Boston Harbor Islands National and State Park

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Boston Harbor Islands National and State Park
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View of Spectacle Island showing trails, visitor center, and pier from the island's north side.
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Location Norfolk, Plymouth, and Suffolk counties, Massachusetts
Nearest city Boston, Massachusetts
Coordinates 42°19′7″N70°56′45″W / 42.31861°N 70.94583°W / 42.31861; -70.94583
Area1,482 acres (6.00 km2) [1]
EstablishedNovember 12, 1996
Governing bodyBoston Harbor Islands Partnership which includes the National Park Service together with other federal, state, city, and nonprofit agencies.
Website Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area

Boston Harbor Islands National and State Park is a combination national recreation area and state park situated among the islands of Boston Harbor. The park is made up of 34 islands and peninsulas [2] [3] and is managed by the Boston Harbor Islands Partnership. [4] Twenty-one of the islands are also included in the Boston Harbor Islands Archeological District.

Contents

The park is significant for a wide range of natural and cultural resources, including three national historic landmarks, unique geological features, archaeological resources resulting from thousands of years of occupation of the islands by indigenous people of Massachusetts, and complex natural communities. [4]

Attractions include hiking trails, beaches, the Civil War-era Fort Warren, and Boston Light, the oldest lighthouse station in the United States. [5] Georges Island and Spectacle Island are served seasonally by ferries to and from Boston, and Peddocks Island is served by a ferry from Hingham. [6]

List of islands and peninsulas

Map of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area.png
Map of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area.

The Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area is made up of islands and peninsulas on and around Boston Harbor. These include: [7] [8]

Though they are located in Boston Harbor, neither Castle Island nor Spinnaker Island belong to Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. Other former islands (Apple Island, Governors Island and Noddle's Island) were obliterated by the formation of East Boston and the expansion of Logan International Airport before the creation of the national recreation area.

History

Indigenous history

The islands have been places of significance to indigenous Native Americans for many thousands of years. Extensive archaeological evidence of indigenous activity in the area motivated the designation of 21 islands in an archaeological district listed on the National Register of Historic Places. [9] Indigenous tribes connected with the Boston Harbor Islands include the Massachusett Tribe at Ponkapoag, the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe, the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah), the Nipmuc Nation, and the Narragansett Indian Tribe. [10]

People began using various sites among the islands on a seasonal basis starting in the Middle Archaic period and intensified this occupation throughout the Late Archaic and Woodland periods. The islands’ rich variety of resources, including shellfish, migratory birds, nut-bearing trees, fish, seals, and mammals like deer and raccoon, made them ideal places for temporary settlements. Prehistoric people also practiced controlled burning, woodcutting, and plant collecting, using traditional subsistence methods that made minimal impacts on natural resources. [11] Beyond subsistence, the islands have also served as sites for ceremony and burial grounds. [10]

During King Philip's War, English colonists distrusted indigenous people, even those that had converted to Christianity and moved to “praying towns.” Colonists forcefully removed hundreds of Native American people, mostly women and children, from their homes in these towns (along with non-Christian Native Americans) and placed them in internment camps on Deer Island, Long Island, Peddocks Island, and Great Brewster Island. With inadequate shelter and food, about half of them died due to starvation or exposure while others were sold into enslavement in the West Indies. [12] Women and children made up the majority of people interned on Deer Island. Today, descendants of the Tribal Nations involved in King Philip's War meet yearly on Deer Island to commemorate their ancestors’ suffering. [13]

Post-colonization

With the arrival of European colonists came heavy use of the islands. They became hubs for resource extraction, coastal defense, industry, and maritime navigation, amid other activities.  

The islands’ proximity to Boston, a major port city, has made them strategic locations for coastal defense facilities, and many of the islands saw activity during the Revolutionary War, Civil War, and the two world wars. [14] Many of the harbor's structures that are associated with military history still stand today, including Fort Warren.  

Since the 17th century the islands have been locations for many institutions, including quarantine hospitals, almshouses, reform schools, military prisons, and internment facilities. [15] Businesses and recreation facilities, from resorts to waste processing plants, [16] were also operated on several islands. [17]

Several navigation aids of historic significance, including Boston Light, are also located in the park. The park boundaries also include sites of former lighthouses and range lights that are no longer standing, some of which have been replaced by modern structures. [18]

National Register of Historic Places

The park is home to six sites that have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including three National Historic Landmarks. These also include mainland access points, such as Long Wharf, that were named in the park's establishing legislation. [19]

National Historic Landmarks

Ecology

The park contains an extensive array of habitats. Among the park's 35+ miles of coasts and shoreline are intertidal and subtidal zones, rocky beaches, and coastal bluffs. [20] Forests, grassy meadows, salt marshes, and other habitats can be found on some islands.

