List of heads of state by diplomatic precedence

Last updated

Protocol holds that a head of state takes precedence over all other officials, and that heads of state rank in the order that they took office. The following list contains the heads of state for all United Nations member states and non-member observer states.

Contents

Commonwealth realms, other than the United Kingdom, each have a local governor-general appointed to represent the monarch in the realm's government. Governors-general are frequently accorded the status and privileges of a head of state at diplomatic events when considered as representing their absentee monarch, but not as heads of state themselves. The co-princes of Andorra each have a representative as well. Hereditary Prince Alois is permanent representative for exercising the sovereign powers due to Liechtenstein Prince Hans-Adam II. [1] They are included in the list and are highlighted in blue.

However, in many cases it is not this neutral principle but national rules of protocol that are acted upon, usually by an international event's host nation, as in many bilateral and even certain multilateral occasions. Various international organisations have a system for internal use. Even in the presence of one or more heads of state, certain occasions are governed by specific protocol, e.g. military. Thus in many cases precedence is given to monarchs over republican heads of state, mostly in monarchies; in some nations, the Pope (himself a monarchical head of state) ranks above secular heads of state, especially in Roman Catholic countries.

States recognised by the United Nations

Current

TitleNameAssumed officeCountry
King Carl XVI Gustaf 15 September 1973Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden
President [a] Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo [b] 3 August 1979Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea
President Paul Biya [c] 6 November 1982Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah 1 January 1984 [d] Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei
President [e] Yoweri Museveni 26 January 1986Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda
King Mswati III 25 April 1986Flag of Eswatini.svg Eswatini [f]
Queen Mother Ntfombi
Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei [g] 4 June 1989Flag of Iran.svg Iran [h]
Reigning Prince Hans-Adam II [i] [j] 13 November 1989Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein
King Harald V [k] [l] 17 January 1991Flag of Norway.svg Norway
President Emomali Rahmon 20 November 1992Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan
President Isaias Afwerki 24 May 1993 [m] Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea
President Alexander Lukashenko 20 July 1994Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus
King Letsie III [n] 7 February 1996Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho
President Denis Sassou Nguesso [o] 25 October 1997Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Republic of the Congo
King Abdullah II 7 February 1999Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan
King [p] Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa 6 March 1999Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain [q]
President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh [r] 8 May 1999Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti
King Mohammed VI 23 July 1999Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco
President Paul Kagame 24 March 2000 [s] Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda
Grand Duke Henri [t] 7 October 2000Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg
President Ilham Aliyev [u] [v] 31 October 2003Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan
Prince Regent Hereditary Prince Alois [j] 15 August 2004Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein
King Norodom Sihamoni 14 October 2004Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia
President Mahmoud Abbas 15 January 2005Flag of Palestine.svg Palestine
Sovereign Prince Albert II [w] 6 April 2005Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco
King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck 9 December 2006Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan
Co-President Daniel Ortega [x] [y] 10 January 2007Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua
(Governor-General) Sir Patrick Allen 26 February 2009Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica
President Alassane Ouattara [z] 4 December 2010Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast
President Salva Kiir Mayardit 9 July 2011Flag of South Sudan.svg South Sudan
President Michael D. Higgins 11 November 2011Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland
King Tupou VI [aa] 18 March 2012Flag of Tonga.svg Tonga
President Vladimir Putin [ab] 7 May 2012Flag of Russia.svg Russia
President Nicolás Maduro 5 March 2013 [ac] Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela
President Xi Jinping 14 March 2013Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China [ad]
King Willem-Alexander 30 April 2013Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands
(Governor-General) Dame Cécile La Grenade 7 May 2013Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada
Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani 25 June 2013Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar
King Philippe 21 July 2013Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium
President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi 8 June 2014Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt
King Felipe VI 19 June 2014Flag of Spain.svg Spain
(Governor-General) Sir Rodney Williams 14 August 2014Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan [ae] 28 August 2014Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey
King Salman 23 January 2015Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia
President Sergio Mattarella 3 February 2015Flag of Italy.svg Italy
Federal Councillor Guy Parmelin 1 January 2016Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland
President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa 9 March 2016Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal
President Taneti Maamau 11 March 2016Flag of Kiribati.svg Kiribati
President Faustin-Archange Touadéra [af] 30 March 2016Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic
President Patrice Talon 6 April 2016Flag of Benin.svg Benin
President Azali Assoumani [ag] 26 May 2016Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros
President Shavkat Mirziyoyev [ah] 8 September 2016Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan
King Maha Vajiralongkorn 13 October 2016Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand [ai]
President Adama Barrow 19 January 2017Flag of The Gambia.svg The Gambia
President Rumen Radev 22 January 2017Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria
Federal President Alexander Van der Bellen 26 January 2017Flag of Austria.svg Austria
(Governor-General) Sir Bob Dadae 28 February 2017Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papua New Guinea
Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier 19 March 2017Flag of Germany.svg Germany
President Emmanuel Macron 14 May 2017Flag of France.svg France
Co-Prince Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra
President Aleksandar Vučić [aj] 31 May 2017Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia
O le Ao o le Malo Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II 21 July 2017Flag of Samoa.svg Samoa
President João Lourenço 26 September 2017Flag of Angola.svg Angola [ak]
