The main affluents of North Sea, Skagerrak and Kattegat | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Mean Discharge | Length | Basin | States | Course |
Rhine | 2900 m³/s (R-M-delta) 2300 m³/s (proper) | 1238.8 km (with Hinterrhein) 1240 km (with Vorderrhein) | 197,100 km2 (76,100 sq mi) (with Meuse) [1] | Switzerland (sources), Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France, Netherlands, Luxembourg (Moselle), Italy (Reno di Lei) | smallest flow: Dischmabach → Landwasser → Albula → Hinterrhein (sum = 72 km) → Rhine longest course: Rein da Medel → Vorderrhein (sum = 74 km)→ Rhine |
Elbe | 870 m³/s | 1094 km (nominally) 1245 km (hydrologically) | 148,268 km2 (57,247 sq mi) [1] | the Czech Republic (sources), Germany, Austria (Lainsitz), Poland (Dzika Orlica and smaller affluents) | longer and larger tributary Vltava |
Glomma | 698 m³/s | 601 km | 41,917 km2 (16,184 sq mi) | Norway, Sweden (affluents) | Glomma → lake Aursunden → Glomma → Skagerrak |
Göta älv | 575 m³/s | 93 km (nominally) 720 km (hydrologically) | 50,229.3 km2 (19,393.6 sq mi) | Sweden, Norway (Trysilelva) | Rogen → lake Femund → Trysilelva → Klarälven → lake Vänern → Göta älv → Kattegat [2] |
IJssel | 380 m³/s (75% from Rhine) [3] | 125 km (nominally) 188 km (with Oude IJssel) | 4,533 km2 (1,750 sq mi) | Netherlands, Germany (source Oude IJssel) | Oude IJssel → IJssel → Ketelmeer → IJsselmeer → Wadden Sea |
Meuse | 357 m³/s | 874 km | 33,000 km2 (13,000 sq mi) [1] | France (source), Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg (Chiers), Germany (Rur, S(ch)walm, Niers) | sharing mouths of the Rhine |
Weser | 327 m³/s | 451.4 km (nominally) 751 km (with Werra) | 41,094 km2 (15,866 sq mi) [4] | Germany | formed by confluence of Werra (longer) and Fulda (larger) |
Drammenselva | 314 m³/s | 48 km (nominally) 301 km (system) | 17,110 km2 (6,610 sq mi) | Norway | … → Slidrefjorden → Strondafjorden → Aurdalsfjorden → Begna → Sperillen → Ådalselva → Randselva → Storelva → Tyrifjorden → Drammenselva → Oslofjord |
Humber (estuary) | 250 m³/s (without tide flows) | 62 km (nominally) 359 km (with Trent) | 24,240 km2 (9,360 sq mi) [5] | England | common estuary of Trent and Ouse (see below) |
Tay | 170 m³/s | 193 km | 6,216 km2 (2,400 sq mi) [6] | Scotland | River Tay → Firth of Tay (estuary, included in the figures) |
Otra | 150 m³/s | 245 km | 3,740 km2 (1,440 sq mi) | Norway | → Skagerrak |
Sira | 130 m³/s | 152 km | 1,902 km2 (734 sq mi) | Norway | |
Scheldt | 127 m³/s | 360 km | 21,863 km2 (8,441 sq mi) [1] | France (source), Belgium, Netherlands (estuary) | |
River Forth | 112 m³/s | 47 km (nominally) 55 km (hydrologically) | 1,029 km2 (397 sq mi) [7] [8] | Scotland | → Firth of Forth |
Numedalslågen | 111 m³/s | 352 km | 5,554 km2 (2,144 sq mi) | Norway | → Skagerrak |
Trent | 99 m³/s | 297 km | 10,452 km2 (4,036 sq mi) | England | → Humber (see above) |
Tweed | 85 m³/s | 156 km | 1,080 km2 (420 sq mi) [9] | Scotland (source), England | |
Lagan | 82 m³/s | 244 km | 6,451.8 km2 (2,491.1 sq mi) | Sweden | → Kattegat [2] |
Ems | 80.5 m³/s | 371 km | 13,160 km2 (5,080 sq mi) [1] | Germany, Netherlands (estuary) | |
Thames | 65.8 m³/s | 346 km | 12,935 km2 (4,994 sq mi) [10] | England | |
Spey | 64 m³/s | 173 km | 3,008 km2 (1,161 sq mi) [11] | Scotland | → Moray Firth |
Ätran | 52.5 m³/s | 243 km | 3,342.2 km2 (1,290.4 sq mi) | Sweden | → Kattegat [2] |
