Red triangle (badge)

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Red triangle.svg
Anti-fascist inverted red triangle
Nazi concentration camp Wehrmacht red triangle badge.svg
Strafbataillon military prisoner badge
Uniform of a Belgian political prisoner in Dachau.jpg
Uniform of a Belgian political prisoner uniform in Dachau displayed at the National Museum of the Resistance

The red triangle, particularly the inverted red triangle, is a symbol representing anti-fascism or other left-wing political ideologies. Historically, the red triangle represents opposition to the Nazi Party and resistance to Nazi Germany's military occupation of Europe during World War Two. [1] The symbol was reclaimed by anti-fascists after being used on prisoner uniforms in concentration camps in Nazi Germany and occupied Europe. A red triangle patch pointing upwards designated prisoners within the jurisdiction of Wehrmacht, including prisoners of war,[ citation needed ] spies, and military deserters. [2] An inverted red triangle was worn by political prisoners. [1] [3] [4] The Nazis chose red because the first people to have to wear it were Communists. Besides Communists, liberals, anarchists, Social Democrats, Freemasons, and other opposition party members also wore a red triangle. [4] [5] After the war the red triangle symbol was reclaimed as a symbol of resistance against the German occupation of Europe during the war, similar to the way that the pink triangle used to mark gay prisoners became a symbol of LGBTQ pride. [1] Various left-wing, anti-fascist, and resistance groups have intermittently used red triangle or red wedge symbols for over a hundred years. [6] [7]

Contents

Before Nazi Germany

There are some examples of similar looking symbols being used in far-left politics in the early 20th century. A red triangle or "red wedge" features on some early communist posters. A red wedge appeared in a 1919 soviet propaganda poster by constructivist artist El Lissitzky titled "Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge", referring to the anti-communist White movement, who were defeated by the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. [8]

Numerous modern left-wing groups and publications have used symbols that reference the red wedge, or the reclamation or the red triangle badge that the Nazis used to mark their political opponents, or both. [6] [7] The black flag used by modern anti-fascists (Antifa) also refers back to the era of the Russian Revolution. [9]

The El Lissitzky poster was the namesake of the 1980s British left-wing musical collective Red Wedge, they opposed British conservatives but did not describe themselves as communist. [10] [11]

Nikolai Kolli The Red Wedge 1918.jpg
Klinom Krasnym Bej Belych.JPG
Left: Nikolai Kolli, The Red Wedge, 1918. Right: Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge 1919 anti-White movement poster by El Lissitzky. [a]

Opponents of the Nazi Party

Nazi persecution of left-wing opponents

Prisoners' Uniforms with Red Triangles of Political Prisoners - Museum Exhibit - Dachau Concentration Camp Site - Dachau - Bavaria - Germany.jpg
Red triangles and number (28320) on Dachau clothing at a museum exhibit (photo by Adam Jones).

The colour of the symbol comes from the party colours of the Communist Party of Germany, one of the first groups to be detained in the Nazi concentration camps. [1] As depicted in the famous poem that begins, "First they came for the Communists, And I did not speak out, Because I was not a Communist". [12] [13] In a 2024 article about the origins of the red triangle symbol, Germany's public broadcaster Deutsche Welle reported, "At first, the majority of political inmates were German Social Democrats or Communists and the red of the triangle referred to their party colors ... most were non-Germans from across the political spectrum who had opposed National Socialism or Nazi Germany's occupation of their countries". [1]

The red triangle badge in Nazi concentration camps

Concentration Camp Badges.png
Schematics of the triangle-based badge system in use at Nazi concentration camps

A red inverted triangle was worn by political prisoners in Nazi concentration camps. [14] [15] [5] The red triangle was only used for Jewish prisoners in unusual circumstances, such as when the Nazi authorities in the prison were unaware that the prisoner was Jewish. [16]