Federal Councillor Ignazio Cassis 1 November 2017Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland
President Emmerson Mnangagwa 24 November 2017Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe
President Cyril Ramaphosa 15 February 2018Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa
President Julius Maada Bio [al] 4 April 2018Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone
President of the Council of State Miguel Díaz-Canel 19 April 2018Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba
Presidency Member Željko Komšić 20 November 2018Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina
President Salome Zourabichvili [am] 16 December 2018Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia
Federal Councillor Karin Keller-Sutter 1 January 2019Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland
President Félix Tshisekedi [an] 24 January 2019Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of the Congo
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 20 March 2019Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan
President of the State Affairs Commission Kim Jong-un 11 April 2019 [ao] Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea
Emperor Naruhito 1 May 2019Flag of Japan.svg Japan
President Volodymyr Zelenskyy 20 May 2019Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine
President Nayib Bukele 1 June 2019Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador
President Gitanas Nausėda 12 July 2019Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania
President Mohamed Ould Ghazouani 1 August 2019Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania
(Governor-General) Susan Dougan 1 August 2019Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
President Kaïs Saïed 23 October 2019Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia
President Abdelmadjid Tebboune [ap] 19 December 2019Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria
Sultan Haitham bin Tariq [aq] 11 January 2020Flag of Oman.svg Oman
President Zoran Milanović [ar] 18 February 2020Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia
President Umaro Sissoco Embaló [as] 27 February 2020Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau
President Évariste Ndayishimiye 18 June 2020Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi
President Lazarus Chakwera 28 June 2020Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi
President Irfaan Ali 2 August 2020Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana
President Luis Abinader 16 August 2020Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic
President Wavel Ramkalawan 26 October 2020Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles
President Luis Arce 8 November 2020Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia
President Maia Sandu 24 December 2020Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova
President Surangel Whipps Jr. 21 January 2021Flag of Palau.svg Palau
President Sadyr Japarov [at] 28 January 2021Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan
Chairman of the Presidential Council Mohamed al-Menfi 15 March 2021Flag of Libya.svg Libya
President Samia Suluhu 17 March 2021Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania
President Thongloun Sisoulith [au] 22 March 2021Flag of Laos.svg Laos
President [av] Mahamat Déby Itno 20 April 2021Flag of Chad.svg Chad
De facto President: 24 May 2021 –28 May 2021
Interim President: 28 May 2021 –8 July 2025
President: 8 July 2025 –present [aw] 		Assimi Goïta 24 May 2021Flag of Mali.svg Mali
(Governor-General) Froyla Tzalam 27 May 2021Flag of Belize.svg Belize
President Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh [ax] 25 June 2021Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia
President Isaac Herzog [ay] 7 July 2021Flag of Israel.svg Israel
(Governor General) Mary Simon 26 July 2021Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada
Supreme Leader (unrecognized) Hibatullah Akhundzada 15 August 2021Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan
President Hakainde Hichilema 24 August 2021Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia
Interim President [az] Mamady Doumbouya 5 September 2021Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea
(Governor-General) Tofiga Vaevalu Falani 28 September 2021Flag of Tuvalu.svg Tuvalu
President Carlos Vila Nova 2 October 2021Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe
President Alar Karis 11 October 2021Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia
(Governor-General) Dame Cindy Kiro 21 October 2021Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand
President José Maria Neves [ba] 9 November 2021Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde
(Governor-General) Errol Charles [bb] 11 November 2021Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia
Presidency Transitional Sovereignty Council [2] [3] 11 November 2021 [4] Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan
President Sandra Mason [bc] 30 November 2021Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados
President Xiomara Castro 27 January 2022Flag of Honduras (2022-).svg Honduras
President Gabriel Boric 11 March 2022Flag of Chile.svg Chile
President Vahagn Khachaturyan 13 March 2022Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia
President Serdar Berdimuhamedow 19 March 2022Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan
Chairman of the Presidential Leadership Council Rashad al-Alimi 7 April 2022Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen
President Rodrigo Chaves Robles 8 May 2022Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica
President Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan [bd] 14 May 2022Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates
President José Ramos-Horta [be] 20 May 2022Flag of East Timor.svg Timor-Leste
President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud [bf] 23 May 2022Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia
President Bongbong Marcos [bg] 30 June 2022Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines
President Nikenike Vurobaravu 23 July 2022Flag of Vanuatu.svg Vanuatu
President Bajram Begaj 24 July 2022Flag of Albania.svg Albania
President Droupadi Murmu 25 July 2022Flag of India.svg India
President Gustavo Petro 7 August 2022Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia
King Charles III 8 September 2022Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda
King Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia
King Flag of the Bahamas.svg The Bahamas
King Flag of Belize.svg Belize
King Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada
King Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada
King Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica
King Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand
King Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papua New Guinea
King Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis
King Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia
King Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
King Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands
King Flag of Tuvalu.svg Tuvalu
King Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
President William Ruto 13 September 2022Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya
Interim President [bh] Ibrahim Traoré 30 September 2022Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso
President Abdul Latif Rashid 17 October 2022Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq
Presidency 16 November 2022Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina
President Dina Boluarte 7 December 2022Flag of Peru.svg Peru
