer who claimed to have been abducted by extraterrestrials in 1957. Though similar stories had circulated for years beforehand, Vilas-Boas' claims were among the first alien abduction stories to receive wide attention. Some skeptics today consider the abduction story to be little more than a hoax, although Boas nonetheless reportedly stuck to his account throughout his life.

In ufology, the psychosocial hypothesis, abbreviated PSH, argues that at least some UFO reports are best explained by psychological or social means. It is often contrasted with the better-known extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH), and is particularly popular among UFO researchers in the United Kingdom, such as David Clarke, Hilary Evans, the editors of Magonia magazine, and many of the contributors to Fortean Times magazine. It has also been popular in France since the publication in 1977 of a book written by Michel Monnerie, Et si les ovnis n'existaient pas?.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Extraterrestrials in fiction</span> Fictional depictions of extraterrestrial life

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Bellero Shield</span> 20th episode of the 1st season of The Outer Limits

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flying saucer</span> Purported disk-shaped aircraft

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The narrative of the abduction phenomenon is an alleged core of similarity in contents and chronology underlying various claims of forced temporary abduction of humans by apparently otherworldly beings. Proponents of the abduction phenomenon contend that this similarity is evidence of the veracity of the phenomenon as an objective reality, although this belief is disregarded by most scientists, who regard alien abduction as a purely psychological and cultural phenomenon.

Alien abduction claimants are people who have claimed to have been abducted by aliens. The term "abduction phenomenon" describes claims that non-human creatures kidnapped individuals and temporarily removed them from familiar terrestrial surroundings. The abductors, usually interpreted as being extraterrestrial life forms, are said to subject experiencers to a forced medical examination that emphasizes the alleged experiencer's reproductive system.

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Alien abduction entities are the beings alleged to secretly abduct and subject experiencers to a forced medical examination which often emphasizes their reproductive system. Mainstream scientists and mental health professionals overwhelmingly doubt that the phenomenon occurs literally as reported and instead attribute the experiences to "deception, suggestibility, personality, sleep phenomena, psychopathology, psychodynamics [and] environmental factors." Skeptic Robert Sheaffer also sees similarity between the aliens depicted in early science fiction films, in particular, Invaders From Mars, and those reported to have actually abducted people. The first alien abduction claim to be widely publicized was the Betty and Barney Hill abduction in 1961, which featured diminutive, large-eyed beings who wore military-style uniforms.

<i>The UFO Incident</i> 1975 television film

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barney and Betty Hill incident</span> Alleged alien abduction in 1961

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<i>The Fortec Conspiracy</i> 1968 book

