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The literature of Tennessee in the United States includes fiction, non-fiction, and poetry, ranging from Independence through to the present. This literature encompasses texts produced by those native to Tennessee as well as texts which relate to the history and culture of Tennessee. The literary scene within Tennessee today is also included in the literature of Tennessee.
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This is known in the South as the Antebellum era. It can be discerned from other literary periods through the themes which authors at the time grappled with, such as the justification of slavery. [1] A notable work produced in this period is George Tucker's The Valley of Shenandoah (1824), which explored life on a Virginia plantation whilst also uniquely criticising slavery. [1]
Following the civil war, the American South went through a period known as Reconstruction, during which Tennessee was forced to reform its laws regarding the rights of African Americans and its economy which had relied on slave labour previously. [2] This occurred after Tennessee was the first secession state to return to the United States. [3] The period of reconstruction allowed some cultural and economic flourishing to occur. [2] This included a reduced dependence on black labour, resulting in a less agricultural economy with more emphasis on manufacturing. [4] The era of Reconstruction also led to the founding of Vanderbilt University in 1873, in the city of Nashville, thanks largely in part to $1 million dollars in funding from Cornelius Vanderbilt, who aspired to create a university that would, “contribute to strengthening the ties that should exist between all sections of our common country”. [5]
The 1920’s introduced the group of poets known as the Fugitives to the United States literary scene. [6] This group began meeting in 1914 also published a journal called Fugitive between 1922 and 1925. [6] The original members of the group consisted of Donald Davidson, Alec B. Stevenson, William Yandel Elliott, Stanley Johnson, Walter Clyde Curry, John Crowe Ransom and Sidney Mttron Hirsch. [6] The Fugitives would discuss topics relating to literature and philosophy, often sparked by their university reading programs or the subjects in which they were enrolled. [6] Member of the Fugitives, Donald Davidson, speaks more of the substance of the meetings, “[The discussions] ranged through poetry to philosophy, but became predominantly philosophical whenever in those years Ransom, Elliott and Johnson led the conversation into some logical dispute, as it seemed to me they too often did.” [6] By 1922, the group began publishing their journal, in which they published their poetry. [6] This journal was considered by contemporary critics to be influential and a part of a cultural flourishing of Southern American poetry. [7]
In the late 1920’s and leading up the Second World War, the south of the United States experienced the “Southern Renaissance”. [8] This is the title used to describe a particular movement in which the creative output of southern authors was very high and was well-received across the United States. [8] Most authors wrestled with conservative themes, such as anti-industrialisation. [8] One example of a group of such authors who rose to prominence during this period was the Agrarians, a group of poets largely founded by members of the Fugitives. [9] The Agrarians used poetry and essays to rail against the modernist perspectives beginning to take hold within the south, as well as what became known as urban industrialism, a progressive development of the South and a disruption of their traditional agricultural way of life. [9] A notable essay published by the Agrarians is “I’ll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition”. [9]
Some representative authors from this period include James Agee, Cormac McCarthy, Peter Taylor, Shelby Foote, and Allen Tate. [9] During this period, the social and artistic movement of Postmodernism pervaded the literature of the USA.
James Agee was a screenwriter, essayist, and novelist. [10] Agee was an influential film critic in the United States in the 1940s and 1950s whilst also producing classics such as A Death in the Family and Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. [6] He also won a posthumous Pulitzer prize in 1958. [6]
Another notable author from this period is Cormac McCarthy. McCarthy is known for advancing the style known as ‘Southern Gothic’ and exploring human desires and motivations by building worlds in which normal laws and moral codes do not apply. [6] Notable works include his two novels The Road and No Country for Old Men, both of which were adapted into feature films and subsequently critically acclaimed. [11] [12]
Peter Taylor was a short story writer and novelist who won a Pulitzer prize for his novel A Summons to Memphis, in 1987. [13] The Washington Post quotes Taylor’s agent as describing Taylor’s work as “usually unfolding through narrators, typically well bred, thoughtful Tennesseans with confident exteriors that hid insecurities and inner turmoil”. [14] The New York Times describes Taylor as being “arguably the past century’s best American practitioner of the short story”, despite only achieving proper fame upon receiving a Pulitzer prize for a novel. [14]
Shelby Foote was a novelist and historian, who published several novels and short stories but is primarily known for his work “The Civil War: A Narrative”, a three volume history of the American Civil War. Foote was born in Greenville, Mississippi in 1916. He moved to Memphis in 1954 and stayed there for several decades after. In an interview with the Paris Review, Foote speaks of the conflict between is role as both a novelist and an historian, “I think of myself as a novelist who wrote a three-volume history of the Civil War. I don’t think it’s a novel, but I think it’s certainly by a novelist. The novels are not novels written by a historian. My book falls between two stools—academic historians are upset because there are no footnotes and novel readers don’t want to study history. It doesn’t matter who’s a professional historian and who’s not; Herodotus, Thucydides, and Tacitus weren’t professionals—they were literary men. They considered history a branch of literature; so do I, to this day.” [15] Some controversy has followed Foote since the publication of his Civil War History, due to his sympathy for Lost Cause mythology, a pseudohistorical narrative that portrays the Confederate states as gallantly defending their economy, rights and sovereignty from the more populous and industrialised North. This view is widely denounced by 21st century scholars as false, due to its denial of slavery being by far the most important issue the Confederate states were fighting for. More controversy, also from his Civil War History, is his admiring portrayal of confederate general Nathan Bedford Forest, who was also the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan. [16]
Academic T. Bjerre, in Oxford reference, describes Southern Gothic literature as including “the presence of irrational, horrific, and transgressive thoughts, desires, and impulses; grotesque characters; dark humor, and an overall angst-ridden sense of alienation.” [17] It is a prominent style and remains so to this day. Southern Gothic is rooted in the South’s dark and controversial history, expressing itself in literature due to the difficulty of exploring this history within public discourse. This is because it consists of subject matter such as the loss of the Civil War, slavery, and the continuation of poor race relations throughout the 20th century (relative to the more progressive northern states). [17] Notable authors include Edgar Allan Poe, a pioneer of the style, and, more recently, William Faulkner.