President Nataša Pirc Musar 23 December 2022Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia
President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva [bi] 1 January 2023Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil
Federal Councillor 1 January 2023Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland
(Governor-General) Marcella Liburd 1 February 2023Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis
President Nikos Christodoulides 28 February 2023Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus
President Petr Pavel 9 March 2023Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic
President Ram Chandra Poudel 13 March 2023Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal
President Christine Kangaloo 20 March 2023Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago
President Mohammed Shahabuddin 24 April 2023Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh
President Wesley Simina 11 May 2023Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg Micronesia
President Jakov Milatović 20 May 2023Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro
President Bola Tinubu 29 May 2023Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria
President Edgars Rinkēvičs 8 July 2023Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia
Transitional President [bj] Abdourahamane Tchiani 26 July 2023Flag of Niger.svg Niger
President Santiago Peña 15 August 2023Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay
President [bk] Brice Oligui Nguema 30 August 2023Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon
(Governor General) Cynthia A. Pratt 1 September 2023Flag of the Bahamas.svg The Bahamas
President Tharman Shanmugaratnam 14 September 2023Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore
President Sylvanie Burton 2 October 2023Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica
President David Adeang 30 October 2023Flag of Nauru.svg Nauru
President Mohamed Muizzu 17 November 2023Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives
President Daniel Noboa 23 November 2023Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador
(Personal Representative of the Episcopal Co-Prince) Eduard Ibáñez 28 November 2023Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra
President Javier Milei 10 December 2023Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina
Emir Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah 16 December 2023Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait
President Andry Rajoelina [bl] 16 December 2023Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar
Federal Councillor Beat Jans 1 January 2024Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland
President Hilda Heine [bm] 3 January 2024Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg Marshall Islands
King Frederik X 14 January 2024Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark
President Bernardo Arévalo 15 January 2024Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala
President Joseph Boakai 22 January 2024Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia
King Ibrahim Iskandar 31 January 2024Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia
President Alexander Stubb 1 March 2024Flag of Finland.svg Finland
President Tamás Sulyok 5 March 2024Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary
President Asif Ali Zardari [bn] 10 March 2024Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan
President Bassirou Diomaye Faye 2 April 2024Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal
President Myriam Spiteri Debono 4 April 2024Flag of Malta.svg Malta
President Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova 12 May 2024Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia
President Peter Pellegrini [bo] 15 June 2024Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia
(Governor-General) Sam Mostyn 1 July 2024Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia
President José Raúl Mulino 1 July 2024Flag of Panama.svg Panama
(Governor-General) David Tiva Kapu 7 July 2024Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands
Acting President [bp] Min Aung Hlaing 22 July 2024Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar
President Masoud Pezeshkian 28 July 2024Flag of Iran.svg Iran
President Halla Tómasdóttir 1 August 2024Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland
President Anura Kumara Dissanayake 23 September 2024Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka
President Claudia Sheinbaum 1 October 2024Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico
President Taye Atske Selassie 7 October 2024Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia
President Prabowo Subianto 20 October 2024Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia
President Lương Cường 21 October 2024Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam
President Duma Boko 1 November 2024Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana
President Naiqama Lalabalavu 12 November 2024Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji
(Personal Representative of the French Co-Prince) Patrice Faure 20 November 2024Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra
President Dharam Gokhool 6 December 2024Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius
De-facto Leader of Syria: 8 December 2024 –29 January 2025
President: 29 January 2025 –present		 Ahmed al-Sharaa 8 December 2024Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg  Syria
President Mikheil Kavelashvili [bq] 29 December 2024Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia
(President) Karin Keller-Sutter 1 January 2025Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland
President John Mahama [br] 7 January 2025Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana
President Joseph Aoun 9 January 2025Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon
President Daniel Chapo 15 January 2025Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique
President Donald Trump [bs] 20 January 2025Flag of the United States.svg United States
Co-President Rosario Murillo [bt] 18 February 2025Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua
President Yamandú Orsi 1 March 2025Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay
President Konstantinos Tasoulas 13 March 2025Flag of Greece.svg Greece
President Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah 21 March 2025Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia
Captains Regent Denise Bronzetti [bu] 1 April 2025Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino
Italo Righi [bv]
Federal Councillor Martin Pfister 1 April 2025Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland
President Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové 3 May 2025Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo
Supreme Pontiff Leo XIV 8 May 2025Flag of Vatican City (2023-present).svg Holy See [bw]
President Nicușor Dan 26 May 2025Flag of Romania.svg Romania
Co-Prince Bishop Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat 31 May 2025Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra
President Lee Jae-myung 4 June 2025Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea
(Chairman of the Presidency) Željko Komšić [bx] 16 July 2025Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina
President Jennifer Geerlings-Simons 16 July 2025Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname
President Karol Nawrocki 6 August 2025Flag of Poland.svg Poland
President of the Transitional Presidential Council Laurent Saint-Cyr 7 August 2025Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti

States with limited recognition

Current

TitleNameAssumed officeCountry
President Brahim Ghali 12 July 2016Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
President Vadim Krasnoselsky 16 December 2016Flag of Transnistria (state).svg Transnistria
President Ersin Tatar 23 October 2020Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg Northern Cyprus
President Vjosa Osmani 4 April 2021Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo
President Alan Gagloyev 24 May 2022Flag of South Ossetia.svg South Ossetia
President Lai Ching-te 20 May 2024Flag of the Republic of China.svg Republic of China (Taiwan)
President Badra Gunba 19 November 2024 [by] Flag of the Republic of Abkhazia.svg Abkhazia
President Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi 12 December 2024Flag of Somaliland.svg Somaliland

Disputed governments

The following heads of state represent governments that are recognized as legitimate by at least one UN member state.

Current

TitleNameAssumed officeCountry
Chairman of the Supreme Political Council Mahdi al-Mashat 25 April 2018Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen
President of the Coordination Council Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya 14 August 2020Flag of Belarus (1918, 1991-1995).svg Belarus
President of the National Assembly Dinorah Figuera 5 January 2023Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo was titled President of the Supreme Military Council until 25 August 1979.
  2. ↑ Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo is the nephew of the previous president, Francisco Macías Nguema.
  3. ↑ Paul Biya was previously Prime Minister of Cameroon from 30 June 1975 –6 November 1982.
  4. ↑ Hassanal Bolkiah has been Sultan of Brunei since 5 October 1967, but Brunei was a protectorate of the United Kingdom until 1 January 1984.
  5. ↑ Yoweri Museveni was titled Chairman of the National Resistance Council until 29 January 1986.
  6. ↑ The country was the Kingdom of Swaziland before 2018.
  7. ↑ Ali Khamenei was previously President of Iran from 2 October 1981 –4 June 1989.
  8. ↑ In Iran, the Supreme Leader is the head of state and the President is the head of government.
  9. ↑ Hans-Adam II was previously Regent from 26 August 1984 –13 November 1989.
  10. 1 2 Hereditary Prince Alois has been Regent for Hans-Adam II since 15 August 2004.
  11. ↑ Harald V was previously Prince-Regent from 1 June 1990 –17 January 1991.
  12. ↑ Haakon was Prince-Regent from 25 November 2003 –13 April 2004 and from 29 March 2005 –7 June 2005.
  13. ↑ Isaias Afwerki has been the leader of Eritrea (initially titled Secretary-general of the Provisional Government) from 29 May 1991, but the country only became independent on 24 May 1993.
  14. ↑ Letsie III was previously King of Lesotho from 12 November 1990 –25 January 1995.
  15. ↑ Denis Sassou Nguesso was previously President of the People's Republic of the Congo (as the country was named then) from 8 February 1979 –31 August 1992.
  16. ↑ The monarch was titled Emir until 14 February 2002.
  17. ↑ The country was the State of Bahrain before 2002.
  18. ↑ Ismaïl Omar Guelleh is the nephew of the previous president, Hassan Gouled Aptidon.
  19. ↑ Paul Kagame was Acting President of Rwanda until 22 April 2000.
  20. ↑ Henri was previously Regent from 3 March 1998 –7 October 2000.
  21. ↑ Ilham Aliyev was previously Prime Minister of Azerbaijan from 4 August 2003 –4 November 2003.
  22. ↑ Ilham Aliyev is the son of the previous president, Heydar Aliyev.
  23. ↑ Albert II was previously Regent from 31 March 2005 –6 April 2005.
  24. ↑ Daniel Ortega was previously President of Nicaragua from 10 January 1985 –25 April 1990 and then from 10 January 2007 –18 February 2025.
  25. ↑ Co-Presidents of Nicaragua Daniel Ortega and Rosario Murillo are married.
  26. ↑ Alassane Ouattara was previously Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire from 7 November 1990 –9 December 1993.
  27. ↑ Tupou VI – then titled Prince 'Ulukalala Lavaka Ata – was previously Prime Minister of Tonga from 3 January 2000 –11 February 2006.