Zwarte Water | 50 m³/s | 19 km (nominally) 201 km (with Vecht) | 5,741 km2 (2,217 sq mi) | Germany (source), Netherlands | Vecht/Vechte → Zwarte Water → Zwarte Meer → IJsselmeer → Wadden Sea |
River Tyne | 44.6 m³/s | 321.4 km | 2,200 km2 (850 sq mi) [4] | England | |
Yorkshire Ouse | 44 m³/s | 208 km (with Ure) | 3,315 km2 (1,280 sq mi) | England | Ure → Ouse → Humber (see above) |
Nissan | 41 m³/s | 200 km | 2,686 km2 (1,037 sq mi) | Sweden | → Kattegat |
Skjern Å | 36.6 m³/s | 94 km | 2,100 km2 (810 sq mi) [12] | Denmark | → Ringkøbing Fjord (lagoon) |
Great Ouse | 35 m³/s | 270 km | 8,530 km2 (3,290 sq mi) | England | → The Wash |
Gudenå | 32.4 m³/s [13] | 149 km | 2,643 km2 (1,020 sq mi) [12] | Denmark | → Kattegat [2] |
From Foreness Point to Shoeburyness
From Shoeburyness to St Abb's Head
River Hundred (Benacre, Kessingland
The Aa is an 89 km long river in northern France. Its source is near the village Bourthes. It flows through the départements and cities of Pas-de-Calais: Saint-Omer and Nord: Gravelines.
The three main rivers in Germany are the Rhine (German : Rhein) (main tributaries including the Neckar, the Main and the Moselle (Mosel)); the Elbe (also drains into the North Sea); and, the Danube (Donau).
The rivers in this section are sorted south-west (Netherlands) to east (Danish border).
The Rhine, together with its tributaries the Aare and the Thur drain about two thirds of the water into the North Sea.
The Rhine is one of the major European rivers. The river begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps. It forms the Swiss-Liechtenstein border and partly the Swiss-Austrian and Swiss-German borders. After that the Rhine defines much of the Franco-German border, after which it flows in a mostly northerly direction through the German Rhineland. Finally in Germany, the Rhine turns into a predominantly westerly direction and flows into the Netherlands where it eventually empties into the North Sea. It drains an area of 9,973 km2.
Flevoland is the twelfth and newest province of the Netherlands, established in 1986, when the southern and eastern Flevopolders, together with the Noordoostpolder, were merged into one provincial entity. It is in the centre of the country in the former Zuiderzee, which was turned into the freshwater IJsselmeer by the closure of the Afsluitdijk in 1932. Almost all of the land belonging to Flevoland was reclaimed in the 1950s and 1960s while splitting the Markermeer and Bordering lakes from the IJsselmeer. As to dry land, it is the smallest province of the Netherlands at 1,410 km2 (540 sq mi), but not gross land as that includes much of the waters of the fresh water lakes (meres) mentioned.
The IJsselmeer, also known as Lake IJssel in English, is a closed-off freshwater lake in the central Netherlands bordering the provinces of Flevoland, North Holland and Friesland. It covers an area of 1,100 km2 (420 sq mi) with an average depth of 4.5 m (15 ft). The river IJssel, after which the lake was named, flows into the IJsselmeer.
The Zuiderzee or Zuider Zee, historically called Lake Almere and Lake Flevo, was a shallow bay of the North Sea in the northwest of the Netherlands. It extended about 100 km inland and at most 50 km wide, with an overall depth of about 4 to 5 metres (13–16 feet) and a coastline of about 300 km. It covered 5,000 km2 (1,900 sq mi). Its name is Dutch for "southern sea", indicating that the name originates in Friesland, to the north of the Zuiderzee.
