"We mobilise public opinion, we lobby, we fight government, any government, and make representations and submissions. Our objective is to create a climate of public opinion among politicians, radical groups and unions in favour of free markets."[3]
From 2012 until May 2014, businessman Herman Mashaba, who was the Executive Mayor of Johannesburg, served as chairman of the foundation's board.[5] He stepped down from his position when he joined the Democratic Alliance as an "ordinary card-carrying member," citing the need for the foundation to remain politically impartial.[6]
After a bitter power struggle over several years, Leon Louw, the face of the foundation for nearly five decades, was ousted from the organisation and resigned in July 2022. Louw said the FMF wanted to be more partisan while he wanted to retain its neutral stance. The executive committee said he refused "to work within the lawful structures of the Foundation and work with its executives."[7]
As of November 2023, David Ansara is the chief executive officer and Rex van Schalkwyk is the chairman of the board.[8]
The "South African Free Market Foundation" was founded in August[10] 1975 "to promote free enterprise" in South Africa.[11] The initiative was spearheaded by the Association of Chambers of Commerce of South Africa (Assocom), which sought a way "to promote the free market economy in South Africa".[12] According to the Sunday Express, the FMF was founded by "a group of five young professional men", because "Government [was] progressing inexorably toward a greater degree of control over traditional free market forces." Leon Louw led the steering committee responsible for the establishment of the foundation.[13] The steering committee consisted of Louw, FE Emary, M Lillard, Fred Macaskill, André Spies and Marc Swanepoel".[14] When asked about its view of South Africa's apartheid policies, the first chairman of the FMF, Lu Sher (who was President of Assocom[15]), said that the FMF "would like to see restrictions on the movement and use of labour, capital, and goods, phased out wherever possible". Sher continued, saying the FMF was generally "limiting [itself] to the economic field, but there we believe that the fewer restrictions the better, and that all races should be able to compete freely in all sectors".[12]
The foundation published a monthly classical liberal magazine, The Individualist, from its founding in 1975[14] until October 1976, when the FMF was officially registered as a non-profit organisation in South Africa. The magazine was from then on published independently.[16]The Individualist is currently defunct. The FMF would later publish its own journal, Free Market,[17] which was released six times a year. Senator Owen Horwood (Minister of Finance) and Gerhard de Kock (Governor of the Reserve Bank) were among its contributors.[18]Free Market is also currently defunct.
In May 1976, the FMF moved offices to 401 City Centre, 36 Joubert Street, Johannesburg.[19]
In November 1976, after the FMF's registration as an NPO, it was reformed into the "Free Market Foundation (Southern Africa)". Dirk Hertzog, Chairman of the Oude Meester Group and President of the South African Society of Marketers, was chosen as chairman of FMF's interim executive committee. By this time, the FMF "had the backing" of Assocom, SASOM, the South African Federated Chamber of Industries (SAFCI), the National African Federation Chamber of Commerce (NAFCOC), and the Afrikaanse Handelsinstituut (AHI). The Clarion magazine also "[pledged] its full support to the whole concept" of the FMF.[20]
At its inaugural congress in 1977, Professor Stephan du Toit Viljoen, Chairman of the Bantu Investment Corporation and the Bank of Lisbon[12] (today Mercantile Bank), was elected as the FMF's first president. In his inaugural address, Du Toit Viljoen claimed that the cause for the unrest throughout South Africa was because black South Africans could not identify with the political and economic system in which they lived. According to Du Toit Viljoen, it was necessary to involve all of South Africa's races in the development of the free enterprise system, to avoid this unrest. To this end, Du Toit Viljoen called for the progressive removal of discriminatory laws, improving education facilities, and improving the quality of life by providing home ownership; and that "the gradually increasing involvement of all races in the administration of the country would be an essential corresponding development in the political field".[21] At the time, André Spies was the secretary of the FMF.[22]