  28. ↑ Vladimir Putin was previously President of Russia from 31 December 1999 –7 May 2008, and Prime Minister of Russia from 9 August 1999 –7 May 2000 and from 8 May 2008 –7 May 2012.
  29. ↑ Nicolás Maduro was Acting President of Venezuela until 19 April 2013.
  30. ↑ Chinese President is a ceremonial figurehead, while General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party holds the highest authority of Paramount leader. The presidency has been held simultaneously by the General Secretary since 1993.
  31. ↑ Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was previously Prime Minister of Turkey from 14 March 2003 –28 August 2014.
  32. ↑ Faustin-Archange Touadéra was previously Prime Minister of the Central African Republic from 22 January 2008 –17 January 2013.
  33. ↑ Azali Assoumani was previously President of the Comoros from 26 May 2001 –26 May 2006.
  34. ↑ Shavkat Mirziyoyev was Interim President until 14 December 2016 and was previously Prime Minister of Uzbekistan from 12 December 2003 –14 December 2016.
  35. ↑ Prem Tinsulanonda was Regent of Thailand from 13 October 2016 –1 December 2016.
  36. ↑ Aleksandar Vučić was previously Prime Minister of Serbia from 27 April 2014 –30 May 2017.
  37. ↑ The country was the People's Republic of Angola before 1992.
  38. ↑ Julis Maada Bio was previously Head of State of Sierra Leone (as Leader of the Supreme Council of State) from 16 January 1996 –29 March 1996.
  39. ↑ The office of Head of State of Georgia has been disputed between Salome Zourabichvili and Mikheil Kavelashvili, since 29 December 2024.
  40. ↑ Félix Tshisekedi is the son of former Prime Minister Étienne Tshisekedi.
  41. ↑ Though Kim has held this office since 2016, the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly was the head of state until the 14th State Affairs Commission was formed.
  42. ↑ Abdelmadjid Tebboune was previously Prime Minister of Algeria from 25 May 2017 –15 August 2017.
  43. ↑ Haitham bin Tariq is the cousin of the former Sultan Qaboos bin Said.
  44. ↑ Zoran Milanović was previously Prime Minister of Croatia from 23 December 2011 –22 January 2016.
  45. ↑ Umaro Sissoco Embaló was previously Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau from 18 November 2016 –30 January 2018.
  46. ↑ Sadyr Japarov was previously Acting Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 6 October 2020 –10 October 2020, Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 10 October 2020 –21 January 2021; and Acting President of Kyrgyzstan from 15 October 2020 –14 November 2020. Japarov took a leave of absence from the office of Prime Minister from 14 November 2020 –11 January 2021 to compete in the 2021 Kyrgyz presidential election; Artem Novikov acted for Japarov.
  47. ↑ Thongloun Sisoulith was previously Prime Minister of Laos from 20 April 2016 –22 March 2021 and is the General Secretary of the People's Revolutionary Party since 15 January 2021.
  48. ↑ As President of the Transitional Military Council until 10 October 2022, and thereafter as Transitional President until 10 May 2024.
  49. ↑ Assimi Goïta was Head of State of Mali (as Chairman of the National Committee for the Salvation of the People of Mali) from 19 August 2020 –27 August 2020 and Acting Head of State of Mali from 27 August 2020 –25 September 2020.
  50. ↑ Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh was previously Prime Minister of Mongolia from 4 October 2017 –27 January 2021.
  51. ↑ Isaac Herzog is the son of President Chaim Herzog.
  52. ↑ As Chairman of the National Committee of Reconciliation and Development until 1 October 2021.
  53. ↑ José Maria Neves was previously Prime Minister of Cape Verde from 1 February 2001 –22 April 2016.
  54. ↑ Errol Charles was Acting Governor-General until 1 November 2024.
  55. ↑ Sandra Mason was previously Acting Governor-General of Barbados from 30 May 2012 –1 June 2012 and then Governor-General of Barbados from 8 January 2018 –30 November 2021.
