Red triangle (badge)

Last updated

15.05.2021 - AfD Landesparteitag Niedersachsen (Braunschweig) (51181534584).jpg
Protest against Alternative for Germany (AfD), in Braunschweig, Lower Saxony in 2021
Uniform of a Belgian political prisoner in Dachau.jpg
Belgian political prisoner's from Dachau, at the National Museum of the Resistance
Nikolai Kolli The Red Wedge 1918.jpg
Nikolai Kolli, The Red Wedge, 1918

The red triangle, particularly the inverted red triangle, is a symbol representing anti-fascism or other left-wing political ideologies. Historically, the red triangle represents opposition to the Nazi Party and resistance to Nazi Germany's military occupation of Europe during World War Two. [1] The symbol was reclaimed by anti-fascists after being used on prisoner uniforms in concentration camps in Nazi Germany and occupied Europe. A red triangle patch pointing upwards designated prisoners within the jurisdiction of Wehrmacht, including prisoners of war,[ citation needed ] spies, and military deserters. [2] An inverted red triangle was worn by political prisoners. [1] [3] [4] The Nazis chose red because the first people to have to wear it were Communists. Besides Communists, liberals, anarchists, Social Democrats, Freemasons, and other opposition party members also wore a red triangle. [4] [5] After the war the red triangle symbol was reclaimed as a symbol of resistance against the German occupation of Europe during the war, similar to the way that the pink triangle used to mark gay prisoners became a symbol of LGBTQ pride. [1] Various left-wing, anti-fascist, and resistance groups have intermittently used red triangle or red wedge symbols for over a hundred years. [6] In 2020, Donald Trump's presidential re-election campaign attracted controversy by using the symbol in social media adversisements attacking his own far-left opponents, whom he described as "Antifa". [7]

Contents

Before Nazi Germany

The red triangle, also described as the red wedge, has been a left-wing political symbol for over a century.

Eight hour workday

On Labor Day in 1890 in France workers wore a red triangle as a symbol of the eight-hour working day they were fighting for, with the three points representing 8 hours of work, 8 hours of rest, and 8 hours of leisure. [8] [9] It is still used with this meaning in some parts of Europe, in conjunction with Labour Day celebrations on 8 May. [10] In July 1889 in Paris, at the meeting of the Workers' International  [ fr ], the workers' association bringing together European socialist and workers' parties, decided that the following year, workers would demonstrate on May 1st to demand the eight-hour day. [11] The red leather triangle was adopted on 1 May 1890 in Paris during the workers' struggles so that the demonstrator could distinguish himself from the man in the street  [ fr ]. [12] The badge symbolizes workers' demand for a maximum eight-hour work day  [ fr ], which reserved 8 hours of sleep and 8 hours of leisure. The inscription "1 May, 8 hours of work" was sewn onto the triangle for the demonstration. [13] Following the immense success of the mobilization of the 1 May 1890 – in Belgium , 150,000 workers went on strike – it was decided shortly afterward to make this date a worldwide day of action, this is the creation of the International Workers' Day (French : Journée internationale des travailleurs). [11] The eight-hour day was obtained in 1919 in France and in 1921 in Belgium. [11]

Lissitzky's red wedge

Similar symbols were being used in far-left politics in early 20th century Russia. A red triangle or "red wedge" features on some early communist posters. A red wedge appeared in a 1919 soviet propaganda poster by constructivist artist El Lissitzky titled "Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge", referring to the anti-communist White movement, who were defeated by the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. [14] [15] The term "whites" referred to the White movement, a conservative, right-wing, monarchist movement whose factional colour was white. The title, allegedly recommended by Ilya Ehrenburg, is possibly a response to the pogrom slogan "Beat the Jews!" (Russian : Бей жидов!, romanized: Bej zhidov!). [16] [17] [18] The full slogan was Beat the Jews - save Russia!  [ ru ] (Russian : Бей жидов — спасай Россию!), and it was predominantly used by right wing monarchists and their militant Black Hundreds . [19] [20] [21]

Numerous modern left-wing groups and publications have used symbols that reference the red wedge, or the reclamation or the red triangle badge that the Nazis used to mark their political opponents, or both. [6] The black flag used by modern anti-fascists (Antifa) also refers back to the era of the Russian Revolution. [22] The El Lissitzky poster was the namesake of the 1980s British left-wing musical collective Red Wedge, they opposed British conservatives but did not describe themselves as communist. [23] [24] [25]

Opponents of the Nazi Party

Nazi persecution of left-wing opponents

The colour of the symbol comes from the party colours of the Communist Party of Germany, one of the first groups to be detained in the Nazi concentration camps. [1] Nazi crackdowns on their left wing political enemies started very early. As depicted in the famous, but often misquoted, poem First They Came by Martin Niemöller, a German priest, that begins, "When the Nazis came for the communists, I kept quiet; I wasn't a communist", (German : Als die Nazis die Kommunisten holten). [28] As depicted in the famous poem that begins, "First they came for the Communists". [29] [28] The opening is sometimes paraphrased as, "first they came for the communists". [29] In a 2024 article about the origins of the red triangle symbol, Germany's public broadcaster Deutsche Welle reported, "At first, the majority of political inmates were German Social Democrats or Communists and the red of the triangle referred to their party colors.. most were non-Germans from across the political spectrum who had opposed National Socialism or Nazi Germany's occupation of their countries". [1]

The red triangle badge in Nazi concentration camps

Red triangle.svg
Anti-fascist inverted red triangle
Nazi concentration camp Wehrmacht red triangle badge.svg
Strafbataillon military prisoner badge
Numer obozowy KL Stutthof 29659.JPG
Badge worn by Lidia Główczewska  [ pl ] in Stutthof with a letter P (Polish) in a red triangle and number (29659).
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Left and middle: F on red triangle on Buchenwald clothing of Dr. Joseph Brau  [ fr ] (photo by Dominique Brau)

A red inverted triangle was worn by political prisoners in Nazi concentration camps. [30] [3] [5] The red triangle was only used for Jewish prisoners in unusual circumstances, such as when the Nazi authorities in the prison were unaware that the prisoner was Jewish. [31]

German communists were among the first to be imprisoned in concentration camps. [32] [33] Their ties to the USSR concerned Hitler, and the Nazi Party was intractably opposed to communism. Rumors of communist violence were spread by the Nazis to justify the Enabling Act of 1933, which gave Hitler his first dictatorial powers. Hermann Göring testified at Nuremberg that Nazi willingness to repress German Communists prompted Hindenburg and the old elite to cooperate with them. Hitler and the Nazis also despised German leftists because of their resistance to Nazi racism. Hitler referred to Marxism and "Bolshevism" as means for "the international Jew" to undermine "racial purity", stir up class tension and mobilise trade unions against the government and business. When the Nazis occupied a territory, communists, socialists and anarchists were usually among the first to be repressed; this included summary executions. An example is Hitler's Commissar Order, in which he demanded the summary execution of all Soviet troops who were political commissars who offered resistance or were captured in battle. [34] [ verification needed ]