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References

  1. ↑ Fox, Margalit (23 October 2004). "Betty Hill, 85, Figure in Alien Abduction Case, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 April 2021. Mrs. Hill was not the first person to tell of an alien encounter. But her account was the first to capture the public imagination on a grand scale, defining a narrative subgenre that has flourished in the decades since. ... They recounted many times that a group of short gray-skinned beings stopped their car and took them aboard a waiting spaceship.
  2. ↑ Lambie, Ryan (10 November 2010). "9 Alien Abduction Movies That Changed The Genre". denofgeek.com. Den of Geek. Retrieved 16 April 2021. Ever since the case of US couple Betty and Barney Hill became widely publicised in the mid-60s, hundreds of people have come forward with similar claims of extraterrestrial abduction, missing time, strange medical examinations, and grey-skinned extraterrestrials.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Jacobs, David M. "Aliens and Hybrids." In: Pritchard, Andrea & Pritchard, David E. & Mack, John E. & Kasey, Pam & Yapp, Claudia. Alien Discussions: Proceedings of the Abduction Study Conference. Cambridge: North Cambridge Press. Pp. 86–90. ISBN   9780964491700
  4. ↑ Smith, Toby (2000). Little Grey Men. USA: University of New Mexico Press. p. 110. ISBN   9780826321213 . Retrieved 25 April 2021. ...three and a half feet tall, had large slanting eyes, diminished noses, spindly bodies, long arms and webbed fingers.
  5. 1 2 Dickinson, Terence. "The Zeta Reticuli (or Ridiculi) Incident". Astronomy Magazine . Kalmbach Media . Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Sagan, Carl (1997). The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark. Ballantine Books. p. 102. ISBN   0-345-40946-9. The Hill case was widely discussed. It was made into a 1975 TV movie that introduced the idea that short, gray, alien abductors are among us into the psyches of millions of people.
  7. 1 2 Levy, Michael M.; Mendlesohn, Farah (22 March 2019). Aliens in Popular Culture. ABC-CLIO. pp. 135–137. ISBN   978-1-4408-3833-0.
  8. ↑ Liz Armstrong (19 January 2012). "Magickal Stories - Lam". Vice. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  9. ↑ Spraggett, Allen (10 January 1972). "The Unexplained (column)". newspapers.com. York, Pennsylvania: York Daily Record. p. 22. Retrieved 24 April 2021. Betty and Barney Hill claimed to have been taken aboard a flying saucer for two hours by 'humanoids' with grayish skin and wrap-around eyes, subjected to physical examinations, and then released unharmed with the suggestion that they would remember nothing of what had transpired. ... 'The humanoids were about five feet tall,' Betty Hill told me when I asked what they looked like. 'They had gray, metallic-looking skin. No noses, just nostrils. And their mouths were only slits. The eyes extended right around to the sides of their heads.'
  10. ↑ Chatenever, Rick (19 January 1978). "Betty Hill Recounts 'The UFO Incident'". newspapers.com. Santa Cruz, California: Santa Cruz Sentinel. p. 14. Retrieved 24 April 2021. She describes the beings as 'about four and a half feet tall, humanlike in body appearance, with large eyes, small noses and no lips, ears or facial hair.' They had thin slits for mouths, she goes on, and their skin had a gray tone to it.
  11. ↑ Kottmeyer, Martin (January 1990). "Entirely Unpredisposed: The Cultural Background of UFO Reports". Magonia Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  12. 1 2 3 Bryan, C. D. B. (1995). Close Encounters of the Fourth Kind: Alien Abduction, UFOs, and the Conference at M.I.T. (First ed.). NY, US: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN   978-0-679-42975-3. OCLC   32390030 – via Internet Archive. This work is based on the author's experience of a five-day UFO conference at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[ page needed ]
  13. ↑ Berlitz, Charles; Moore, William (1980). The Roswell Incident (1st ed.). Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN   0-448-21199-8.
  14. ↑ Disch, Thomas M. (1998). "The Dreams Our Stuff Is Made Of: How Science Fiction Conquered the World". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  15. ↑ Thomas, Kevin (10 November 1989). "MOVIE REVIEW : Walken Has Purported Close Encounter in 'Communion'". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  16. ↑ Guieu, Jimmy; Dechavanne, Christophe (1988). "Les E.T. et les contactés". Ciel mon mardi ! (in French). Paris, France: TF1 . Retrieved 15 January 2013.[ dead YouTube link ] L'émission se déroule dans le contexte de l'époque, en 1998. Si, aujourd'hui, parler de conspirations et d'OVNI, du MJ-12, des "Petits-Gris" et de bases souterraines ou même d'incriminer la famille Bush semble (relativement) familier, l'enregistrement de cette séquence se déroule en 1988, soit bien avant Internet et même bien avant " X-Files ", l'affaire de la créature de Roswell, etc. Avec ces déclarations de Jimmy Guieu lors de la diffusion en direct de cette émission "Ciel, mon mardi!" par la chaîne de télévision TF1 avec Christophe Dechavanne comme animateur, c'était la toute première fois que le grand public français – voire européen – entendait parler de ce dossier. Jimmy Guieu emploie d'ailleurs le terme "Little Greys" pour désigner les "Petits-Gris" qui, par la suite, deviendront rapidement plus connus sous l'appellation de " Short Greys ".
  17. ↑ Peter Knight (2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 880–. ISBN   978-1-57607-812-9.
  18. 1 2 "Grey Aliens Bite The Dust" . Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  19. ↑ Wingfield, George (1995). "The 'Roswell' Film Footage". Flying Saucer Review. 20 (2).
  20. ↑ Alien Autopsy: (Fact or Fiction?) at IMDb   OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
  21. ↑ Eamonn Investigates: Alien Autopsy, British Sky Broadcasting. First shown on Sky One, April 4, 2006.
  22. ↑ 1. McNally RJ, Lasko NB, Clancy SA, Macklin ML, Pitman RK, Orr SP. Psychophysiological Responding During Script-Driven Imagery in People Reporting Abduction by Space Aliens. Psychological Science. 2004;15(7):493-497. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00707.x
  23. ↑ Jacobs, David M. "Subsequent Procedures." In: Pritchard, Andrea & Pritchard, David E. & Mack, John E. & Kasey, Pam & Yapp, Claudia. Alien Discussions: Proceedings of the Abduction Study Conference. Cambridge: North Cambridge Press. pp. 64–68.
  24. ↑ Novella, Dr. Steven (October 2000). "UFOs: The Psychocultural Hypothesis". The New England Skeptical Society. Archived from the original on 15 September 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  25. ↑ Malmstrom, Frederick (2005). "Close Encounters of the Facial Kind: Are UFO Alien Faces an Inborn Facial Recognition Template?". Skeptic . The Skeptics Society . Retrieved 18 September 2008.
  26. ↑ Jack Cohen; Ian Stewart (2002). Evolving the Alien. Ebury Press. ISBN   978-0-09-187927-3.
  27. ↑ Tsuburaya Productions, ed. (1982). 不滅のヒーローウルトラマン白書. ファンタスティック・コレクション・スペシャル (First ed.). Asahi Sonorama. pp. 102–103. Magazine Code：67897-80.
  28. ↑ Kallen, Stuart A. (August 2011). The Search for Extraterrestrial Life. Capstone. pp. 53–. ISBN   978-1-60152-382-2.
  29. ↑ Christy Marx (6 July 1994). "Grail". Babylon 5 .
  30. ↑ "American Dad Scripts". American Dad Scripts. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  31. ↑ "Roger Video | Movie Clips & Character Interview". Ovguide.com. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  32. ↑ Simon Pegg; Nick Frost (14 February 2011). Paul .
  33. ↑ O'Sullivan, Michael (23 February 2013). "'Dark Skies' movie review". The Washington Post . Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  34. ↑ Weiss, Josh (8 September 2022). "Resident Alien recap: Season 2, Episode 13" . Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  35. ↑ Northup, Travis (10 June 2023). "Greyhill Incident Review". IGN. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
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