  56. ↑ Mohamed bin Zayed is the brother of the previous President, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan.
  57. ↑ José Ramos-Horta was previously Acting Prime Minister of Timor-Leste from 26 June 2006 –10 July 2006, Prime Minister of Timor-Leste from 10 July 2006 –19 May 2007, and President of Timor-Leste from 20 May 2007 –11 February 2008 and from 17 April 2008 –20 May 2012.
  58. ↑ Hassan Sheikh Mohamud was previously President of Somalia from 16 September 2012 –16 February 2017.
  59. ↑ Bongbong Marcos is the son of former President and Prime Minister Ferdinand Marcos.
  60. ↑ As President of the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration until 6 October 2022.
  61. ↑ Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was previously President of Brazil from 1 January 2003 –31 December 2010.
  62. ↑ As President of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland until 26 March 2025.
  63. ↑ As Chairman of the Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions from 30 August 2023 until 2 May 2025 and as Transitional President de facto from 30 August 2023 and de jure from 4 September 2023 until 3 May 2025.
  64. ↑ Andry Rajoelina was previously Head of State of Madagascar (as President of the High Transitional Authority) from 17 March 2009 –25 January 2014 and then the elected President of Madagascar from 19 January 2019 –9 September 2023.
  65. ↑ Hilda Heine was previously President of the Marshall Islands from 28 January 2016 –13 January 2020.
  66. ↑ Asif Ali Zardari was previously President of Pakistan from 9 September 2008 –9 September 2013.
  67. ↑ Peter Pellegrini was previously Prime Minister of Slovakia from 22 March 2018 –21 March 2020.
  68. ↑ Min Aung Hlaing is Acting President of Myanmar due to his chairmanship of the National Defence and Security Council.
  69. ↑ The office of Head of State of Georgia has been disputed between Mikheil Kavelashvili and Salome Zourabichvili, since 29 December 2024.
  70. ↑ John Mahama was previously President of Ghana from 24 July 2012 –7 January 2017.
  71. ↑ Donald Trump was previously President of the United States from 20 January 2017 –20 January 2021.
  72. ↑ Co-Presidents of Nicaragua Daniel Ortega and Rosario Murillo are married.
  73. ↑ Denise Bronzetti was a Captain Regent of San Marino from 1 October 2012 –1 April 2013.
  74. ↑ Italo Righi was a Captain Regent of San Marino from 1 April 2012 –1 October 2012.
  75. ↑ It is the Holy See and not the Vatican City state that maintains diplomatic relations with states and participates in international organisations. The Holy See and the Vatican City state are two separate and distinct entities. Foreign embassies are accredited to the Holy See, not to the Vatican City state, and it is the Holy See that establishes treaties and concordats with other sovereign entities. Also it is the Holy See that has United Nations Observer status not the Vatican City state.
  76. ↑ Željko Komšić was previously Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 16 July 2023 –16 March 2024.
  77. ↑ Badra Gunba was Acting President of Abkhazia until 2 April 2025.

References

  1. ↑ Hereditary Prince Alois Archived 21 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ↑ "Sudan's Constitution of 2019" (PDF). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  3. ↑ "Sudan's reinstated PM Hamdok promises a path to democracy". Al Jazeera . 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2023. The 14-point deal between Hamdok and the military, signed in the presidential palace in Khartoum on Sunday, also provides for the release of all political prisoners detained during the coup and stipulates that a 2019 constitutional declaration be the basis for a political transition, according to details read out on state television.
  4. ↑ "Sudan army chief names new governing Sovereign Council". Al Jazeera . 11 November 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
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