Many red triangle wearers were interned at Dachau concentration camp. The triangle and star system was used at the Dachau concentration camp from 1938–1942. [35]

According to the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim, Poland, 95% of prisoners at Auschwitz concentration camp were accused of political crimes. [b] [36] [ additional citation(s) needed ]

Later this expanded and many political detainees were German and foreign civilian activists from across the political spectrum who opposed the Nazi regime, captured resistances fighters (many of whom were executed during—or immediately after—their interrogation, particularly in occupied Poland and France) and, sometimes, their families. German political prisoners were a substantial proportion of the first inmates at Dachau (the prototypical Nazi concentration camp). The political People's Court was notorious for the number of its death sentences. [37] [38]

After WWII

Floral tribute at the red triangle, 8 May 2022, Fort Breendonk Floral tribute at the red triangle, 8 May commemoration 2022, Fort Breendonk.jpg
Floral tribute at the red triangle, 8 May 2022, Fort Breendonk

Since the end of World War II the red triangle has been used as an anti-fascist symbol. [6] The pink triangle and red triangle were both reclaimed after the war as symbols of prid and remembrance. [1]

Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists

VVN-BdA Logo.svg
Logo of the VVN-BdA
Logo antifa periodical.svg
Logo of the VVN-BdA's Antifa (magazine)  [ de ].

The Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists (German : Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes – Bund der Antifaschistinnen und Antifaschisten, VVN-BdA) is a German political confederation founded in 1947 and based in Berlin. The VVN-BdA, formerly the VVN, emerged from victims' associations in Germany founded by political opponents to Nazism after the Second World War and the end of the Nazi rule in Germany.[ verification needed ]

With the end of World War II, self-help groups of former resistance fighters were founded in "anti-fascist committees", known as "Antifas", involving working class militants, in particular but not only Communists [39] [40] [41] [42] which were banned immediately by the military administrations of each of the British and American occupation zones for being far politically left. [43] [44] By June 26, 1945, an "association of political prisoners and persecutees of the Nazi system" had been founded in Stuttgart, and in the following weeks and months, there were regional groups of ex-political prisoners and other persecuted individuals formed with the permission of the allied forces, in each of the four occupation zones. [45]

The group are critical of far-right politicians in Germany and abroad. In 2025, the group claimed that, "The weakening of universities has long been a declared goal of the US right". [46]

Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters KdAW logo DDR.png
Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters

Use in East Germany (Deutsche Demokratische Republik)

From 1975 onwards, the Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR, also known as East Germany) released a medal for the "Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters" (KdAW, German : Komitee der Antifaschistischen Widerstandskämpfer) of the GDR that included a red triangle. [48] The Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters (KdAW) was formed in 1953. Practically speaking, it functioned as the East German counterpart of the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime (Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes). The KdAW enjoyed a close relationship with the Socialist Unity Party, although it was not a member of the National Front.[ verification needed ] The organisation played an important role in the commemoration of German resistance to Nazism and The Holocaust in East Germany. [49] East Germany utilised such commemorative functions to emphasise the anti-fascist orientation of the state. [50] Membership in the KdAW served as a means of accessing benefits. For instance, membership made one eligible to receive the Medal for Fighters Against Fascism. [51] It also contained a number of working groups, which brought people with similar backgrounds together. The most prominent of these were groups for survivors of various concentration camps and prisons; for example one existed for former prisoners of Brandenburg-Görden Prison. Another working group was formed for veterans of the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War. [52]

The red triangle on memorials

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Memorial on the grounds of Sachsenhausen concentration camp

In addition to the Association of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists (VVN-BdA) memorials above, the red triangle also features on numerous other war memorials in Europe. War memorials featuring the red triangle symbol exist in Germany and in areas of Europe that were occupied by Germany during World War Two. [1]

Service medals

Service medals awarded to prisoners of war and other camp inmates after WWII feature the triangle that was used on prisoners' uniforms. The Auschwitz Cross, a Polish medal for camp victims and the Political Prisoner's Cross 1940–1945, a Belgian medal both show a red triangle with a nationality indicator, and the ribbons replicate the striped fabric of some camp uniforms. [53]

The Political Prisoner's Cross 1940–1945 (French : Croix du Prisonnier Politique 1940–1945, Dutch : Politieke Gevangenkruis 1940–1945) was a Belgian war medal established by royal decree of the Regent on 13 November 1947 and awarded to Belgian citizens arrested and interned by the Germans as political prisoners during the Second World War. The award's statute included provisions for posthumous award should the intended recipient not survive detention, and the right of the widow, the mother or the father of the deceased to wear the cross. [53]

The Auschwitz Cross (Polish : Krzyż Oświęcimski), instituted on 14 March 1985, was a Polish decoration awarded to honour survivors of Nazi German concentration camps, including Auschwitz. [54] Auschwitz is a German name for the Polish town Oświęcim, where a complex of concentration camps was built by Nazi Germany during the German occupation of Europe during WWII.[ additional citation(s) needed ] It was awarded generally to Poles, but it was possible to award it to foreigners in special cases. It could be awarded posthumously. It ceased to be awarded in 1999. An exception was made in the case of Greta Ferušić, who was awarded it in February 2004. [55] Some of the people awarded the medal were Jewish, including Szymon Kluger (Shimson Kleuger). [56]

Museums

Many examples of political prisoner uniforms are displayed at museums that educate about and memorialise victims of Nazi persecution as well as honour those who actively opposed Nazism and fascism, such as those in irregular non-state militias opposing occupying German military. The National Museum of the Resistance in Belgium has exhibits about those who fought against the German occupation of Belgium during World War II.

Red triangles and number (28320) on Dachau clothing at a museum exhibit. Prisoners' Uniforms with Red Triangles of Political Prisoners - Museum Exhibit - Dachau Concentration Camp Site - Dachau - Bavaria - Germany.jpg
Red triangles and number (28320) on Dachau clothing at a museum exhibit.