German communists were among the first to be imprisoned in concentration camps. [17] [18] Their ties to the USSR concerned Hitler, and the Nazi Party was intractably opposed to communism. Rumors of communist violence were spread by the Nazis to justify the Enabling Act of 1933, which gave Hitler his first dictatorial powers. Hermann Göring testified at Nuremberg that Nazi willingness to repress German Communists prompted Hindenburg and the old elite to cooperate with them. Hitler and the Nazis also despised German leftists because of their resistance to Nazi racism. Hitler referred to Marxism and "Bolshevism" as means for "the international Jew" to undermine "racial purity", stir up class tension and mobilise trade unions against the government and business. When the Nazis occupied a territory, communists, socialists and anarchists were usually among the first to be repressed; this included summary executions. An example is Hitler's Commissar Order, in which he demanded the summary execution of all Soviet troops who were political commissars who offered resistance or were captured in battle. [19] [ verification needed ]

Many red triangle wearers were interned at Dachau concentration camp.[ citation needed ]

Later this expanded and many political detainees were German and foreign civilian activists from across the political spectrum who opposed the Nazi regime, captured resistances fighters (many of whom were executed during—or immediately after—their interrogation, particularly in occupied Poland and France) and, sometimes, their families. German political prisoners were a substantial proportion of the first inmates at Dachau (the prototypical Nazi concentration camp). The political People's Court was notorious for the number of its death sentences. [20] [21]

Numer obozowy KL Stutthof 29659.JPG
Badge worn by Lidia Główczewska  [ pl ] in Stutthof with a letter P (Polish) in a red triangle and number (29659).
13cwik.jpg
A1vestonf.JPG
Left and middle: F on red triangle on Buchenwald clothing of Dr. Joseph Brau  [ fr ] (photo by Dominique Brau)
Prisoner category badges at Nazi concentration camps
Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1993-051-07, Tafel mit KZ-Kennzeichen (Winkel) retouched.jpg
German Federal Archives
Kennzeichen fur Schutzhaftlinge in den Konzentrationslagern.jpg
USHMM, USA

After WWII

Pink triangle symbol at a queer pride parade referencing the Stonewall riots. Queercore chicago pride parade.jpg
Pink triangle symbol at a queer pride parade referencing the Stonewall riots.

Since the end of World War II the red triangle has been used as an anti-fascist symbol. [6] The pink triangle and red triangle were both reclaimed after the war as symbols of prid and remembrance. [1]

Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists

VVN-BdA Logo.svg
Logo of the VVN-BdA

The Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists (German : Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes – Bund der Antifaschistinnen und Antifaschisten, VVN-BdA) is a German political confederation founded in 1947 and based in Berlin. The VVN-BdA, formerly the VVN, emerged from victims' associations in Germany founded by political opponents to Nazism after the Second World War and the end of the Nazi rule in Germany.[ verification needed ]

With the end of World War II, self-help groups of former resistance fighters were founded in "anti-fascist committees", known as "Antifas", involving working class militants, in particular but not only Communists [22] [23] [24] [25] which were banned immediately by the military administrations of each of the British and American occupation zones for being far politically left. [26] [27] By June 26, 1945, an "association of political prisoners and persecutees of the Nazi system" had been founded in Stuttgart, and in the following weeks and months, there were regional groups of ex-political prisoners and other persecuted individuals formed with the permission of the allied forces, in each of the four occupation zones. [28]

VVN-Denkmal in Teltow (cropped).JPG
VVN memorial in Teltow with a red triangle to symbolise political prisoners.