Overijssel is a province of the Netherlands located in the eastern part of the country. The province's name comes from the perspective of the Episcopal principality of Utrecht, which held the territory until 1528. The capital city of Overijssel is Zwolle and the largest city is Enschede. The province had a population of about 1,184,000 as of January 2023. The land mostly consists of grasslands and some forests ; it also borders a small part of the IJsselmeer to the west.
The IJssel is a Dutch distributary of the river Rhine that flows northward and ultimately discharges into the IJsselmeer, a North Sea natural harbour. It more immediately flows into the east-south channel around the Flevopolder, Flevoland which is kept at 3 metres below sea level. This body of water is then pumped up into the IJsselmeer.
The Zuiderzee Works is a system of dams and dikes, land reclamation and water drainage work, which was the largest hydraulic engineering project undertaken by the Netherlands during the twentieth century. The project involved the damming of the Zuiderzee, a large, shallow inlet of the North Sea, and the reclamation of land in the newly enclosed water using polders. Its main purposes are to improve flood protection and create additional land for agriculture.
The Nederrijn is the Dutch part of the Rhine from the confluence at the town of Angeren of the cut-off Rhine bend of Oude Rijn (Gelderland) and the Pannerdens Kanaal. The city of Arnhem lies on the right (north) bank of the Nederrijn, just past the point where the IJssel branches off. The Nederrijn flows on to the city of Wijk bij Duurstede, from where it continues as the Lek. The once-important but now small Kromme Rijn branch carries the name "Rhine" towards the city of Utrecht.
The Vecht is a Rhine branch in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is sometimes called Utrechtse Vecht to avoid confusion with its Overijssel counterpart. The area along the river is called the Vechtstreek.
The Oude IJssel or Issel is a river in Germany and the Netherlands approximately 82 km (51 mi) long. It is a right tributary of the river IJssel. Oude IJssel is Dutch for "Old IJssel"; the Oude IJssel was the upper course of the IJssel until the connection with the Rhine was dug, possibly in the Roman era.
Lower Rhine refers to the section of the Rhine between Bonn in Germany and the North Sea at Hook of Holland in the Netherlands, including the Nederrijn within the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta; alternatively, Lower Rhine may also refer to just the part upstream of Pannerdens Kop, excluding the Nederrijn.
Flood control is an important issue for the Netherlands, as due to its low elevation, approximately two thirds of its area is vulnerable to flooding, while the country is densely populated. Natural sand dunes and constructed dikes, dams, and floodgates provide defense against storm surges from the sea. River dikes prevent flooding from water flowing into the country by the major rivers Rhine and Meuse, while a complicated system of drainage ditches, canals, and pumping stations keep the low-lying parts dry for habitation and agriculture. Water control boards are the independent local government bodies responsible for maintaining this system.
In the Netherlands, a water board, water council or water authority is a regional governing body solely charged with the management of surface water in the environment. Water boards are independent of administrative governing bodies like provinces and municipalities. In general, they are responsible for managing rivers and canals, issues with the flow of watercourses and drainage issues, water collection, flood and erosion prevention and provision of potable water. They manage polder systems, water levels, water barriers and locks, enforcements, water quality and sewage treatment in their respective regions. The concept of a coordinating "High Water Authority" (Hoogheemraadschap) originated in what now is the province of South Holland in the 12th century.
The Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta is a river delta in the Netherlands formed by the confluence of the Rhine, the Meuse and the Scheldt rivers. In some cases, the Scheldt delta is considered a separate delta to the Rhine–Meuse delta. The result is a multitude of islands, branches and branch names, in which a waterway that appears to be one continuous stream may have numerous separate names for different sections, e.g. Rhine → Bijlands Kanaal → Pannerdens Kanaal → Nederrijn → Lek → Nieuwe Maas → Het Scheur → Nieuwe Waterweg. Since the Rhine contributes most of the water, the term "Rhine Delta" is commonly used, although this name is also used for the delta where the Alpine Rhine flows into Lake Constance. By some calculations, the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta covers 25,347 km2 (9,787 sq mi), making it the largest in Europe.
The Ea Beck, also spelled Eaubeck or Eau Beck, is a small river in South Yorkshire, England, that flows eastwards into the River Don at Thorpe-in-Balne. The Environment Agency lists the beck as starting at South Elmsall, but mapping lists the beck with several names along its course. The beck has twice flooded areas and villages that it passes through in the 21st century.