The South, whilst remaining a diverse and pluralistic region, possesses a distinct religiosity characterised by its Protestantism, fundamentalism, and “born-again” ethos. This religiosity is a significant feature of Southern Literature. [18]
Southern Literature has a strong attachment to the physical surroundings from which it derives, likely due to its agrarian past and its history as a self-defined culture, separate from the rest of the United States in its traditions and way of life. In literature, this feature often reveals itself in the use of derelict and decaying settings, or rural, agricultural settings.
An example of a particularly recent text which embodies all the discussed stylistic aspects of Southern Literature is the 2014 American television series True Detective, created by Nic Pizzolato. [19]
Academic presses within Tennessee include:
Contemporary Tennessee literature is focused on the literary scenes of Knoxville and Nashville.
This literary scene includes events run by the community and literary organisation “The Porch”, which includes workshops and speaking events, as well as the annual “The Porch Prize”, which promotes recognition for up and coming writers from Tennessee. [22] [ failed verification ] Another organisation which actively strengthens the literary scene within Tennessee is the Chattanooga Writers Guild (CWG). The CWG started in 2001, by graduates from the University of Tennessee Chattanooga, as a monthly meeting for poetry readings, but quickly expanded into an organisation that spans many more demographics and genres. [23] Founding member Jennifer Hoff speaks of this transition on the CWG website: “Because of the success of Poetry Mondays, we decided to explore the possibility of a larger writing group to serve all genres, modelled after the Knoxville Writers Guild.” Today, the CWG has several roles in reaching out to the local community, including running several speakers’ events and workshops.
One of several annual conferences for literature in Tennessee is “Killer Nashville”. This conference focuses mainly on the “thriller” genre, and other genres that are adjacent to it. It was founded in 2006 and claims to offer a wealth of networking and learning opportunities for writers, agents, publishers and the like. [24]
“The Pinch”, a bi-annual journal published by students currently undertaking the Master of Fine Arts program at the University of Memphis. [25] It publishes a wide variety of fiction, poetry and discursive essays from both students and the wider community of Tennessee and the southern United States. Similar to The Pinch, “Grist” is an annual literary magazine, published each Spring by students in the creative writing program at the University of Tennessee. Grist included unpublished short stories, poetry and creative nonfiction, whilst also holding the “Pro Forma Contest” each Spring alongside the publication of the magazine. [26]
Robert Penn Warren was an American poet, novelist, and literary critic and was one of the founders of New Criticism. He was also a charter member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers. He founded the literary journal The Southern Review with Cleanth Brooks in 1935. He received the 1947 Pulitzer Prize for the Novel for All the King's Men (1946) and the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1958 and 1979. He is the only person to have won Pulitzer Prizes for both fiction and poetry.
The Southern Agrarians were twelve American Southerners who wrote an agrarian literary manifesto in 1930. They and their essay collection, I’ll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition, contributed to the Southern Renaissance, the reinvigoration of Southern literature in the 1920s and 1930s. They were based at Vanderbilt University in Nashville. John Crowe Ransom was their unofficial leader, though Robert Penn Warren became their most prominent member. The membership overlaps with The Fugitives.
Donald Grady Davidson was a U.S. poet, essayist, social and literary critic, and author. An English professor at Vanderbilt University from 1920 to 1965, he was a founding member of the Fugitives and the overlapping group Southern Agrarians, two literary groups based in Nashville, Tennessee. He was a supporter of segregation in the United States.
James Rufus Agee was an American novelist, journalist, poet, screenwriter and film critic. In the 1940s, writing for Time Magazine, he was one of the most influential film critics in the United States. His autobiographical novel, A Death in the Family (1957), won the author a posthumous 1958 Pulitzer Prize. Agee is also known as a co-writer of the book Let Us Now Praise Famous Men and as the screenwriter of the film classics The African Queen and The Night of the Hunter.