These marine and terrestrial habitats are homes to many different species of animal. Land animals include coyote, common raccoon, and white-tailed deer. More than 200 species of bird have been documented on the islands. [21] Humpback, fin, minke, and North Atlantic right whales are occasional visitors to the harbor along with other marine mammals like porpoises and dolphins. [22] The islands are rich with mollusks, including many species of mussel, snail, clam, oyster, and more. Marine arthropods like crab and lobster can be found here as well as many terrestrial arthropods, such as insects and arachnids. [23]

Plant life on the islands is also extensive, with native, non-native, and invasive species present depending on the history of the island in question. Native trees include eastern cottonwood, quaking aspen, northern red oak, bitternut hickory, and sassafras, among many others. Herbaceous plants and shrubs inhabit many of the islands’ meadows, forests, and coasts. [24] [25]

Various species of protist and fungus have also been documented on the islands.  

Because of the park's abundance of healthy habitat for shorebirds, the park was designated a Massachusetts Important Bird Area. The park surveys bird species as indicators for the ecological health of the park. [26]

Six species in the park are listed through the Massachusetts Natural Heritage Program. These include the following bird species: barn owl, common tern, least tern, Northern harrier; and the plant species sea beach dock and American sea blite. [22]

Management

The Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area is managed by the Boston Harbor Islands Partnership, [27] a statutory body established as a federal operating committee by the park enabling legislation. The partnership consists of individual members who represent a range of federal, state, city, and nonprofit agencies, including:

Apart from the representative for the Coast Guard, who is appointed by the Secretary of Homeland Security, all the members of the partnership are appointed by the Secretary of the Interior after consultation with the appropriate agency or other body. [28] [29] [30]

In practice, day-to-day management of each individual island or other site is the responsibility of one of the partner agencies or other bodies. The partnership provides a consistency and coordination across the whole park. [31]

Access

Boston Harbor City Cruises offers ferry service from Long Wharf to Georges and Spectacle Islands. Ferry service from Hingham to Peddocks Island is also available. [6]

Deer Island, Nut Island, Worlds End, and Webb Memorial are accessible by road from the mainland. Moon Island and Long Island are closed to the public.

Bostonian Dennis Lehane drew inspiration from the harbor islands when writing his novel Shutter Island, citing a childhood visit to Long Island. The harbor islands are also featured in the film adaptation, as portions of the movie were shot at Peddocks Island. [32] [33]

Spectacle Island is featured in Fallout 4 as an explorable location and settlement.

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">World's End (Hingham)</span> Peninsula in Hingham, Massachusetts, just south of Boston

World's End is a 251-acre (1 km²) park and conservation area located on a peninsula in Hingham, Massachusetts. The peninsula is bordered by the Weir River to the North and East and Hingham Harbor to the West. The land is composed of four drumlins harboring tree groves interspersed with fields attractive to butterflies and grassland-nesting birds, and offers 4.5 miles of walking paths with views of the Boston skyline.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peddocks Island</span> Island in Boston Harbor

Peddocks Island is one of the largest islands in Boston Harbor. Since 1996 it has formed part of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. Managed by the Department of Conservation and Recreation, the island is home to the now-defunct Fort Andrews, active in harbor defense from 1904 to the end of World War II, on its eastern end, and a group of privately owned cottages on its western end. Campsites are also on the eastern end. Ferry service between Peddocks Island and Georges Island is provided on a seasonal basis.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lovells Island</span>

Lovells Island, or Lovell's Island, is a 62-acre (250,000 m2) island in the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, in Massachusetts. The island is across The Narrows from Georges Island and some 7 miles (11 km) offshore of downtown Boston. It is named after Captain William Lovell, who was an early settler of nearby Dorchester. The island is known as the site of several shipwrecks, including the 74-gun French warship Magnifique in 1782.

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Calf Island, also known as Apthorps Island, is an island situated some 9 miles (14 km) offshore of downtown Boston in Boston Harbor Islands National and State Park. The island has a permanent size of 18 acres (73,000 m2), plus an intertidal zone of a further 16 acres (65,000 m2).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outer Brewster Island</span>

Outer Brewster Island, also known as Outward Island, is one of the outer islands in the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area and is situated some 10 miles (16 km) offshore of downtown Boston. The island has a permanent size of 20 acres (8.1 ha), and consists of exposed bedrock covered by fertile soil bounded by a rocky shore with steep cliffs. It provides a nesting habitat for coastal water birds, including cormorants, gulls, common eider ducks, glossy ibis and American oystercatchers. The birds are aggressive during their nesting season and access by humans, which is by private boat only, is discouraged during this period.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deer Island (Massachusetts)</span> Peninsula in Boston, Massachusetts

Deer Island is a peninsula in Boston, Massachusetts. Since 1996, it has been part of the Boston Harbor Islands National and State Park. Although still an island by name, Deer Island has been connected to the mainland since the former Shirley Gut channel, which once separated the island from the town of Winthrop, was filled in by the 1938 New England hurricane. Today, Deer Island is the location of the Deer Island Wastewater Treatment Plant, whose 150-foot-tall (46 m) egg-like sludge digesters are major harbor landmarks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grape Island (Massachusetts)</span>

Grape Island is an island in the Hingham Bay area of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. The island is part of the territory of the town of Weymouth, Massachusetts. The island has a permanent size of 54 acres (220,000 m2), plus an intertidal zone of a further 46 acres (190,000 m2), and is composed of two drumlins, reaching an elevation of 70 feet (21 m) above sea level, and connected by a marshy lowland. Tidal sand spits extend from the west end towards Weymouth Neck in Webb Memorial State Park and from the east end towards Slate Island.