In March and April 1978, the FMF and the School of Business Leadership at the University of South Africa hosted Friedrich A. Hayek, the Nobel Prize-winning economist, on a visit to South Africa. Hayek addressed a public meeting at the Carlton Hotel on Wednesday, 22 March, on social justice and economics.[23][24] The Johannesburg Chamber of Commerce held a lunch for Hayek on Thursday, 6 April, at the hotel. At a banquet on Friday, 7 April, at the same hotel,[25] Senator Horwood was the main speaker.[26]
The FMF criticized the South African government's 1980 budget, especially the "increased welfare spending including subsidies and housing". Howard Preece,[27] an editor of the Rand Daily Mail, responded to this criticism, sarcastically remarking that "there will be all those black pensioners whooping it up on their R33 a month while the oppressed whites slave to provide cheap bread for the blacks generally". The editor concluded that "[c]ommunists never had better friends than these ultra-marketeers and their Standard Nine [eleventh grade] economics".[28]
Eustace Davie became a director of the FMF in 1981.[29]
Professor Jan A. Lombard, Head of the Department of Economics at the University of Pretoria and Deputy Governor of the SA Reserve Bank,[30] was President of the FMF between 1981[31] and at least 1991.[32]
Louw and Frances Kendall, his wife, wrote the bestselling book South Africa: The Solution[33] in 1986, which put forward a vision for direct democracy broadly based on the Swisscanton system. The book sold over 25,000 copies and was translated into Afrikaans.[34]
By 1987, much of the FMF's funding came "from large corporations, with lesser contributions coming from individuals and smaller companies". The FMF also earned an income from consulting work for companies seeking to overcome government interventions that inhibit their enterprises, and advising government institutions and homeland governments, especially on deregulation and privatization. Its With Justice For All training program, aimed at teaching "economic principles and also covers politics", which ended in 1988, accounted for 60% of the FMF's total income.[3] The Rand Mines Group sent 100,000 of its staff to participate in With Justice For All. Don King, the group's personnel director, said the program would "tell workers of the benefits of the free market system as the viable and more welcome alternative to the marxist-socialist system".[35]
At the time, the FMF argued that privatization was the only way to bring about racial equality between black and white South Africans. Louw said that, in addition to producing enough wealth to raise the welfare of blacks, privatizing South Africa's state-owned enterprises and industries would depoliticize various economic sectors, like buses and trains, which had been racialized whilst in state hands. Resistance from civil servants and the possibility of generating private monopolies were two issues Louw identified, but this could be overcome by guaranteeing job security and ensuring privatized enterprises are not given to one firm.[36]
In 1988, the FMF awarded Lawrence Mavundla with its "Free Market Award" for his contribution to the cause of economic freedom in South Africa. Mavundla had co-founded the Co-Operative for Hawkers and Informal Business in 1986 to fight for the right to enterprise of black South Africans during the time of the apartheid regime's discriminatory legislation.[37]
The FMF opposed the inclusion of section 8(2) of the Constitution, which provides that the rights in the Bill of Rights do not only bind government, but also citizens (so-called "horizontality"). The FMF further protested the inclusion of "public interest" as a justification for the expropriation of private property, currently found in section 25(2)(a) of the Constitution. Public interest, it argued, is wide and leads to uncertainty, making it "not only open to abuse, but deprives the courts of clear principles on which to adjudicate property rights disputes". The FMF also opposed[38] including socio-economic rights, such as the right to access to housing (section 26) and the right to access healthcare, food, water, and social security (section 27), because, firstly, it argued the South African government did not have the resources to give effect to these rights, secondly, that 'right to have access' is "jurisprudentially vague", and thirdly, socio-economic rights were "unprecedented" in South African law, meaning the courts of South Africa would need "to decide whether measures that confer 'access' to targeted benefits are sufficiently 'reasonable' and 'progressive' and what the state's 'available resources' are, which means judges may have to determine levels of taxation; budget deficits and allocations; housing, health et al policies..."[39]
The "Free Market Award" 2000 ceremony. From left to right: Ketumile Masire, Leon Louw and Nelson Mandela.
