Mandaic | |
---|---|
ࡋࡉࡔࡀࡍࡀ ࡖ ࡌࡀࡍࡃࡀࡉࡉࡀ Lishāna’d Mandāyì | |
Native to | Iraq and Iran |
Region | Iraq – Baghdad, Basra Iran – Khuzistan |
Ethnicity | Mandaeans |
Native speakers | 5,500 (2001–2006) [1] |
Early forms | |
Mandaic alphabet | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either: mid – Mandaic myz – Classical Mandaic |
mid Neo-Mandaic | |
myz Classical Mandaic | |
Glottolog | mand1468 nucl1706 clas1253 |
Mandaic is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010) [2] |
Mandaic, or more specifically Classical Mandaic, is the liturgical language of Mandaeism and a South Eastern Aramaic variety in use by the Mandaean community, traditionally based in southern parts of Iraq and southwest Iran, for their religious books. Mandaic, or Classical Mandaic is still used by Mandaean priests in liturgical rites. [3] The modern descendant of Mandaic or Classical Mandaic, known as Neo-Mandaic or Modern Mandaic, is spoken by a small group of Mandaeans around Ahvaz [4] : XXXVI–XXXVIII, 1–101 and Khorramshahr [5] in the southern Iranian Khuzestan province.
Liturgical use of Mandaic or Classical Mandaic is found in Iran (particularly the southern portions of the country), in Baghdad, Iraq and in the diaspora (particularly in the United States, Sweden, Australia and Germany). It is an Eastern Aramaic language notable for its abundant use of vowel letters (mater lectionis with aleph, he only in final position, ‘ayin, waw, yud) in writing, so-called plene spelling (Mandaic alphabet) [6] and the amount of Iranian [7] and Akkadian [8] language influence on its lexicon, especially in the area of religious and mystical terminology. Mandaic is influenced by Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Samaritan Aramaic, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, [9] [10] in addition to Akkadian [8] and Parthian. [11]
Classical Mandaic belongs to the Southeastern group of Aramaic and is closely related to the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic dialect in the major portions of the Babylonian Talmud, [12] [13] but less to the various dialects of Aramaic appearing in the incantation texts on unglazed ceramic bowls (incantation bowls) [14] found mostly in central and south Iraq as well as the Khuzestan province of Iran. [15] It is considered a sister language to the northeastern Aramaic dialect of Suret.
This southeastern Aramaic dialect is transmitted through religious, liturgical, and esoteric texts, [16] [17] most of them stored today in the Drower Collection, Bodleian Library (Oxford), [18] and in the Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris), the British Library (London) and in the households of various Mandaeans as religious texts. More specific written objects and of linguistic importance on account of their early transmission (5th – 7th centuries CE) are the earthenware incantation bowls and Mandaic lead rolls (amulets) (3rd–7th centuries CE), [19] : 4 including silver and gold specimens [20] that were often unearthed in archaeological excavations in the regions of their historical living sites between Wasiṭ and Baṣra, [21] [22] and frequently in central Iraq, for example (Bismaya, [23] Kish, [24] Khouabir, [25] Kutha, [26] Uruk, [27] Nippur [28] ), north and south of the confluences of the Euphrates and Tigris (Abu Shudhr, [29] al-Qurnah [30] ), and the adjacent province of Khuzistan (Hamadan). [31] [32]
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | emphatic | ||||||||||
Nasal | m | n | |||||||||
Stop/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | tˤ | ( t͡ʃ ) | k | q | ( ʔ ) | |||
voiced | b | d | ( dˤ ) | ( d͡ʒ ) | g | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | sˤ | ʃ | x | ( ħ ) | h | ||
voiced | v | ð | z | ( zˤ ) | ( ʒ ) | ɣ | ( ʕ ) | ||||
Approximant | w | l | j | ||||||||
Trill | r |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i iː | u uː | |
Mid | e eː | ə | ( o ) oː |
ɔ | |||
Open | æ | a | ɑː |
Mandaic is written in the Mandaic alphabet. It consists of 23 graphemes, with the last being a ligature. [35] Its origin and development is still under debate. [36] Graphemes appearing on incantation bowls and metal amulet rolls differ slightly from the late manuscript signs. [37]
Lexicographers of the Mandaic language include Theodor Nöldeke, [38] Mark Lidzbarski, [39] Ethel S. Drower, Rudolf Macúch, [40] and Matthew Morgenstern.