Recent anti-fascist and left-wing usage

After the war the red triangle and pink triangle symbols were reclaimed by those who opposed the Nazis' oppression of those groups. [1] The red triangle became a symbol of resistance against the German occupation of Europe during the war, and the pink triangle used to mark gay prisoners became a symbol of LGBTQ pride. [1] Like the pink triangle, the red also was used in some broader contexts, not just directly related to memorializing the victims of Nazi Germany. Some of the broader usage referenced the El Lissitsky poster. [6]

Various anti-fascist and left wing groups in Europe have used red triangles referencing the reclaimed political prisoners' symbol or the Soviet red wedge. In the United Kingdom in the 1980s Anti-Fascist Action sometimes used the symbol. [15] [57] For example, they produced a badge that showed a red triangle / red wedge symbol aggressively attacking a black swastika and smashing it. [15] In the dandruff era, the Red Wedge we a left wing pop group in the UK who took their name from the soviet poster. [58]

Symbols at protests

Pink triangles
Queercore chicago pride parade.jpg
Pink triangle symbol at a queer pride parade on a banner about the Stonewall riots.
Trump inauguration protest SF Jan 20 2017 08.jpg
Banner calling Trump a fascist with a pink triangle, in San Francisco in 2017

Red triangle and red wedge symbols often feature at protests against far-right political movements, particularly in Germany. [59]

The German protest group NIKA (German : Nationalismus ist keine Alternative, lit.  'Nationalism is not an alternative') was started in response to the rise of Germany's far-right party, the AfD (German : Alternative für Deutschland, lit.  ' Alternative for Germany '). [60]

15.05.2021 - AfD Landesparteitag Niedersachsen (Braunschweig) (51181834435).jpg
15.05.2021 - AfD Landesparteitag Niedersachsen (Braunschweig) (51181534584).jpg
15.05.2021 - AfD Landesparteitag Niedersachsen (Braunschweig) (51180058232).jpg
Protest against Alternative for Germany (AfD), in Braunschweig, Lower Saxony in 2021.
The same protest banner saying "crash the party" was also used by NIKA in 2017. [61]

Political discourse

Political discussions often include comparisons to Nazi Germany or fascism more broadly, the analogy is often criticised and particularly controversial when applied to Israel (the self-described "Jewish State" in the Levant).

Red triangle lapel pins in European politics

Jean-Luc Melenchon (photo 2022) Jean-Luc Melenchon 2022 (cropped).jpg
Jean-Luc Mélenchon (photo 2022)

Red triangle lapel pins are widely distributed Western European countries. Red triangle pins are worn by socialist, communist, and other left-wing or far-left politicians in countries such as Belgium, Spain, and France. [64] [65] [66]

Left-wing French presidential candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon wore a red triangle lapel pin during his campaign, the message was particularly aimed at diffentiating himself from far-right National Front candidate Marine Le Pen (daughter of the party's even more controversial founder, Jean-Marie Le Pen). [64]

Jean-Luc Mélenchon explained the meaning of the symbol, "I have been compared to the National Front. I was outraged. I said to myself, what could I wear? And someone, a Belgian, a comrade, said to me, 'Listen, I'll give you mine, it's the insignia of the communist deportees in the Nazi concentration camps'. And so I said: 'now I'm putting it on, I'm not taking it off' … We forget this moment in history. But the first to be deported and massacred were the communists…" [64]

Ugo Bernalicis, Left Party, Nord, French National Assembly (photo 2019) Reunion publique FI, Le Creusot, 15 May 2019 - 01 (cropped).jpg
Ugo Bernalicis, Left Party, Nord, French National Assembly (photo 2019)

French politician Ugo Bernalicis, from the Left Party (previously from the Socialist Party), represents the department of Nord, in the French National Assembly. [67] [68] Bernalicis was born into a family close to the communist movement, with a militant father, an elected grandfather and a great-grandfather who was deported to the Dachau concentration camp because of his political convictions. [69]

Modern persecution of leftists and criticism of the far-right

In 2020, Donald Trump's presidential re-election campaign attracted controversy by using the symbol in social media adversisements attacking his own far-left opponents, whom he described as "Antifa". Facebook banned the ad on the basis of the historical use by the Nazi Party in their persecution of their political opponents. [7] A spokesperson for the campaign claimed it was not a hate symbol on the basis that it was not in the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) database of hate symbols. ADL's CEO Jonathan Greenblatt, pointed out the database only included symbols used in the United States, not historical or foreign symbols. [7] "Gigafact" published a fact check with the question "Does Antifa commonly use an inverted red triangle symbol once used by Nazis?" and their headline answer was "NO", but they did point out that the red triangle has been used by some European anti-fascist groups. [57]

2020 Trump campaign terrorism accusations against antifa

In June 2020, Donald Trump's election campaign included an advertisement on social media saying that he would make "Antifa" (short for anti-fascism) a "designated terrorist" group. The advertisement showed the red triangle as an antifa symbol. [70]

In June 2020, the re-election campaign of Donald Trump posted an advertisement on Facebook stating that "Dangerous MOBS of far-left groups are running through our streets and causing absolute mayhem" and identifying them as "ANTIFA", accompanied by a graphic of a downward-pointing red triangle. The ads appeared on the Facebook pages of Donald Trump, the Trump campaign, and Vice President Mike Pence. Many observers compared the graphic to the symbol used by the Nazis for identifying political prisoners such as communists, social democrats and socialists. Many noted the number of ads – 88 – which is associated with neo-Nazis and white supremacists. [71] [72] [73]

Progressive and conservative Jewish groups both expressed public disapproval for Trump's use of the symbol. "Bend the Arc: Jewish Action", a Progressive Jewish site, stated the campaign was using the symbol "to smear millions of protestors". [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79]

Facebook removed the campaign ads with the graphic, saying that its use in this context violated their policy against "organized hate". [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] The Trump campaign's communications director wrote, "The red triangle is a common Antifa symbol used in an ad about Antifa." Historian Mark Bray, author of Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook , disputed this, saying that the symbol is not associated with Antifa in the United States. [86]

Trump lost the 2020 election, but won the next, then in his second term Trump again tried to use terrorist designations very broadly, to target drug cartels in Central America. [87]

Logos of political and activist groups

Network of Communists Logo rete dei comunisti.jpg
Network of Communists

Media references to the red triangle and red wedge

Antifaschistisches Infoblatt Logo Antifaschistisches Infoblatt.png
Antifaschistisches Infoblatt

Left-wing news and non-fiction

Music

Visual arts

Fiction

Other uses

India's red triangle family planning emblem on a postage stamp. Stamp of India - 1987 - Colnect 1017632 - 1 - Family Planning.jpeg
India's red triangle family planning emblem on a postage stamp.