In 2000, the FMF awarded its "Free Market Award" to Sir Ketumile Masire, the former President of Botswana (1980-1998), with FMF chairman, Michael O'Dowd, saying "Botswana maintained all the institutions and practices which constitute a free market economy." The award ceremony was attended by the former South African president, Nelson Mandela.[42]
The FMF came out in opposition to the South African government's decision to expand South Africa's nuclear energy capacity in 2014, with executive director, Leon Louw, saying, "The government has shown conclusively that it is unable to manage electricity. It is entirely in the wrong hands." Louw, however, expressed approval of nuclear power in principle.[43]
Between 2013 and 2016 the FMF attempted to have section 23 of South Africa's Labour Relations Act, 1995 changed. The section "allows the minister of labour to extend a collective agreement concluded in the bargaining council to any non-parties to the collective agreement that are within its registered scope".[44] The FMF's argument was that this section was detrimental to small businesses "which could not afford wage agreements reached in councils they are not affiliated with".[45] In Free Market Foundation v Minister of Labour and Others 2016 (4) SA 496 (GP), Murphy J of the Pretoria High Court found against the FMF, holding that the section need not be changed and that the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act, 2000 provided sufficient protection for small businesses wishing to review the labour minister's extension of agreements.[46]
In 2017, the FMF opposed the South African Department of Justice and Constitutional Development's Prevention and Combating of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Bill, 2016, arguing that the "right to free, uncensored communication was the foundation of a truly democratic society." The FMF also argued that the Bill falls foul of the section 16 protection of freedom of expression found in the Constitution.[47] When the Bill was updated in April 2018, the FMF welcomed the changes but continued to argue that the Bill was unnecessary.[48]
The FMF has opposed the South African government's plan to amend section 25 of the Constitution to enable the expropriation of private property without compensation. Nolutshungu warned that expropriation without compensation would betray the victory of constitutional democracy over such legislation as the Natives Land Act, 1913, and said that even though the current government might not wish to use the power to expropriate without compensation maliciously, the nature of constitutional change means any future government will have the same power.[49] Professor Robert Vivian, who sits on the FMF's Rule of Law Board of Advisors, said in September 2018 that, contrary to the conventional belief that only two-thirds of the members of the National Assembly would need to support the amendment for it to pass into law, 75% of the assembly's votes would instead be necessary. This is because according to Vivian, amending the requirement to pay compensation for expropriated property does not simply affect section 25 of the Constitution (in the Bill of Rights), but also affects section 1's (in the Founding Provisions) commitment to the advancement of human rights and freedoms. Provisions in the Bill of Rights require two-thirds of the assembly, and provisions in section 1 require 75%.[50]
The FMF has also voiced its concern over the public participation process surrounding the adoption of the expropriation without compensation policy. It pointed out that the government had allocated more time for written submissions on a tobacco regulation bill than it did for the constitutional amendment.[51] Later, the FMF condemned Parliament for not inviting the foundation to participate in the oral hearings before the National Assembly's constitutional review committee.[52]
Activities
Khaya Lam title deed giveaway ceremony in Grabouw, Western Cape on 25 July 2017. Seated in the front, left to right: Attie van Wyk (CEO of Two-a-Day), Isaac Sileku (Deputy Mayor of the Theewaterskloof Municipality), Christelle Vosloo (Mayor), Temba Nolutshungu (FMF director), Derek Corder (Trustee of the Elgin Foundation), and Perry Feldman (Khaya Lam project manager).