The red triangle on memorials

Todesmarsch Gedenkstein Breitenfeld.JPG
Mittelbau-Dora death march roadside tablet showing the date under an inverted red triangle
Crawinkel Gedenktafel.JPG
Buchenwald death march route historical information signage
Zittau Ehrenmal fur die Opfer des Faschismus (9899).jpg
Memorial to forced labor deaths at the truck factory in Zittau, Germany
Denkmal fur die Opfer der NS-Konzentrationslager Zgorzelec.JPG
Memorial in Zgorzelec, Poland, with a P-symbol on a red triangle

In addition to the Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists (VVN-BdA) memorials above, the red triangle also features on numerous other war memorials in Europe. War memorials featuring the red triangle symbol exist in Germany and in areas of Europe that were occupied by Germany during World War Two. [1]

KZ Sachsenhausen - zentrales Mahnmal.JPG
Memorial on the grounds of Sachsenhausen concentration camp
Gedenkstatte Lindenring (2).jpg
Boulder in Lindenring memorializing 2,000 women victims of the Ravensbrück death camp.
Memorial to the French victims of Dachau Concentration Camp at Pere Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.jpg
Memorial to French victims of Dachau Concentration Camp at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris

Museums

Many examples of political prisoner uniforms are displayed at museums that educate about and memorialise victims of Nazi persecution as well as honour those who actively opposed Nazism and fascism, such as those in irregular non-state militias opposing occupying German military. The National Museum of the Resistance in Belgium has exhibits about those who fought against the German occupation of Belgium during World War II.

Use in East Germany (Deutsche Demokratische Republik)

Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters KdAW logo DDR.png
Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters

From 1975 onwards, the Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR, also known as East Germany) released a medal for the "Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters" German : Komitee der Antifaschistischen Widerstandskämpfer of the GDR that included a red triangle. [29] The Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters (KdAW) was formed in 1953. Practically speaking, it functioned as the East German counterpart of the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime (Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes). The KdAW enjoyed a close relationship with the Socialist Unity Party, although it was not a member of the National Front.[ verification needed ] The organisation played an important role in the commemoration of German resistance to Nazism and The Holocaust in East Germany. [30] East Germany utilised such commemorative functions to emphasise the anti-fascist orientation of the state. [31] Membership in the KdAW served as a means of accessing benefits. For instance, membership made one eligible to receive the Medal for Fighters Against Fascism. [32] It also contained a number of working groups, which brought people with similar backgrounds together. The most prominent of these were groups for survivors of various concentration camps and prisons; for example one existed for former prisoners of Brandenburg-Görden Prison. Another working group was formed for veterans of the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War. [33]

Service medals

Service medals awarded to prisoners of war and other camp inmates after WWII feature the triangle that was used on prisoners' uniforms. The Auschwitz Cross, a Polish medal for camp victims and the Political Prisoner's Cross 1940–1945, a Belgian medal both show a red triangle with a nationality indicator, and the ribbons replicate the striped fabric of some camp uniforms. [34]

The Political Prisoner's Cross 1940–1945 (French : Croix du Prisonnier Politique 1940–1945, Dutch : Politieke Gevangenkruis 1940–1945) was a Belgian war medal established by royal decree of the Regent on 13 November 1947 and awarded to Belgian citizens arrested and interned by the Germans as political prisoners during the Second World War. The award's statute included provisions for posthumous award should the intended recipient not survive detention, and the right of the widow, the mother or the father of the deceased to wear the cross. [34]

The Auschwitz Cross (Polish : Krzyż Oświęcimski), instituted on 14 March 1985, was a Polish decoration awarded to honour survivors of Nazi German concentration camps, including Auschwitz. [35] Auschwitz is a German name for the Polish town Oświęcim, where a complex of concentration camps was built by Nazi Germany during the German occupation of Europe during WWII.[ additional citation(s) needed ] It was awarded generally to Poles, but it was possible to award it to foreigners in special cases. It could be awarded posthumously. It ceased to be awarded in 1999. An exception was made in the case of Greta Ferušić, who was awarded it in February 2004. [36] Some of the people awarded the medal were Jewish, including Szymon Kluger (Shimson Kleuger). [37]

Ongoing anti-fascist usage

After the war the red triangle symbol was reclaimed as a symbol of resistance against the German occupation of Europe during the war, similar to the way that the pink triangle used to mark gay prisoners became a symbol of LGBTQ pride. [1]

Media references to the red triangle and red wedge

Left-wing news and non-fiction

Artworks

The Russian artist Sergei Bugaev produced an "Anti-Lissitzky" series at the end of the Cold War, between 1991 and 1995, which included several derivative works based on "Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge". [41]

Music

The British band Red Wedge reference Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge in their name.