Other red triangle emblems

There have been other uses of similar symbols that are not closely connected to World War Two:

Military and militant symbols

A diverse array of militaries use red triangles as an element in insignia of some of their divisions. For example, the 3rd (United Kingdom) Division , also known as The Iron Division, is a regular army division of the British Army. It was created in 1809 by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, as part of the Anglo-Portuguese Army, for service in the Peninsular War, and was known as the Fighting 3rd under Sir Thomas Picton during the Napoleonic Wars. The division fought at the Battle of Waterloo, as well as during the Crimean War and the Second Boer War. The red triangle pointing upwards was used by the Iraqi Republican Guard that existed from 1969 until 2003.[ citation needed ]

Some sources have suggested that the inverted red triangle symbol used by Hamas in its propaganda videos is reminiscent of the same red triangle used by the Nazis, with regards to antisemitism during the Gaza war, despite the red triangle rarely being used for Jewish prisoners. [103] [104] However, some have controversially compared Palestinian resistance to Ghetto uprisings. [105] [106]

Commercial logos

See also

Commons-logo.svg Media related to Black triangles at Wikimedia Commons
Commons-logo.svg Media related to Nazi concentration camp badges at Wikimedia Commons
Commons-logo.svg Media related to Pink triangles at Wikimedia Commons

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Commons-logo.svg Media related to Workers' Soap Factory at Wikimedia Commons
  2. ↑ Note: Auschwitz is the German name for Oświęcim.
  3. ↑ photo by Adam Jones
  4. ↑ Similar symbols have been used elsewhere, such as by Jewish Anti Fascist Action in the UK
  5. ↑ March Against Racism and Fascism in New York City on 16 March 2019. More images: Commons-logo.svg Media related to New York City rally in support of the victims of the Christchurch mosque shootings in Civic Center, Manhattan at Wikimedia Commons
  6. ↑ Protest against the party conference of the Berlin regional association of the AfD in 2018. The banner says: German: STOPPT DIE BERLINER AFD, lit.  'STOP THE BERLIN AFD', See also: Commons-logo.svg Media related to Protest against an AfD meeting in the Zitadelle Spandau on 04-09-2018 at Wikimedia Commons
  7. ↑ Spain's Minister of Consumer Affairs
  8. ↑ Representative for Liège in the Belgium's Chamber of Representatives
  9. ↑ WPB, PVDA-PTB
  10. ↑ Note: as of 2023-06-08 their page-long French language definition of Anti-Semitism made no mention of either Israel or Zionism, see also: IHRA definition of antisemitism. [90]
  11. ↑ poster says: "Workers, lend your strength to the red triangle - Help the 'Y' help the fighters"