Neo-Mandaic represents the latest stage of the phonological and morphological development of Mandaic, a Northwest Semitic language of the Eastern Aramaic sub-family. Having developed in isolation from one another, most Neo-Aramaic dialects are mutually unintelligible and should therefore be considered separate languages. Determining the relationship between Neo-Aramaic dialects is difficult because of poor knowledge of the dialects themselves and their history. [5]
Although no direct descendants of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic survive today, most of the Neo-Aramaic dialects spoken today belong to the Eastern sub-family of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic and Mandaic, among them Neo-Mandaic that can be described with any certainty as the direct descendant of one of the Aramaic dialects attested in Late Antiquity, probably Mandaic. Neo-Mandaic preserves a Semitic "suffix" conjugation (or perfect) that is lost in other dialects. The phonology of Neo-Mandaic is divergent from other Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialects. [41]
Three dialects of Neo-Mandaic were native to Shushtar, Shah Vali, and Dezful in northern Khuzestan Province, Iran before the 1880s. During that time, Mandeans moved to Ahvaz and Khorramshahr to escape persecution. Khorramshahr had the most Neo-Mandaic speakers until the Iran–Iraq War caused many people to leave Iran. [5] Ahvaz is the only community with a sizeable portion of Neo-Mandaic speakers in Iran as of 1993. [4]
The following table compares a few words in Old Mandaic with three Neo-Mandaic dialects. The Iraq dialect, documented by E. S. Drower, is now extinct. [42]
Meaning | Script | Old Mandaic | Iraq dialect | Ahvaz dialect | Khorramshahr dialect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
house | ࡁࡀࡉࡕࡀ | baita | bejθæ | b(ij)eθa/ɔ | bieθɔ |
in, ins | ࡁ | b- | gaw; b- | gu | gɔw |
work | ࡏࡅࡁࡀࡃࡀ | ebada | wad | wɔd | əwɔdɔ |
planet | ࡔࡉࡁࡉࡀࡄࡀ | šibiaha | ʃewjæ | ʃewjɔha | ʃewjɔhɔ |
come! (imp.pl) | ࡀࡕࡅࡍ | atun | doθi | d(ij)ɵθi | doθi |
The following is a sample text in Mandaic of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [43]
Mandaic: ".ࡊࡅࡋ ࡀࡍࡀࡔࡀ ࡌࡀࡅࡃࡀࡋࡇ ࡀࡎࡐࡀࡎࡉࡅࡕࡀ ࡅࡁࡊࡅࡔࡈࡂࡉࡀࡕࡀ ࡊࡅࡉ ࡄࡃࡀࡃࡉࡀ. ࡄࡀࡁ ࡌࡅࡄࡀ ࡅࡕࡉࡓࡀࡕࡀ ࡏࡃࡋࡀ ࡏࡉࡕ ࡓࡄࡅࡌ ࡅࡆࡁࡓ ࡁࡄࡃࡀࡃࡉࡀ"
Transliteration: "kul ānāʃā māudālẖ āspāsiutā ubkuʃᵵgiātā kui hdādiā. hāb muhā utirātā ʿdlā ʿit rhum uzbr bhdādiā."
English original: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."
Mandaeans, also known as Mandaean Sabians or simply as Sabians, are an ethnoreligious group who are followers of Mandaeism. They believe that John the Baptist was the final and most important prophet. They may have been among the earliest religious groups to practice baptism, as well as among the earliest adherents of Gnosticism, a belief system of which they are the last surviving representatives today. The Mandaeans were originally native speakers of Mandaic, an Eastern Aramaic language, before they nearly all switched to Mesopotamian Arabic or Persian as their main language.
The Ginza Rabba, Ginza Rba, or Sidra Rabba, and formerly the Codex Nasaraeus, is the longest and the most important holy scripture of Mandaeism.
Neo-Mandaic, also known as Modern Mandaic, sometimes called the "ratna", is the modern reflex of the Mandaic language, the liturgical language of the Mandaean religious community of Iraq and Iran. Although severely endangered, it survives today as the first language of a small number of Mandaeans in Iran and in the Mandaean diaspora. All Neo-Mandaic speakers are multilingual in the languages of their neighbors, Arabic and Persian, and the influence of these languages upon the grammar of Neo-Mandaic is considerable, particularly in the lexicon and the morphology of the noun. Nevertheless, Neo-Mandaic is more conservative even in these regards than most other Neo-Aramaic languages.