Khaya Lam Land Reform Project
Since 2013, the FMF have led a land reform initiative with First National Bank (FNB) originally called the Ngwathe Land Reform Project. FNB executive Simphiwe Madikizela explained: “When you release title deeds wealth is created for the community. Once people have the title deed, they can extend property and make a living off the property by renting the rooms. They can use their home as collateral to get loans for other personal purposes.”[53]
The project is now called the Khaya Lam Land Reform Project. Its stated mission is assist communities in the conversion of their apartheid-era leasehold title (tenancy) to freehold title (ownership).[54]Khaya Lam is Xhosa for "My Home." The project makes use of the Upgrading of Land Tenure Rights Act (112 of 1991), or 'ULTRA', which "places an obligation on councils to transfer municipal land to tenants".[55]
On 25 July 2017, the FMF handed over 58 title deeds in Grabouw in the Theewaterskloof Local Municipality of the Western Cape, which were sponsored by the Two-a-Day Group (Pty) Ltd and the Elgin Foundation. FMF director Temba Nolutshungu acted as master of ceremonies, and was accompanied by the Project Manager of the Khaya Lam Land Reform Project, Perry Feldman.[55]
On 16 January 2018, the FMF handed over 117 title deeds to beneficiaries from Kylemore‚ Le Roux‚ Cloetesville‚ Khayamandi and Franschhoek, at the Stellenbosch Town Hall. Businessman Johann Rupert sponsored the deeds, which are intended to be the first of 1,000. In thanking Rupert for the sponsorship, FMF executive director Leon Louw criticized government for failing to systematically convert "‘council owned’ and ‘traditional community’ properties to full‚ unrestricted ownership".[56]
The FMF has favored deregulation of civil aviation in South Africa since at least 1980. One of its chief aims was to have South African Airways (SAA) denied the power to prohibit potential competitors in the airline industry entry, a power granted to SAA by the Air Services Act (51 of 1949).[57] Terry J. Markman argued that the Act should be repealed and domestic civil aviation "should be deregulated immediately" and that SAA should be denationalised and required to make a profit.[58] The Air Services Act was repealed[59] by the International Air Services Act (60 of 1993) during a time of liberalization in South Africa. Markman, a transportation consultant, often represented the FMF in public on this topic.[60][61] Markman blamed the government's intervention in the finances of Union Airways (subsequently becoming SAA) in 1933 as the cause of South Africa's heavily-regulated civil aviation industry.[58]
As of 2017, the FMF has been involved in a campaign to have SAA either privatized or liquidated in the wake of billions of rands in bailouts and guarantees being granted to the airline by government,[62] arguing that the continued financing of the airline is a subsidy by the poor in favor of the rich.[63] The FMF however believes that it may be too late for privatization given the state of SAA's finances.[64]
In early June 2018, Louw publicly challenged SAA chief executive officer, Vuyani Jarana, to a wager of R100,000 ($7,440) that SAA would not be profitable within the period Jarana claimed it would. In terms of the wager, if SAA is not profitable by 31 March 2021, Jarana would have to pay R100,000 to a charity of Louw's choice, and if SAA is profitable, Louw would have to pay the money to a charity of Jarana's choice. Jarana agreed to the wager.[65] By 22 June, however, Peter Davies, the airline's chief restructuring officer, told the Financial Mail, "It will take us five years until 2022 to break even", a timeline apparently approved by SAA's board and by the National Treasury;[66] casting doubts on whether the terms of the wager would be adhered to. On 31 March 2021 however, Jarana conceded the wager as a "technical knockout" and made the relevant donation to Louw's Khaya Lam charity.[67]
Economic Freedom of the World report
The Free Market Foundation publishes the South African edition of the Fraser Institute's annual Economic Freedom of the World report.[68] The FMF is listed as a "full member" in this partnership with the Fraser Institute.[69] FMF director Temba Nolutshungu said for the 2016 edition that it "is tragic that a country ranked 42nd in the world in 2000, just outside the top 25% of countries in the world, should have fallen 63 places in the rankings in 15 years to a point where it now ranks in the bottom 35%." According to Nolutshungu, research shows that "there is a significant though not immediate correlation between economic freedom, economic growth and human welfare so a steady and dramatic decline in economic freedom in the country should not be taken lightly".[70]
Most of the studies and analyses were all written primarily by Mercatus Senior Fellow Karol Boudreaux.