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Red triangle symbol: Germany debating a ban – DW – 08/04/2024". dw.com. Deutsche Welle. 4 August 2024. From the mid-1930s, political prisoners were forced to wear cloth badges with the triangle in Nazi concentration camps. It was part of an extensive dehumanizing classification system. 'At first, the majority of political inmates were German Social Democrats or Communists and the red of the triangle referred to their party colors', Jens-Christian Wagner, the director of the Buchenwald and Mittelbau-Dora Memorials Foundation, told DW. Later, he explained, most were non-Germans from across the political spectrum who had opposed National Socialism or Nazi Germany's occupation of their countries.
  2. ↑ "Tafel mit farbigen Kennzeichen (Winkeln) für Häftlinge in Konzentrationslagern (ca. 1938-1944)". German History in Documents and Images. 2025.
  3. 1 2 "Classification System in Nazi Concentration Camps". Holocaust Encyclopedia. ushmm.org. Jewish prisoners were identified by a yellow star. If they were imprisoned for another reason, a triangle of the appropriate colour was added to their badge. Therefore, if a Jewish prisoner was also considered a political opponent, a red triangle was sewn over the yellow triangle. Criminals were marked with green inverted triangles, political prisoners with red, "asocials" (including Roma, nonconformists, vagrants, and other groups) with black or — in the case of Roma in some camps — brown triangles. Gay men and men accused of homosexuality were identified with pink triangles. And Jehovah's Witnesses were identified with purple ones … The two triangles forming the Jewish star badge would both be yellow unless the Jewish prisoner was included in one of the other prisoner categories. A Jewish political prisoner, for example, would be identified with a yellow triangle beneath a red triangle.
  4. 1 2 "Identification Badges in the Holocaust" (PDF). hcofpgh.org. Holocaust Center of Pittsburgh. Political prisoners: social democrats, socialists, trade unionists, communists and anarchists
  5. 1 2 "Identification Badge of a Political Prisoner". museeholocauste.ca. Montreal, Canada: Musée de l'Holocauste Montréal [Montreal Holocaust Museum].
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Silver, Steve (16 August 2024). "Berlin and the red triangle". Searchlight . It wasn't only in Germany that the red triangle was an anti-fascist symbol. It was also an anti-fascist symbol in Britain. Anti-Fascist Action used the symbol in the 1980s with the red triangle piercing a swastika (right).
  7. 1 2 3 Allyn, Bobby (18 June 2020). "Facebook Removes Trump Ads With Symbol Used By Nazis. Campaign Calls It An 'Emoji'". NPR. Trump campaign spokesman Tim Murtaugh said that some products are sold online that use the inverted red triangle in antifa imagery … The (Trump) campaign also said that the symbol is not in the Anti-Defamation League Hate Symbols Database … Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO of the Anti-Defamation League, pointed out that the database is not a collection of historical Nazi imagery. "It's a database of symbols commonly used by modern extremist groups and white supremacists in the United States", he said.
  8. ↑ Lefèvre, Jonathan (31 July 2019). "Rode Driehoek: de arbeidersstrijd en het antifascistisch symbool" [Red Triangle: the workers' struggle and the anti-fascist symbol]. Solidair (in Flemish). Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. De voorbije weken haalden heel wat mensen een rode driehoek boven om hun afkeer voor extreemrechts te tonen. De rode driehoek is het symbool van het antifascisme sinds de nazi's hun politieke gevangenen in de kampen dwongen dit te dragen. Maar het symbool dateert van veel vroeger … Op 1 Mei van 1890 dragen linkse militanten een rode driehoek. De Gazette de Liège van 25 april 1890 (de krant van katholiek reactionair rechts): "1 Mei. Tienduizend affiches zullen worden uitgehangen in Parijs. Ze worden gedrukt op rood papier. Bovenaan staat: Feest van de Arbeid. Een delegatie zal de petitie van de syndicale kamers en van de socialistische fracties van Frankrijk op die 1 mei bij de Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers indienen. De delegatie vertrekt op de Place de la Concorde om 2 u in de namiddag. Het insigne dat de manifestanten zullen dragen is een lederen rode driehoek, waarbinnen deze inscriptie staat: '1 Mei, 8 uren arbeid'.1 De eerste hoek staat voor 8 uur werken, de tweede voor 8 uur ontspanning en de derde voor 8 uur rust.[In recent weeks, many people have pulled out a red triangle to show their dislike for the extreme right. The red triangle has been the symbol of anti-fascism since the Nazis forced their political prisoners in the camps to wear it. But the symbol dates back to much earlier ... On May 1 of 1890, left-wing militants wear a red triangle. The Gazette de Liège of April 25, 1890 (the newspaper of the Catholic reactionary right): "May 1. Ten thousand posters will be hung in Paris. They are printed on red paper. At the top it says: Labor Day. A delegation will submit the petition of the trade union chambers and the socialist groups of France to the Chamber of Deputies on May 1. The delegation leaves the Place de la Concorde at 2 o'clock in the afternoon. The insignia that the demonstrators will wear is a leather red triangle, within which is this inscription: '1 May, 8 hours of work'. 1 The first corner represents 8 hours of work, the second 8 hours of relaxation, and the third 8 hours of rest.]
  9. ↑ "May Day: origins and traditions". Accent Francais. The workers marched to demand the eight-hour day. They wore a red triangle in their buttonholes. Its three sides symbolise the division of time between work, leisure and sleep.
  10. ↑ "Waarom een rode driehoek?". Het Groot Verzet (in Dutch). 4 April 2023. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2025.
  11. 1 2 3
  12. ↑
  13. ↑
  14. ↑ Ginsberg, Mary, ed. (2017). Communist Posters (PDF). Reaktion Books. p. 40. ISBN   978-1-78023-724-4.[ dead link ]
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Silver, Steve (16 August 2024). "Berlin and the red triangle". Searchlight . It wasn't only in Germany that the red triangle was an anti-fascist symbol. It was also an anti-fascist symbol in Britain. Anti-Fascist Action used the symbol in the 1980s with the red triangle piercing a swastika (right). That particular image harked back to early Soviet propaganda. In 1918 Nikolai Kolli … The avant-garde Russian Jewish artist El Lissitsky echoed that sculpture in his famous "Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge" poster, some arguing that the slogan was chosen to counter the Russian pogromist slogan "Bej zhidov!" ("Beat the Jews").
  16. ↑ Silver, Steve (16 August 2024). "Berlin and the red triangle". Searchlight . In 1918 Nikolai Kolli … The avant-garde Russian Jewish artist El Lissitsky echoed that sculpture in his famous "Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge" poster, some arguing that the slogan was chosen to counter the Russian pogromist slogan "Bej zhidov!" ("Beat the Jews").
  17. ↑ Forgács, Éva (1999). "Malevich, Lissitzky, and the culture of the future". The Structurist. 39 (50): 49. Retrieved 30 August 2022. Lissitzky's choice of the words "Beat the Whites!" (Bei bielykh!) — supposedly on the advice of Ilya Ehrenburg — recalled the dreaded pogrom slogan "Beat the Jews!" (Bei zhidov!).
  18. ↑ Birnholz, Alan Curtis (1974). El Lissitzky (PhD thesis). Yale University. p. 113. ProQuest   302668778. I have found no contemporary references to the slogan "Beat the Whites", but it strikingly recalls the traditional shout of the pogroms, "Bei zihidov," or "Beat the Jews"— though "beat" is too weak, and "Jews" too polite for an accurate translation of this phrase.
  19. ↑ Скобелев Андрей Владиславович (Skobelev, Andrey Vladislavovich) (2012). "Много неясного в странной стране…" III. Материалы к комментированию избранных произведений В. С. Высоцкого. Литературоведение ["There is much that is unclear in a strange country..." III. Materials for commenting on selected works by V. S. Vysotsky. Literary criticism](PDF). Воронеж: Эхо. p. 38.
  20. ↑ Размолодин, М. Л. (2013). ред. Иерусалимский, Юрий Юрьевич (ed.). Русский вопрос в идеологии черной сотни: монография[The Russian Question in the Ideology of the Black Hundreds: Monograph] (2-е издание, доп. и перераб ed.). Ярославль: Нюанс. p. 103.