Fiction

A variant of the image by El Lissitzky is used as the logo for the "Peacekeepers" on Sci-Fi TV show Farscape. [42]

Cap Arcona incident memorial> Cenoteph of Cap Arcona.JPG
Cap Arcona incident memorial>
SarahEwart-069.JPG
Sachsenhausen clothing with a letter F (French) in a red triangle and number (65308)
VVN memorials to Nazi concentration camps
Neustadt-Glewe VVN-Denkmal 2008-01-03.jpg
VVN memorial for Neustadt-Glewe concentration camp
Denkmal KZ Woebbelin4.jpg
Wöbbelin memorial stone
Holocaust death march (Todesmarsch) memorials and markers
Belower-Damm-Wittstock-Dosse-Mahnmal.jpg
Monument in Grabow-Below for Ravensbrück death march.
Death March Memorial Plaque, Oranienburg.jpg
Sachsenhausen death march route historical marker

Other uses

India's red triangle family planning emblem on a postage stamp. Stamp of India - 1987 - Colnect 1017632 - 1 - Family Planning.jpeg
India's red triangle family planning emblem on a postage stamp.

Other red triangle emblems

There have been other uses of similar symbols that are not closely connected to World War Two:

Middle Eastern political and military symbols

The red triangle pointing upwards was used by the Iraqi Republican Guard that existed from 1969 until 2003.[ citation needed ]

Some sources have suggested that the inverted red triangle symbol used by Hamas in its propaganda videos is reminiscent of the same red triangle used by the Nazis, with regards to antisemitism during the Gaza war, despite the red triangle rarely being used for Jewish prisoners. [45] [46] However, some have compared Palestinian resistance to Ghetto uprisings. [47] [48]