Health policy
The FMF's health policy unit has opposed the South African government's attempts at introducing single-payer national health insurance, arguing that with South Africa's narrow tax base and low economic growth, such a scheme would be unaffordable.[73] Economist and FMF director, Jasson Urbach, has argued that South Africa spends as much on healthcare as is "equal to many developed economies' health expenditure as a proportion of GDP," and said that spending more will not solve the problem of a "dysfunctional" system.[74]
Minimum wage
The FMF has long opposed the introduction of a national minimum wage, claiming that it would be harmful for South Africa's large number of unemployed people.[75][76] According to former FMF board chairman Herman Mashaba, "a minimum wage makes it illegal to employ anyone for a lower wage. The result is that many people are denied the right to decide for themselves about job opportunities".[77] FMF director Jasson Urbach has claimed that large businesses tend to support minimum wage laws because "it protects them from competition from small businesses".[78]
In February 2017 the South African government resolved to adopt a national minimum wage by 1 May 2018, at R20 ($1,50) per hour, or roughly R3,500 ($261,52) per month. A commission will be set up to review the wage level annually.[79]
Louw has argued that if a minimum wage is implemented, government must create "job seekers' exemption certificates" (JSEC) which would allow individuals who have been unemployed for an extended period of time to exempt themselves from the application of the minimum wage, in order to find employment below the minimum wage.[80] FMF director Eustace Davie authored Jobs for the Jobless in 2003, which set out the comprehensive JSEC proposal. The Atlas Network awarded the FMF the "Templeton Freedom Award" in 2009 for the book.[81]
Funding
Although it has claimed to primarily represent the interests of small business, the FMF appears to have received most of its funding from large corporations in the form of 'corporate members', with the organisation offering different tiers of corporate membership.[82]
Criticism
The trade union SAMWU has accused[83] the FMF of being against South Africa's collective bargaining system, likely referring to the FMF's 2013-16 attempt to have a provision of the Labour Relations Act changed.[44] Irwin Jim, general secretary of NUMSA, has similarly accused the FMF, writing, "The FMF's attack on collective bargaining is based on its devotion to the neoliberal capitalist perspective and is part of a broader campaign to defend the neoliberal orientation of the ANC government".[84] In March 2018, journalist Eusebius McKaiser referred to the FMF as "libertarians who care little for group identities, structural analysis and protection of workers at the mercy of amoral labour markets".[85]
Kate Wilkinson, senior researcher at Africa Check (an organization founded "to promote accuracy in public debate and the media in Africa"[86]) criticized and debunked some of the FMF's claims about transformation in South Africa in 2015. Louw wrote two columns in Business Day, the first on 26 August 2015, "SA's bizarre transformation denialism",[87] and the second on 4 November 2015, "Transformation denialism is an extreme form of racism".[88] Of Louw's five claims in the first column, two were "unproven" and three were "incorrect".[89] Of Louw's fourteen claims in the second column, five were "incorrect", three were "unproven", two were "unable to verify", three were "mostly correct" and one was "correct".[90] Wilkinson criticized the FMF for the long delay in providing her with sources for the claims, and when provided, for the quality of the sources. She accused the FMF of providing no primary sources and doing "horse-before-the-cart research", by making claims first and looking for evidence after.[91]