John Crowe Ransom was an American educator, scholar, literary critic, poet, essayist and editor. He is considered to be a founder of the New Criticism school of literary criticism. As a faculty member at Kenyon College, he was the first editor of the widely regarded Kenyon Review. Highly respected as a teacher and mentor to a generation of accomplished students, he also was a prize-winning poet and essayist.
John Orley Allen Tate, known professionally as Allen Tate, was an American poet, essayist, social commentator, and poet laureate from 1943 to 1944.
The Fugitives also known as The Fugitive Poets, is the name given to a group of poets and literary scholars at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, who published a literary magazine from 1922 to 1925 called The Fugitive. The group, primarily driven by Robert Penn Warren, John Crowe Ransom, Donald Davidson, and Allen Tate, formed a major school of twentieth century poetry in the United States. With it, a major period of modern Southern literature began. Their poetry was formal and featured traditional prosody and concrete imagery often from experiences of the rural south. The group has some overlap with two later movements: Southern Agrarians and New Criticism.
Southern United States literature consists of American literature written about the Southern United States or by writers from the region. Literature written about the American South first began during the colonial era, and developed significantly during and after the period of slavery in the United States. Traditional historiography of Southern United States literature emphasized a unifying history of the region; the significance of family in the South's culture, a sense of community and the role of the individual, justice, the dominance of Christianity and the positive and negative impacts of religion, racial tensions, social class and the usage of local dialects. However, in recent decades, the scholarship of the New Southern Studies has decentralized these conventional tropes in favor of a more geographically, politically, and ideologically expansive "South" or "Souths".
The Southern Renaissance was the reinvigoration of American Southern literature in the 1920s and 1930s with the appearance of writers such as William Faulkner, Thomas Wolfe, Caroline Gordon, Margaret Mitchell, Katherine Anne Porter, Erskine Caldwell, Allen Tate, Tennessee Williams, Robert Penn Warren, and Zora Neale Hurston, among others.
Andrew Nelson Lytle was an American novelist, dramatist, essayist and professor of literature.
Brainard Cheney was an American novelist, playwright, speechwriter and essayist from Georgia who was associated with the Southern Agrarians literary movement
Marion Montgomery was an American poet, novelist, educator, and critic. For more than 30 years he was a professor of English at the University of Georgia.
George Washington Harris was an American humorist best known for his character "Sut Lovingood," an Appalachian backwoods reveler fond of telling tall tales. Harris was among the seminal writers of Southern humor, and has been called "the most original and gifted of the antebellum humorists." His work influenced authors such as Mark Twain, William Faulkner, and Flannery O'Connor.
David Madden is an American writer of many novels, short stories, poems, plays, and works of nonfiction and literary criticism.
William Ridley Wills was an American novelist, poet, and journalist. Born in Brownsville, Tennessee, he was a graduate of Vanderbilt University and a member of the "Fugitives" a literary movement of the 1920s. He worked for the Memphis Press, The Commercial Appeal, and the Nashville Banner newspapers before leaving for New York to become the Sunday Editor for the New York World. He served as a 2nd Lieutenant with the U.S. Army, 76th Field Artillery during World War I and saw action during at Somme, St. Michel, and Meuse-Argonne, France. He was honorably discharged in France on July 12, 1919.
Madison Percy Jones (1925-2012) was a novelist born in Nashville, Tennessee. He published almost a dozen novels, and was considered "one of the major figures of contemporary southern letters".
Edwin Mims (1872–1959) was an American university professor of English literature. He served as the Chair of the English Department at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee for thirty years from 1912 to 1942, and he taught many members of the Fugitives and the Southern Agrarians, two literary movements in the South. He was a staunch opponent of lynching and a practicing Methodist.
John Trotwood Moore (1858–1929) was an American journalist, writer and local historian. He was the author of many poems, short stories and novels. He served as the State Librarian and Archivist of Tennessee from 1919 to 1929. He was "an apologist for the Old South", and a proponent of lynching.
Edith D. Pope was an American editor. She was the second editor of the Confederate Veteran from 1914 to 1932, and the president of the Nashville No. 1 chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy from 1927 to 1930. She played a critical role in the promotion of the Lost Cause of the Confederacy.
Jesse Ely Wills (1899–1977) was an American businessman and poet. He was the chairman of the National Life and Accident Insurance Company and the author of four poetry collections. National Life was founded by his father, William Ridley Wills in 1902. Jesse Wills began working there at age 23 when he was a student at Vanderbilt University and remained with the company his entire career. In 1925, the company created radio station WSM to help promote their business and built a studio on the fifth floor of their building. National Life Insurance and station WSM achieved international recognition in creating the "Grand Ole Opry " which was broadcast nationwide and became the longest-running radio broadcast in U.S. history.
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