Corporate logos

Canadian Tire Canadian Tire logo 2022.png
Canadian Tire

See also

References

  1. ↑ The term "whites" referred to the White movement, a conservative right wing movement whose factional colour was white.
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Red triangle symbol: Germany debating a ban – DW – 08/04/2024". dw.com. Deutsche Welle. 4 August 2024. From the mid-1930s, political prisoners were forced to wear cloth badges with the triangle in Nazi concentration camps. It was part of an extensive dehumanizing classification system. 'At first, the majority of political inmates were German Social Democrats or Communists and the red of the triangle referred to their party colors', Jens-Christian Wagner, the director of the Buchenwald and Mittelbau-Dora Memorials Foundation, told DW. Later, he explained, most were non-Germans from across the political spectrum who had opposed National Socialism or Nazi Germany's occupation of their countries.
  2. ↑ "Tafel mit farbigen Kennzeichen (Winkeln) für Häftlinge in Konzentrationslagern (ca. 1938-1944)". German History in Documents and Images. 2025.
  3. ↑ "Classification System in Nazi Concentration Camps". Holocaust Encyclopedia. ushmm.org. Jewish prisoners were identified by a yellow star. If they were imprisoned for another reason, a triangle of the appropriate colour was added to their badge. Therefore, if a Jewish prisoner was also considered a political opponent, a red triangle was sewn over the yellow triangle. Criminals were marked with green inverted triangles, political prisoners with red, "asocials" (including Roma, nonconformists, vagrants, and other groups) with black or — in the case of Roma in some camps — brown triangles. Gay men and men accused of homosexuality were identified with pink triangles. And Jehovah's Witnesses were identified with purple ones … The two triangles forming the Jewish star badge would both be yellow unless the Jewish prisoner was included in one of the other prisoner categories. A Jewish political prisoner, for example, would be identified with a yellow triangle beneath a red triangle.
  4. 1 2 "IDENTIFICATION BADGES IN THE HOLOCAUST" (PDF). hcofpgh.org. Holocaust Center of Pittsburgh. Political prisoners: social democrats, socialists, trade unionists, communists and anarchists
  5. 1 2 "Identification Badge of a Political Prisoner". museeholocauste.ca. Montreal, Canada: Musée de l'Holocauste Montréal [Montreal Holocaust Museum].
  6. 1 2 3 Silver, Steve (16 August 2024). "Berlin and the red triangle". Searchlight (magazine) . Retrieved 26 July 2025.
  7. 1 2 It wasn't only in Germany that the red triangle was an anti-fascist symbol. It was also an anti-fascist symbol in Britain. Anti-Fascist Action used the symbol in the 1980s with the red triangle piercing a swastika (right).
  8. ↑ Ginsberg, Mary, ed. (2017). Communist Posters (PDF). Reaktion Books. p. 40. ISBN   978-1-78023-724-4.
  9. ↑ Jones, Seth G. (4 June 2020). "Who Are Antifa, and Are They a Threat?". www.csis.org. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). One of the most common symbols used by Antifa combines the red flag of the 1917 Russian Revolution and the black flag of 19th century anarchists.
  10. ↑ "The Mandem Need You: Can Grime4Corbyn succeed where Red Wedge failed?". Crack Magazine. The name Red Wedge was adopted from a lithographic soviet propaganda poster from 1919. The artwork, designed by constructivist artist El Lissitzky, was titled Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge in reference to the Bolshevik faction defeating the anti-communist White Movement confederation during the Russian Civil War. The image of a red triangle penetrating a large white circle was also reinterpreted by Bragg and his musical comrades. However, despite the poster's communist ancestry, the 1985 movement insisted it was not a communist organisation.
  11. ↑ Tom Watson (6 June 2017). "06.06.17 (Words by: Tom Watson) "I'm a socialist, which means my glass is half full. I'm encouraged by the young people being mobilised." – Billy Bragg "The mandem need you." – Novelist". crackmagazine.net. The name Red Wedge was adopted from a lithographic soviet propaganda poster from 1919. The artwork, designed by constructivist artist El Lissitzky, was titled Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge in reference to the Bolshevik faction defeating the anti-communist White Movement confederation during the Russian Civil War. The image of a red triangle penetrating a large white circle was also reinterpreted by Bragg and his musical comrades. However, despite the poster's communist ancestry, the 1985 movement insisted it was not a communist organisation.