The Mandaic alphabet is a writing system primarily used to write the Mandaic language. It is thought to have evolved between the second and seventh century CE from either a cursive form of Aramaic or from Inscriptional Parthian. The exact roots of the script are difficult to determine. It was developed by members of the Mandaean faith of Lower Mesopotamia to write the Mandaic language for liturgical purposes. Classical Mandaic and its descendant Neo-Mandaic are still in limited use. The script has changed very little over centuries of use.
Mandaeism, sometimes also known as Nasoraeanism or Sabianism, is a Gnostic, monotheistic and ethnic religion with Greek, Iranian, and Jewish influences. Its adherents, the Mandaeans, revere Adam, Abel, Seth, Enos, Noah, Shem, Aram, and especially John the Baptist. Mandaeans consider Adam, Seth, Noah, Shem and John the Baptist prophets, with Adam being the founder of the religion and John being the greatest and final prophet.
The Neo-Aramaic or Modern Aramaic languages are varieties of Aramaic that evolved during the late medieval and early modern periods, and continue to the present day as vernacular (spoken) languages of modern Aramaic-speaking communities. Within the field of Aramaic studies, classification of Neo-Aramaic languages has been a subject of particular interest among scholars, who proposed several divisions, into two, three or four primary groups.
Ethel, Lady Drower was a British cultural anthropologist, orientalist and novelist who studied the Middle East and its cultures. She was and is still considered one of the primary specialists on the Mandaeans, and was the dedicated collector of Mandaean manuscripts.
In Mandaeism, manda is the concept of gnosis or spiritual knowledge. Mandaeans stress salvation of the soul through secret knowledge (gnosis) of its divine origin. Mandaeism "provides knowledge of whence we have come and whither we are going."
Rudolf Macúch was a Slovak linguist, naturalized as German after 1974.
In Mandaeism, Ptahil also known as Ptahil-Uthra, is the Fourth Life, the third of three emanations from the First Life, Hayyi Rabbi, after Yushamin and Abatur. Ptahil-Uthra alone does not constitute the demiurge but only fills that role since he is viewed as the creator of the material world in the Ginza Rabba, often holding an inherently malicious character.
Mandaic lead rolls, sometimes also known as Mandaic amulets or sheets, which are related to Palestinian and Syrian metal amulets, are a specific term for a writing medium containing incantations in the Mandaic script incised onto lead sheets with a pin. Some Mandaic incantations are found on gold and silver sheets. They are rolled up and then inserted into a metal capsule with loops on it to be worn around the neck on a string or necklace.
An uthra or ʿutra is a "divine messenger of the light" in Mandaeism. Charles G. Häberl and James F. McGrath translate it as "excellency". Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley defines them as "Lightworld beings, called 'utras ." Aldihisi (2008) compares them to the yazata of Zoroastrianism. According to E. S. Drower, "an 'uthra is an ethereal being, a spirit of light and Life."
Maṣbuta is the ritual of immersion in water in the Mandaean religion.
The Scroll of the Parwanaya is a Mandaean religious text that describes the rituals of the five-day Parwanaya festival. Excluding the colophon, the text consists of 931 lines.
Charles G. Häberl is an American religious studies scholar, linguist, and professor. He is currently Professor of African, Middle Eastern, and South Asian Languages and Literatures (AMESALL) and Religion at Rutgers University. Häberl's primary interests include Mandaeism, Semitic philology, and Middle Eastern studies. He is known for his translation of the Mandaean Book of John in collaboration with James F. McGrath, as well as for his research on the Neo-Mandaic dialect of Khorramshahr, Iran.
The Scroll of the Great Baptism is a Mandaean religious text. It is a ritual scroll describing the 360 baptisms (masbutas) for a polluted priest. The scroll is also called "Fifty Baptisms" and the Raza Rba ḏ-Zihrun.
In Mandaeism, the zidqa brika is a type of ritual meal blessed by Mandaean priests. Zidqa means oblation and can also mean alms, while brika means blessed.
Šganda Salem Choheili (Persian: سالم چحیلی; born 1935 in Ahvaz, Iran} is an Iranian Mandaean scribe, teacher, and author. He is also a shganda and yalufa and is one of the leaders of the Mandaean Council of Ahvaz. Salem Choheili is one of the last remaining fully fluent speakers of Neo-Mandaic.
Nasser Sobbi was an Iranian-American Mandaean scribe, manuscript collector, and goldsmith who was known as one of the last remaining fully fluent native speakers of Neo-Mandaic. He was a yalufa, though not a formally ordained Mandaean priest.
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