  21. ↑ ru — Klier, John D. (2005). "Black Hundreds". In Richard S. Levy (ed.). Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution. Contemporary world issues. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 71. ISBN   978-1-85109-439-4.
  22. ↑ Jones, Seth G. (4 June 2020). "Who Are Antifa, and Are They a Threat?". www.csis.org. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). One of the most common symbols used by Antifa combines the red flag of the 1917 Russian Revolution and the black flag of 19th century anarchists.
  23. ↑ "The Mandem Need You: Can Grime4Corbyn succeed where Red Wedge failed?". Crack Magazine . The name Red Wedge was adopted from a lithographic soviet propaganda poster from 1919. The artwork, designed by constructivist artist El Lissitzky, was titled Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge in reference to the Bolshevik faction defeating the anti-communist White Movement confederation during the Russian Civil War. The image of a red triangle penetrating a large white circle was also reinterpreted by Bragg and his musical comrades. However, despite the poster's communist ancestry, the 1985 movement insisted it was not a communist organisation.
  24. ↑ Tom Watson (6 June 2017). "06.06.17 (Words by: Tom Watson) "I'm a socialist, which means my glass is half full. I'm encouraged by the young people being mobilised." – Billy Bragg "The mandem need you." – Novelist". crackmagazine.net. The name Red Wedge was adopted from a lithographic soviet propaganda poster from 1919. The artwork, designed by constructivist artist El Lissitzky, was titled Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge in reference to the Bolshevik faction defeating the anti-communist White Movement confederation during the Russian Civil War. The image of a red triangle penetrating a large white circle was also reinterpreted by Bragg and his musical comrades. However, despite the poster's communist ancestry, the 1985 movement insisted it was not a communist organisation.
  25. ↑ "The Mandem Need You: Can Grime4Corbyn succeed where Red Wedge failed?". Crack Magazine. The name Red Wedge was adopted from a lithographic soviet propaganda poster from 1919. The artwork, designed by constructivist artist El Lissitzky, was titled Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge in reference to the Bolshevik faction defeating the anti-communist White Movement confederation during the Russian Civil War. The image of a red triangle penetrating a large white circle was also reinterpreted by Bragg and his musical comrades. However, despite the poster's communist ancestry, the 1985 movement insisted it was not a communist organisation.
  26. ↑ ""Клином красным бей белых", "Не болтай" и другие образы революции". BBC News Русская служба.
  27. ↑ ""Не уйти из-под красного вала!" Революционный угар плакатов Гражданской войны". BBC News Русская служба.
  28. 1 2 Originally in German: Als die Nazis die Kommunisten holten, lit.  'When the Nazis came for the communists, I kept quiet; I wasn't a communist', "Martin Niemöllers Gedicht" (in German). Berlin-Dahlem: Martin-Niemöller-Haus. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Publisher: Martin-Niemöller-Haus Berlin-Dahlem  [ de ]
  29. 1 2 Martin Niemöller. "First They Came – by Pastor Martin Niemöller". Holocaust Memorial Day Trust . Archived from the original on 8 December 2018.
  30. ↑ "Red triangle symbol: Germany debating a ban – DW – 08/04/2024". dw.com. Deutsche Welle. 4 August 2024. From the mid-1930s, political prisoners were forced to wear cloth badges with the triangle in Nazi concentration camps. It was part of an extensive dehumanizing classification system. 'At first, the majority of political inmates were German Social Democrats or Communists and the red of the triangle referred to their party colors,' Jens-Christian Wagner, the director of the Buchenwald and Mittelbau-Dora Memorials Foundation, told DW. Later, he explained, most were non-Germans from across the political spectrum who had opposed National Socialism or Nazi Germany's occupation of their countries.
  31. ↑ "Testimonies From Auschwitz Reveal a Network of Women Who Saved Lives and Prepared for Rebellion". Haaretz . 15 March 2025. Though this group consisted only of Jewish girls, there was one girl who wore a red triangle on her number, identifying her as a Pole. She was Jewish, but had succeeded in maintaining her false identity as a non-Jew. This girl was either directly involved with the Polish Underground or was close enough to them to have gained their confidence. She used to supply us with current political news… She told us that the Polish Home Army [the largest Polish underground movement] was organizing a revolt in Warsaw…
  32. ↑ "Ein Konzentrationslager für politische Gefangene In der Nähe von Dachau". Münchner Neueste Nachrichten ("The Munich Latest News") (in German). The Holocaust History Project. 21 March 1933. Archived from the original on 6 May 2013. The Munich Chief of Police, Himmler, has issued the following press announcement: On Wednesday the first concentration camp is to be opened in Dachau with an accommodation for 5000 persons. 'All Communists and—where necessary—Reichsbanner and Social Democratic functionaries who endanger state security are to be concentrated here, as in the long run it is not possible to keep individual functionaries in the state prisons without overburdening these prisons, and on the other hand these people cannot be released because attempts have shown that they persist in their efforts to agitate and organise as soon as they are released.'
  33. ↑ "Holocaust Timeline: Camps". The History Place. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
  34. ↑ "Commissar Order". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Retrieved 27 September 2015. The Commissar Order read: "The originators of barbaric, Asiatic methods of warfare are the political commissars... Therefore, when captured either in battle or offering resistance, they are to be shot on principle."
  35. ↑ "Classification System in Nazi Concentration Camps". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Among the first victims of persecution in Nazi Germany were political opponents—primarily Communists, Social Democrats, and trade unionists. … From 1938, Jews in the camps were identified by a yellow star sewn onto their prison uniforms, a perversion of the Jewish Star of David symbol. After 1939 and with some variation from camp to camp, the categories of prisoners were easily identified by a marking system combining a colored inverted triangle with lettering. The badges sewn onto prisoner uniforms enabled SS guards to identify the alleged grounds for incarceration. … A chart of prisoner markings used in German concentration camps. Dachau, Germany, ca. 1938–1942. … Beginning in 1937–1938, the SS created a system of marking prisoners in concentration camps. Sewn onto uniforms, the color-coded badges identified the reason for an individual's incarceration, with some variation among camps. The Nazis used this chart illustrating prisoner markings in the Dachau concentration camp.
  36. ↑ Shannon, Joel (18 June 2020). "Nazis used red triangles to mark political prisoners. That symbol is why Facebook banned a Donald Trump reelection campaign ad". USA Today . updated 19 June 2020). Political prisoners were forced to wear red triangles. And those red triangles were common in the camps. The Auschwitz Memorial in Oświęcim, Poland, tweeted Thursday that 95% of prisoners at Auschwitz were accused of political crimes in August 1944. A letter could also be included inside the triangle to mark a person's nationality, the museum said.
  37. ↑ Frei, Norbert (1993) National Socialist Rule in Germany: The Führer State 1933-1945 Translated by Simon B. Steyne. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 147, 212 n.43 ISBN   0-631-18507-0
  38. ↑ Rvans, Richard J. (2005) The Third Reich in Power New York: Penguin Books. pp.69-70. ISBN   0-14-303790-0
  39. ↑ David Kahn Betrayal: our occupation of Germany Beacon Service Co., 1950
  40. ↑ Information Bulletin, Office of Military Government Control Office, Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, U.S. Zone). Issues 1-22, 1945, pp.13-15
  41. ↑ Leonard Krieger "The Inter-Regnum in Germany: March-August 1945" Political Science Quarterly Volume 64 - Number 4 - December 1949, pp. 507-532