In January 2018, researchers from the Institute for African Alternatives criticized the FMF for its response to Oxfam's 2018 report. Among other things, the FMF claimed that the poor were empowered by free enterprise, a claim the researchers said "is made repeatedly by the foundation and conservative economic commentators in South Africa". In contrast, the researchers say that liberalization in Africa has failed where it has been tried. Where the FMF claimed that wealth generation is legitimate if coercion was not used to accrue that wealth, the researchers argue that in a market economy, "one is compelled to sell one's labour in order to survive". The researchers conclude that the FMF's rejection of the Oxfam report is on "flimsy grounds" and that "Oxfam should be praised for continuously alerting the global public to the threat that rising inequality poses to social and political stability".[92]
2009: The FMF was awarded the "Templeton Freedom Award" by the Atlas Network for its book Jobs for the Jobless.[100]
2017: The FMF was awarded the "Africa Liberty Award" by the Atlas Network for its Khaya Lam Land Reform Project.[101]
2017: The FMF was awarded the "Impumelelo Social Innovations Award" by the Impumelelo Social Innovations Centre for its Khaya Lam Land Reform Project.[102]
"The Final Constitution for the Republic of South Africa: A Critique of the Interim Constitution" (FMF Occasional Paper No. 1) by Bruce Fein (September 1995)
"New Zealand's Remarkable Reforms" (FMF Occasional Paper No. 2) by Don Brash (1996)
"Diamonds: The Competitive Cartel" (FMF Occasional Paper No. 3) by Prof. Duncan Reekie (June 1999)
"Liberal Reflections" (FMF Occasional Paper No. 4) by Michael O'Dowd (December 1999)[104]
"Smoked Out: Anti-Tobacco Activism at the World Bank" (FMF Occasional Paper No. 6) by Richard Tren and Hugh High (August 2000)
Chronically large federal budget deficits: The American experience (FMF Monograph No. 18) by Prof. Roger Garrison (1998)
Unjustifiable dismissal – The economics of an unjust employment tax: The New Zealand Employment Contracts Act (FMF Monograph No. 19) by Prof. Charles Baird (1998)
Smoke gets in your eyes: The economic welfare effects of the World Bank-World Health Organisation global crusade against tobacco (FMF Monograph No. 26) by Prof. Deepak Lal (May 2000)
Money, central banking and monetary policy in the global financial arena (FMF Monograph No. 27) by Dr. Jerry Jordan (2001)[114]
Nationalisation[permanent dead link] by Temba Nolutshungu (ed.), Leon Louw, Dr. Richard Grant, Eustace Davie, Jasson Urbach, and Vivian Atud (January 2011, 1st ed. and June 2011, 2nd ed.)
Jobs Jobs JobsArchived 2017-06-08 at the Wayback Machine by Temba Nolutshungu (ed.), Richard Pike, Loane Sharp, Leon Louw, Eustace Davie, Lawrence Mavundla, Michael Bagraim, Ann Bernstein, Martin Brassey SC, Prof. Darma Mahadea, Dr. Richard Simson, Vivian Atud, Graham Giles, and Daan Groeneveldt (November 2011)
The Economic Impact of Cloud Computing in South Africa by Mike Schüssler and Jasson Urbach (June 2013)
The Regulatory Environment Affecting Cloud Computing in South Africa by Gary Moore (June 2013)
In economics, a free market is an economic system in which the prices of goods and services are determined by supply and demand expressed by sellers and buyers. Such markets, as modeled, operate without the intervention of government or any other external authority. Proponents of the free market as a normative ideal contrast it with a regulated market, in which a government intervenes in supply and demand by means of various methods such as taxes or regulations. In an idealized free market economy, prices for goods and services are set solely by the bids and offers of the participants.
The economy of South Africa is a mixed economy, emerging market, and upper-middle-income economy, one of only eight such countries in Africa. The economy is the most industrialized, technologically advanced, and diversified economy in Africa. Following 1996, at the end of over twelve years of international sanctions, South Africa's nominal gross domestic product (GDP) almost tripled to a peak of US$416 billion in 2011. In the same period, foreign exchange reserves increased from US$3 billion to nearly US$50 billion, creating a diversified economy with a growing and sizable middle class, within two decades of ending apartheid.
A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand. The major characteristic of a market economy is the existence of factor markets that play a dominant role in the allocation of capital and the factors of production.