  12. ↑ Martin Niemöller. "First They Came – by Pastor Martin Niemöller". Holocaust Memorial Day Trust . Archived from the original on 8 December 2018.
  13. ↑ Originally in German : Als die Nazis die Kommunisten holten, lit.  'When the Nazis came for the communists, I kept quiet; I wasn't a communist', "Martin Niemöllers Gedicht" (in German). Berlin-Dahlem: Martin-Niemöller-Haus. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Publisher: Martin-Niemöller-Haus Berlin-Dahlem  [ de ]
  14. ↑ "Red triangle symbol: Germany debating a ban – DW – 08/04/2024". dw.com. Deutsche Welle. 4 August 2024. From the mid-1930s, political prisoners were forced to wear cloth badges with the triangle in Nazi concentration camps. It was part of an extensive dehumanizing classification system. 'At first, the majority of political inmates were German Social Democrats or Communists and the red of the triangle referred to their party colors,' Jens-Christian Wagner, the director of the Buchenwald and Mittelbau-Dora Memorials Foundation, told DW. Later, he explained, most were non-Germans from across the political spectrum who had opposed National Socialism or Nazi Germany's occupation of their countries.
  15. ↑ "Classification System in Nazi Concentration Camps". Holocaust Encyclopedia. ushmm.org. Criminals were marked with green inverted triangles, political prisoners with red, "asocials" (including Roma, nonconformists, vagrants, and other groups) with black or — in the case of Roma in some camps — brown triangles. Gay men and men accused of homosexuality were identified with pink triangles. And Jehovah's Witnesses were identified with purple ones … The two triangles forming the Jewish star badge would both be yellow unless the Jewish prisoner was included in one of the other prisoner categories. A Jewish political prisoner, for example, would be identified with a yellow triangle beneath a red triangle.
  16. ↑ "Testimonies From Auschwitz Reveal a Network of Women Who Saved Lives and Prepared for Rebellion". Haaretz . 15 March 2025. Though this group consisted only of Jewish girls, there was one girl who wore a red triangle on her number, identifying her as a Pole. She was Jewish, but had succeeded in maintaining her false identity as a non-Jew. This girl was either directly involved with the Polish Underground or was close enough to them to have gained their confidence. She used to supply us with current political news… She told us that the Polish Home Army [the largest Polish underground movement] was organizing a revolt in Warsaw…
  17. ↑ "Ein Konzentrationslager für politische Gefangene In der Nähe von Dachau". Münchner Neueste Nachrichten ("The Munich Latest News") (in German). The Holocaust History Project. 21 March 1933. Archived from the original on 6 May 2013. The Munich Chief of Police, Himmler, has issued the following press announcement: On Wednesday the first concentration camp is to be opened in Dachau with an accommodation for 5000 persons. 'All Communists and—where necessary—Reichsbanner and Social Democratic functionaries who endanger state security are to be concentrated here, as in the long run it is not possible to keep individual functionaries in the state prisons without overburdening these prisons, and on the other hand these people cannot be released because attempts have shown that they persist in their efforts to agitate and organise as soon as they are released.'
  18. ↑ "Holocaust Timeline: Camps". The History Place. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
  19. ↑ "Commissar Order". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Retrieved 27 September 2015. The Commissar Order read: "The originators of barbaric, Asiatic methods of warfare are the political commissars. ... Therefore, when captured either in battle or offering resistance, they are to be shot on principle."
  20. ↑ Frei, Norbert (1993) National Socialist Rule in Germany: The Führer State 1933-1945 Translated by Simon B. Steyne. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 147, 212 n.43 ISBN   0-631-18507-0
  21. ↑ Rvans, Richard J. (2005) The Third Reich in Power New York: Penguin Books. pp.69-70. ISBN   0-14-303790-0
  22. ↑ David Kahn Betrayal: our occupation of Germany Beacon Service Co., 1950
  23. ↑ Information Bulletin, Office of Military Government Control Office, Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, U.S. Zone). Issues 1-22, 1945, pp.13-15
  24. ↑ Leonard Krieger "The Inter-Regnum in Germany: March-August 1945" Political Science Quarterly Volume 64 - Number 4 - December 1949, pp. 507-532
  25. ↑ Pritchard, Gareth (2012). Niemandsland: A History of Unoccupied Germany, 1944-1945. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1107013506.