  42. ↑ Pritchard, Gareth (2012). Niemandsland: A History of Unoccupied Germany, 1944-1945. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1107013506.
  43. ↑ Michelmann, Jeannette (2002). Aktivisten der ersten Stunde: die Antifa in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone. Köln: Böhlau. p. 369. ISBN   9783412046026.
  44. ↑ Woller, Hans (1986). Gesellschaft und Politik in der amerikanischen Besatzungszone : die Region Ansbach und Fürth (in German). München: Oldenbourg. p. 89. ISBN   9783486594751.
  45. ↑ Oppenheimer, Max (1972). Vom Häftlingskomitee zum Bund der Antifaschisten : der Weg der VVN. Bibliothek des Widerstandes (in German). Frankfurt: Röderberg-Verlag. p. 9. OCLC   971411934.
  46. ↑ "Trumps Angriff auf Unis – Magazin der VVN-BdA".
  47. ↑ 27-30 May 1950 German Youth Meeting. https://www.flickr.com/photos/sludgeulper/49948810593/
  48. ↑ "Medaille des Komitee der antifaschistischen Widerstandskämpfer". www.ddr-museum.de. DDR Museum Berlin. 18 February 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2025.
  49. ↑ Ulrich, Horst, ed. (1985). DDR Handbuch[DDR Handbook] (in German). Vol. 1. Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik. ISBN   9783804686427.
  50. ↑ Bouma, Amieke (30 July 2019). German Post-Socialist Memory Culture: Epistemic Nostalgia. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. doi:10.1515/9789048544677. ISBN   9789048544677.
  51. ↑ "Statut der "Medaille für Kämpfer gegen den Faschismus 1933-1945". Gesetzblatt der DDR [Law Gazette of the German Democratic Republic] (in German). 1: 198. 22 February 1958.{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |.trans-title= ignored (help)
  52. ↑ "Komitee der Antifaschistischen Widerstandskämpfer". runde-ecke-leipzig.de. Museum in der "Runden Ecke" [Museum in the 'Round Corner', Leipzig]. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  53. 1 2 [ full citation needed ]Royal Decree of the Regent of 13 November 1947 creating the Croix du Prisonnier Politique 1940–1945 (Report). Belgian Defence Ministry. 13 November 1947.
  54. ↑ "Auschwitz Cross". POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Retrieved 30 January 2025.
  55. ↑ Gitelman, Zvi. "American Jewish Yearbook 2004" (PDF). AJC. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
  56. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20250714022448/https://muzea.malopolska.pl/en/objects-list/2894 quote: Instituted by Poland in 1985, the Auschwitz Cross is a decoration awarded to honour survivors of Nazi German concentration camps. Szymon Kluger (1925–2000), the last Jewish resident of Oświęcim, was presented with the Auschwitz Cross on 27 September 1989. Szymon Kluger was one of the Jewish residents of Oświęcim who survived the Holocaust and eventually returned to their hometown.
  57. 1 2 "Does Antifa commonly use an inverted red triangle symbol once used by Nazis? NO". gigafact.org. Gigafact. The most common symbol of Antifa, a loose collection of far-left activist groups, is a black and red double flag. Some European anti-fascist groups have used a red triangle in the past, but they appear to have done so to refer to a symbol of violence used originally against leftist political activists. Mark Bray, in The Antifascist Handbook, cites its use by a British anti-fascist group in the 1980s.
  58. 1 2 Street, John (September 1988). "Red Wedge: another strange story of pop's politics". Critical Quarterly. 30 (3): 79–91. doi:10.1111/J.1467-8705.1988.TB00323.X.
  59. ↑ Example: "03.12.2022 – Demonstration "Nicht mit uns – Wir frieren nicht für eure Profite" in Saarbrücken". Archived from the original on 18 September 2025 – via Flickr.
  60. ↑ Example: the second image in the gallery of this Reuters story is a banner that says "Crash the Party" in English and then in German "Nationalismus ist keine Alternative": Nasr, Joseph (1 December 2019). "German far-right AfD party elects new leader backed by radical wing". reuters.com. photo credit: Fabian Bimmer. Reuters. [2/6] Demonstrators hold a banner during an anti-AfD protest ahead of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party meeting in Braunschweig, Germany, 30 November 2019
  61. ↑ The full banner (in copyright photo) is the second image in the gallery of this Reuters story Nasr, Joseph (1 December 2019). "German far-right AfD party elects new leader backed by radical wing". reuters.com. photo credit: Fabian Bimmer. Reuters. [2/6] Demonstrators hold a banner during an anti-AfD protest ahead of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party meeting in Braunschweig, Germany, 30 November 2019
  62. ↑ "March Against Racism and Fascism". flickr.com. The All-Nite Images. 16 March 2019. Archived from the original on 14 September 2025 – via flickr. Multiple group action regarding Fascism in general and the 15th March 2016 New Zealand Mosque Terrorist Attack in particular. (Metadata: Uploaded on 17 March 2019, Taken on 16 March 2019)
  63. ↑ "Internationale vrouwendag, bijeenkomst bij het Ravensbrück-monument in Amsterdam; vrouwen met symbolen van alle vervolgde groepen". www.nationaalarchief.nl. Nationaal Archief. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
  64. 1 2 3 "Jean-Luc Mélenchon: que symbolise le triangle rouge sur sa veste?" [Jean-Luc Mélenchon: what does the red triangle on his jacket symbolize?]. L'Obs (in French). 23 February 2017. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Il était porté dans les camps nazis par les déportés politiques, comme l'étoile jaune pour les déportés juifs et le triangle rose pour les homosexuels. "C'est l'insigne des déportés communistes", a confirmé Jean-Luc Mélenchon dans une vidéo diffusée en 2011… "Ce sont des Belges qui me l'ont filé. On m'a comparé au Front national. J'ai été outré. Je me suis dit, qu'est-ce que je pourrais mettre ? Et quelqu'un, un Belge, un camarade, m'a dit 'écoute, je te donne le mien, c'est l'insigne des déportés communistes dans les camps de concentration nazis'. Et donc j'ai dit : 'maintenant, je le mets, je ne l'enlève plus' … On oublie ce moment d'histoire. Mais les premiers qui ont été déportés et massacrés, ce sont les communistes, les sociaux-démocrates et les homosexuels. Et après, ils ont ramassé les Tsiganes et les Juifs en paquets." Le pin's en forme de triangle rouge est répandu en Belgique, où il est resté un symbole de la résistance à l'extrême droite.[This triangle is loaded with symbols and Jean-Luc Mélenchon has been wearing it for several years now. It was worn in the Nazi camps by political deportees, like the yellow star for Jewish deportees and the pink triangle for homosexuals. "This is the insignia of communist deportees" Jean-Luc Mélenchon confirmed in a video released in 2011… "It was Belgians who gave it to me. I have been compared to the National Front. I was outraged. I said to myself, what could I wear? And someone, a Belgian, a comrade, said to me, 'Listen, I'll give you mine, it's the insignia of the communist deportees in the Nazi concentration camps'. And so I said: 'now I'm putting it on, I'm not taking it off' … We forget this moment in history. But the first to be deported and massacred were the communists, the social democrats, and the homosexuals. And then they picked up the Gypsies and Jews in bundles." The red triangle pin is widespread in Belgium, where it has remained a symbol of resistance to the far-right.][ verification needed ]
  65. ↑ "Rode Driehoek: de arbeidersstrijd en het antifascistisch symbool", nl:Solidair (blad) Solidair (Solidarity), 31 juli 2019, online geraadpleegd op 9 mei 2022.
  66. ↑ "Qué significa el triángulo rojo invertido con el que han prometido su cargo Iglesias y Garzón" (in Spanish).NIUS, 13 januari 2020, online geraadpleegd op 9 mei 2022.
  67. ↑ "M. Ugo Bernalicis". National Assembly (in French). Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  68. ↑ http://www.francetvinfo.fr/elections/resultats/nord_59/nord_2ere-circonscription [ dead link ]
  69. ↑ P. Gril and Julien Chehida (20 September 2017). "Ugo, 26 ans, député La France insoumise: "J'ai envie de casser les codes à l'Assemblée"" (in French). rmc.bfmtv.com. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  70. ↑ "Facebook removes Trump ads with Nazi symbol – DW – 06/18/2020". www.dw.com. Retrieved 26 July 2025.