The Boston Harbor Islands Partnership is a non-profit partnership organization based in Boston, whose purpose is "to coordinate the activities of the Federal, State, and local authorities and the private sector in the development and implementation of a general management plan" for the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. The Partnership was established by the United States Congress in 1996, as part of the law which designated the Boston Harbor Islands as a unit of the national parks system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Button Island (Massachusetts)</span>

Button Island is a small island in the Hingham Bay area of Boston Harbor Islands National and State Park. The island has a permanent size of under 1 acre (4,000 m2), plus an intertidal zone of a further 116 acres (0.47 km2). The island rises 10 feet in elevation and is composed primarily of glacial till. The island is managed by the town of Hingham.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sheep Island (Massachusetts)</span> Island in Hingham Bay, Boston Harbor, Massachusetts

Sheep Island is a small uninhabited island of about 3.2 acres (1.3 ha) in Hingham Bay, an outer arm of Boston Harbor. It is within the bounds of the town of Weymouth, Massachusetts, is owned by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation & Recreation, and is part of the Boston Harbor Islands National and State Park.

References

  1. ↑ "Listing of acreage – December 31, 2011" (XLSX). Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved December 16, 2012. (National Park Service Acreage Reports)
  2. ↑ "Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area". June 27, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  3. ↑ "World's End (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 "Boston Harbor Islands: A Partnership Park". Boston Harbor Islands. March 19, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  5. ↑ "National Historic Landmark nomination for Boston Light". National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved June 18, 2006.
  6. 1 2 "Ferry Schedule". Boston Harbor Islands. Archived from the original on July 24, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  7. ↑ US Geological Survey 7.5 minute series topographic map "Hull" 1971
  8. ↑ "Island Facts". Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. October 30, 2023. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  9. ↑ Boston Harbor Islands General Management Plan (PDF). Boston, Massachusetts: National Park Service. 2002. pp. ii.
  10. 1 2 "Indigenous History and Ways of Knowing". Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. December 20, 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  11. ↑ Cultural Landscape Report, Boston Harbor Islands National & State Park (PDF). Vol. 1: Historical Overview. Boston, Massachusetts. pp. 23–24.
  12. ↑ Cultural Landscape Report, Boston Harbor Islands National & State Park (PDF). Vol. I: Historical Overview. Boston, Massachusetts. pp. 122–123.
  13. ↑ "Deer Island". Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. November 2, 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  14. ↑ Cultural Landscape Report, Boston Harbor Islands National & State Park (PDF). Vol. I: Historical Overview. Boston, Massachusetts. pp. 109–110.
  15. ↑ Cultural Landscape Report, Boston Harbor Islands National & State Park (PDF). Vol. I: Historical Overview. Boston, Massachusetts. p. 156.
  16. ↑ "Spectacle Island". Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. September 19, 2024. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  17. ↑ Cultural Landscape Report, Boston Harbor Islands National & State Park (PDF). Vol. I: Historical Overview. Boston, Massachusetts. p. 199.
  18. ↑ "Non-extant Navigational Aids". Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. February 26, 2015. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  19. ↑ Cultural Landscape Report, Boston Harbor Islands National & State Park (PDF). Vol. I: Historical Overview. Boston, Massachusetts. pp. 3–4.
  20. ↑ "Coasts & Shorelines". Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. November 2, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  21. ↑ "Birds". Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. August 19, 2024. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  22. 1 2 "Animals". Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. November 23, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  23. ↑ "Observations, Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area". iNaturalist. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  24. ↑ "Plants". Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. November 3, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  25. ↑ "Observations, Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area". iNaturalist. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  26. ↑ "Bird Monitoring". Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. August 19, 2024. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  27. ↑ "Boston Harbor Islands Partnership - Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  28. ↑ "Islands Partnership - Governance". Boston Harbor Islands Partnership. Archived from the original on October 5, 2006. Retrieved October 6, 2006.
  29. ↑ "Islands Partnership - Membership". Boston Harbor Islands Partnership. Archived from the original on August 30, 2006. Retrieved October 6, 2006.
  30. ↑ "Public Law 104-33, 110 Stat. 4093 Sec. 1029. Boston Harbor Islands Recreation Area" . Retrieved October 6, 2006.
  31. ↑ "Boston Harbor Islands - General Management Plan" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved October 19, 2006.
  32. ↑ Service, Ed Symkus/GateHouse News. "Real local flavor on display in 'Shutter Island'". Wicked Local. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  33. ↑ "Island Histories that Inspired "Shutter Island"". National Park Service. Retrieved October 9, 2024.

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