  26. ↑ Michelmann, Jeannette (2002). Aktivisten der ersten Stunde: die Antifa in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone. Köln: Böhlau. p. 369. ISBN   9783412046026.
  27. ↑ Woller, Hans (1986). Gesellschaft und Politik in der amerikanischen Besatzungszone : die Region Ansbach und Fürth (in German). München: Oldenbourg. p. 89. ISBN   9783486594751.
  28. ↑ Oppenheimer, Max (1972). Vom Häftlingskomitee zum Bund der Antifaschisten : der Weg der VVN. Bibliothek des Widerstandes (in German). Frankfurt: Röderberg-Verlag. p. 9. OCLC   971411934.
  29. ↑ "Medaille des Komitee der antifaschistischen Widerstandskämpfer | DDR Museum Berlin". www.ddr-museum.de. 18 February 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2025.
  30. ↑ Ulrich, Horst, ed. (1985). DDR Handbuch[DDR Handbook] (in German). Vol. 1. Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik. ISBN   9783804686427.
  31. ↑ Bouma, Amieke (30 July 2019). German Post-Socialist Memory Culture: Epistemic Nostalgia. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. doi:10.1515/9789048544677. ISBN   9789048544677.
  32. ↑ "Statut der "Medaille für Kämpfer gegen den Faschismus 1933-1945" [Statute of the “Medal for Fighters against Fascism 1933-1945”]. Gesetzblatt der DDR [Law Gazette of the German Democratic Republic] (in German). 1: 198. 22 February 1958.
  33. ↑ "Komitee der Antifaschistischen Widerstandskämpfer". runde-ecke-leipzig.de. Museum in der "Runden Ecke" [Museum in the 'Round Corner', Leipzig]. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  34. 1 2 [ full citation needed ]Royal Decree of the Regent of 13 November 1947 creating the Croix du Prisonnier Politique 1940–1945 (Report). Belgian Defence Ministry. 13 November 1947.
  35. ↑ "Auschwitz Cross". POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Retrieved 30 January 2025.
  36. ↑ Gitelman, Zvi. "American Jewish Yearbook 2004" (PDF). AJC. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
  37. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20250714022448/https://muzea.malopolska.pl/en/objects-list/2894 quote: Instituted by Poland in 1985, the Auschwitz Cross is a decoration awarded to honour survivors of Nazi German concentration camps. Szymon Kluger (1925–2000), the last Jewish resident of Oświęcim, was presented with the Auschwitz Cross on 27 September 1989. Szymon Kluger was one of the Jewish residents of Oświęcim who survived the Holocaust and eventually returned to their hometown.
  38. ↑
  39. ↑ Bernd Hüttner (2011). Handbuch Alternativmedien 2011/2012: Printmedien, Freie Radios, Archive & Verlage in der BRD, Österreich und der Schweiz (in German). AG SPAK Bücher. p. 184. ISBN   978-3-940865-22-9.
  40. ↑ https://www.peopleshistory.com.au/ "People's History of Australia is a podcast and blog looking at Australian history from the perspective of ordinary people fighting together for a better life. While most of the history we get taught focuses on the deeds of the great and powerful, we want to turn this upside down, and amplify those moments when ordinary people across Australia have made history – by coming together, overcoming the barriers and divisions that keep us isolated and atomised, and struggling collectively for justice."
  41. ↑ "Sergey Bugaev-Afrika". VLADEY. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  42. ↑ Farscape: the Illustrated Companion. Titan Books. 2000. pp. 27–28. ISBN   1840231785.
  43. ↑ Mukherjee, Kakoli (27 March 2017). "The Uttar Pradesh man behind the ubiquitous 'red pyramid' logo of family planning". The New Indian Express.
  44. ↑ "Badge - Red Triangle Day, ca 1917". Victorian Collections.
  45. ↑ "What does the inverted red triangle used by some pro-Palestinian demonstrators symbolize?". CBC. 4 June 2024.
  46. ↑ Markoe, Lauren (13 June 2024). "Vandals painted a red triangle on the home of a Jewish museum director. What does it mean?". The Forward. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  47. ↑ "The Gaza Ghetto Uprising". 9 October 2023.
  48. ↑ Rovics, David (25 October 2023). "The Gaza Ghetto Uprising". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs . American Educational Trust, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 July 2025.
  49. ↑ https://ottawarewind.com/2016/11/02/the-secret-behind-the-canadian-tire-triangle/ "Appearing around 1950, the inverted red triangle with a green maple leaf would appear and remain a symbol for the Canadian Tire corporation for 66 years, and will probably continue for many more."
  50. ↑ https://www.kenwood.com/mobile/identity.html "Brand Identity: TRIANGLE VALUES: The red triangle is the core part of the logo, representing the three values of KENWOOD Brand" in the image: Advanced, High Quality, Sharpness
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