  71. ↑ Breland, Ali. "Nazis put this symbol on political opponents' arms. Now Trump is using it". Mother Jones. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  72. ↑ Morrison, Sara (18 June 2020). "Facebook takes down another Trump campaign ad, this time for Nazi imagery". Vox. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  73. ↑ Rodrigo, Chris Mills (18 June 2020). "Facebook takes down Trump ads featuring symbol used by Nazis to mark political prisoners". TheHill. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  74. ↑ "tweet" (Tweet) – via Twitter. The President of the United States is campaigning for reelection using a Nazi concentration camp symbol. Nazis used the red triangle to mark political prisoners and people who rescued Jews. Trump & the RNC are using it to smear millions of protestors{{Cite tweet}}: Missing or empty |user=; Missing or empty |number= (help)
  75. ↑ Breland, Ali. "Nazis put this symbol on political opponents' arms. Now Trump is using it". Mother Jones. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  76. ↑ pic.twitter.com/UzmzDaRBup
  77. ↑ @jewishaction (18 June 2020). "The President of the United States is campaigning for reelection using a Nazi concentration camp symbol. Nazis used the red triangle to mark political prisoners and people who rescued Jews. Trump & the RNC are using it to smear millions of protestors. Their masks are off. (with screenshots and other images)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  78. ↑ " @jewishaction " on Twitter
  79. ↑ "the account of Bend the Arc: Jewish Action". bendthearc.us.
  80. ↑ Shannon, Joel. "Nazis used red triangles to mark political prisoners. That symbol is why Facebook banned a Donald Trump reelection campaign ad". USA Today. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  81. ↑ Crowley, James (18 June 2020). "The History of The Concentration Camp Badge in a Team Trump Ad For Facebook". Newsweek . Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  82. ↑ Feldman, Ari (18 June 2020). "Facebook removes Trump ad that identifies Antifa with red triangle similar to Nazi symbol". The Forward.
  83. ↑ Goforth, Claire (27 January 2021). "Trump campaign accused of using a Nazi symbol in Facebook ad". The Daily Dot. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
  84. ↑ "Facebook removes Trump ads for violating 'organized hate' policy". NBC News. 18 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  85. ↑ Stanley-Becker, Isaac. "Facebook removes Trump ads with symbol once used by Nazis to designate political prisoners" . Washington Post. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  86. ↑ Karni, Annie (18 June 2020). "Facebook removes Trump ads displaying symbol used by Nazis" . The New York Times.
  87. ↑ "The Dangerous Sweep of Trump's Plan to Designate Cartels as Terrorist Organizations". www.brennancenter.org. Brennan Center for Justice. 8 July 2025. Retrieved 26 July 2025.
  88. ↑ "Nasce la Rete dei Comunisti" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011.
  89. ↑ "L'Extême droite c'est toujours 𝐍𝐎𝐍 en fait !". www.youtube.com/@territoiresdelamemoire4559. Territoires de la Mémoire. 8 May 2024 – via YouTube. Nous restons fermement décidés à défendre, promouvoir et construire un monde solidaire, inconditionnellement antiraciste, antisexiste, et dénonçant toutes les formes de discriminations. 🔻 NON à la haine 🔻 NON à l'extrême droite 🔻 🔻𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐓𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐋𝐄 𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐄 𝐑𝐎𝐔𝐆𝐄 🔻 🔻www.trianglerouge.be🔻[We remain firmly committed to defending, promoting and building a world of solidarity, unconditionally anti-racist, anti-sexist, and denouncing all forms of discrimination. 🔻 NO to hatred 🔻 NO to the far right 🔻 🔻LET'S WEAR THE RED 🔻 TRIANGLE 🔻🔻 www.trianglerouge.be]
  90. ↑ "Glossaire - Antisémitisme" [Glossary - Anti-Semitism]. trianglerouge.be. Triangle Rouge. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. [Because the time, the nineteenth century, was at the explanation of the world by the scientific theory of races, the age-old hatred and rejection of Jews in Europe changed register, passing from religion to science: anti-Judaism (religious hatred) became anti-Semitism (racial hatred). "Between 1789 and 1815, Jews had been emancipated in most Western countries, and now aspired to become citizens like others. (...) Now, in the age of science, the theological argument of the curse was no longer appropriate to demand the re-establishment of the ghettos, and so it was that the Jewish "deicide" caste was transmuted, in the aftermath of its emancipation, into the "inferior" Semitic race. (...) The ineradicable feelings and resentments of the Christian West were now expressed in a new vocabulary. (Leon Poliakov, The Aryan Myth. Essai sur les sources du racisme et des nationalismes, Calmann-Lévy, 1971, p. 195). up … And if the "racial" dimension of contemporary anti-Semitism can be considered marginal, the fact remains that xenophobia against Jewish people remains a particular and almost unique case of a xenophobia that has its roots deep in the famous "ineradicable feelings and resentments of the Christian West".]
  91. ↑ "AIB - Antifaschistisches Info Blatt". Linksnet (in German). Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  92. ↑ Bernd Hüttner (2011). Handbuch Alternativmedien 2011/2012: Printmedien, Freie Radios, Archive & Verlage in der BRD, Österreich und der Schweiz (in German). AG SPAK Bücher. p. 184. ISBN   978-3-940865-22-9.
  93. ↑ https://www.peopleshistory.com.au/ "People's History of Australia is a podcast and blog looking at Australian history from the perspective of ordinary people fighting together for a better life. While most of the history we get taught focuses on the deeds of the great and powerful, we want to turn this upside down, and amplify those moments when ordinary people across Australia have made history – by coming together, overcoming the barriers and divisions that keep us isolated and atomised, and struggling collectively for justice."
  94. ↑ "Sergey Bugaev-Afrika". VLADEY. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  95. ↑ Farscape: the Illustrated Companion. Titan Books. 2000. pp. 27–28. ISBN   1840231785.
  96. ↑ Mukherjee, Kakoli (27 March 2017). "The Uttar Pradesh man behind the ubiquitous 'red pyramid' logo of family planning". The New Indian Express.
  97. ↑ WWI badges from State Library of South Australia:
  98. ↑ Red Triangle Day badges and pins in museum collections:
    • "Badge, Red Triangle Day". Puke Ariki Collection Online. collection.pukeariki.com. Archived from the original on 18 September 2025. Description World War One Red Triangle Day badge. Round badge with pin at the back. Plastic-coated front with red triangle in the centre … Caleb Wyatt Senior farmed along Carrington Road. As a farmer he was exempt from service during World War One but his family remembers that he always gave generously to the war effort. The family would have come into New Plymouth on Saturday market days where Wyatt Senior was likely given these small advertising tokens as a gesture of support and appreciation.
  99. ↑ Newspaper reports:
  100. ↑ Y.M.C.A. and Red Triangle Day:
  101. ↑ "Badge - Red Triangle Day, ca 1917". Victorian Collections.
  102. ↑ Y.M.C.A. badges from WWI
  103. ↑ "What does the inverted red triangle used by some pro-Palestinian demonstrators symbolize?". CBC. 4 June 2024.
  104. ↑ Markoe, Lauren (13 June 2024). "Vandals painted a red triangle on the home of a Jewish museum director. What does it mean?". The Forward. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  105. ↑ "The Gaza Ghetto Uprising". 9 October 2023.
  106. ↑ Rovics, David (25 October 2023). "The Gaza Ghetto Uprising". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs . American Educational Trust, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 July 2025.
  107. ↑ King, Andrew (2 November 2016). "The Canadian Tire Triangle". Appearing around 1950, the inverted red triangle with a green maple leaf would appear and remain a symbol for the Canadian Tire corporation for 66 years, and will probably continue for many more.
  108. ↑ "Brand Identity". www.kenwood.com. Kenwood. Archived from the original on 1 September 2025. Retrieved 1 September 2025. Brand Identity: Triangle Values: The red triangle is the core part of the logo, representing the three values of Kenwood Brand" in the image: Advanced, High Quality, Sharpness
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