South African Airways (SAA) is the flag carrier of South Africa. Founded in 1934, the airline is headquartered in Airways Park at O. R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg and operates a hub-and-spoke network, serving ten destinations in Africa. The carrier joined Star Alliance in April 2006, making it the first African carrier to sign with one of the three major airline alliances.
A multinational corporation is a corporate organization that owns and controls the production of goods or services in at least one country other than its home country. Control is considered an important aspect of an MNC to distinguish it from international portfolio investment organizations, such as some international mutual funds that invest in corporations abroad simply to diversify financial risks. Black's Law Dictionary suggests that a company or group should be considered a multinational corporation "if it derives 25% or more of its revenue from out-of-home-country operations".
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Johann Peter Rupert is a South African billionaire businessman, who is the eldest son of business tycoon Anton Rupert and his wife Huberte. He is the chairman of the Swiss-based luxury-goods company Richemont and the South Africa-based company Remgro. Since April 2010, he has been the CEO of Compagnie Financiere Richemont. Rupert and family were ranked the richest in South Africa on the 2023 Forbes list, with an estimated net worth of US$10.7 billion.
Africa Fighting Malaria (AFM) was an NGO based in Washington D.C., United States and South Africa which stated that it "seeks to educate people about the scourge of Malaria and the political economy of malaria control". The organization generally "promotes market based solutions and economic freedom as the best ways to ensure improved welfare and longer life expectancy in poor countries", according to their financial statement. Founded in 2000 during the Stockholm Negotiations on Persistent Organic Pollutants, AFM's original focus was the promotion of a public health exemption for the insecticide DDT for malaria control. According to their website, last updated in 2011, their mission was to "make malaria control more transparent, responsive and effective by holding public institutions accountable for funding and implementing effective, integrated and country-driven malaria control policies."
TransAfrica is an advocacy organization in Washington, D.C. that seeks to influence the foreign policy of the United States concerning African and Caribbean countries and all African diaspora groups. They are a research, education, and advocacy center for activism focusing on social, economic and political conditions in Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America and other parts of the African Diaspora. They are the largest and oldest social justice organization in the United States that focuses on the African world. They have served as a major research, educational, and organizing institution for the African and African Descendant communities and the U.S. public in general.
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Leon Louw is a South African intellectual, author, speaker and policy advisor. He is the executive director and cofounder of the Free Market Foundation, a nonprofit organisation ranked at number 123 in a CEOWorld's 2017 list of the most influential think-tanks in the world. He is a regularly featured speaker and writer in South African and international media. He has addressed many prominent organisations, including the US Congress hearings on apartheid, the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change, the Hoover Institute, and the United Nations.
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Haroon Bhorat is Professor of Economics and Director of the Development Policy Research Unit (DPRU) at the University of Cape Town. His area of research has concentrated on labour economics and poverty/income distribution mainly in his native South Africa, and recently, been expanded to other parts of Africa - in which he is world-renowned authority.
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References
↑ "Who We Are". www.freemarketfoundation.com. Archived from the original on 2023-05-06. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
↑ "Free market men meet". The Friend. 20 November 1976.
↑ Linde, Johannes Cornelius (November 1987). "The effects of the various aspects of government intervention prior to 1984, on the South African coal mining industry". Ph.D. (Economics) Thesis at the Rand Afrikaanse Universiteit: 285.
1 2 3 4 Barrell, George (25 March 1977). "Keep free enterprise free". To The Point.
↑ Robertson, Don (14 September 1975). "New champions of free market". Sunday Express.
1 2 "Free economy is their aim". The Daily News. 9 January 1976.
↑ FMF press release. "Extracts from an address: Professor FA von Hayek, Nobel Prize-winner for Economic Science 1974, to a group of Johannesburg business people on 'Social Justice and Economics' given on Wednesday 22 March at 17h30 in the Carlton Hotel Ballroom".?? March 1978.
↑ "Von Hayek's impressions". The Star. 3 April 1978.
↑ "Horwood for banquet". Rand Daily Mail. 3 April 1978.
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