Official Cantonese translations of English names for British officials

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British Consulate General Hong Kong HK British Consulate Justice Drive 1.JPG
British Consulate General Hong Kong

The British Consulate General Hong Kong is the sole governmental agency currently tasked with offering professional formal English-to-Cantonese name translation services to British officials. [1] [2] [3] No similar services are offered by UK diplomatic missions within the Greater China area. [4] It is a long tradition for the UK government to provide such uniform translation for certain cabinet members and other officials. [5] [4] This practice has its origin in the distasteful translation of the name of the 16th Colonial Governor of Hong Kong, [6] and the UK government keeps this tradition alive. The translation process is very refined, and there is a set of principles that they observe to avoid taboo, undesirable, or embarrassing translations as well as making the translated names more relatable, approachable, and agreeable to local Hong Kongers. [2]

Contents

These translated names are widely adopted and used by Cantonese media outlets in Hong Kong and Macau as well as their foreign correspondents and bureaus, which spread these names to Cantonese-speaking expatriate communities including Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Background

Sir Henry Pottinger, the 1st Governor of Hong Kong Sir Henry Pottinger, 1st Baronet.jpg
Sir Henry Pottinger, the 1st Governor of Hong Kong

It was not uncommon for British officials to be given translation of their names in history. Before getting a new translation, the name of the very first Hong Kong colonial governor, Henry Pottinger, was originally translated as 煲 顛 茶 or Bōu Dīn Chàh in Cantonese [7] which phonetically rhymes with his family name Pottinger fairly well but literally means “to brew crazy tea” or implies “a nutter brews tea”. [8] Some of these degrading translations have survived into modern times. Both Lord William Napier and Sir Edward Belcher had their names translated into 律 勞 卑 or Leuht Lòuh Bēi and 卑 路 乍 or Bēi Louh Ja respectively. Both names have multiple demeaning literal meaning or rhyming elements to it, such as “to discipline the servant inferior” for 律 勞 卑 (Leuht Lòuh Bēi) or “an inferior road for the cunning” for 卑 路 乍 (Bēi Louh Ja). [9] Both names are still in use today.

Sir Edward Stubbs, the 16th Governor of Hong Kong SirReginaldStubbs.jpg
Sir Edward Stubbs, the 16th Governor of Hong Kong

The 16th Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Reginald Stubbs, was first given a particularly distasteful Cantonese translation for his name. 史 塔 士 or Sí Taap Sí was the original Cantonese translation, literally meaning “history” for 史 (sí), “a tower” for 塔 (taap), and “a vassal” for 士 (sí). However, the first and the third characters of 史 and 士 share the same archaic pronunciation of the character 死 (sí), meaning “to die”, and more troublesomely, the same pronunciation of the character 屎 (sí), meaning “shit”. [10] Also, Cantonese speakers sometimes call a toilet bowl 屎塔 (sí taap), being homophones to the first two characters of his newly translated name. [6] Thus, Stubbs's first Cantonese name translation rendered a wide variety of somewhat unpalatable translations and interpretations, like “toilet bowl's shit”, “shit tower's death” etc. [11]

Stubbs, as a result, became the very first governor given a formal Cantonese name translation, 司 徒 拔 or Sī Tòuh Baht. For native English speakers, 司 (sī) may still sound very much the same as 屎 (sí), but as the two different tone marks show, they are different. This difference in tones changes a lot in the meanings, given the fact that Cantonese is a tonal language. And at the same time, Stubbs believed having an authentically translated name would create an approachable image and help the colonial government build a closer relationship with ethnically Chinese Hong Kongers and indigenous villagers. [2] [12] A new governmental tradition of English-to-Cantonese name translation for British officials was thus born.

Translation service and methods

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A East Asian Seal used to belong to a merchant in the 1930s and 40s.jpg
East Asian Chops

Prior to Hong Kong's sovereignty transfer in 1997, it was the joint effort of the Chinese Language Division of the colonial Chief Secretary's Office and the British Trade Commission in Hong Kong to come up with seemly name translations for British officials. [2] [4] It is now the responsibility of the Hong Kong British Consulate-General, and they usually supply the press with a list of translated names when there is a new cabinet. [2] [13]

The early translation method mainly focused on phonetic or homophonic translation of an official's family name. [2] As the system matured, the official's given names started having a role to play. [2] The translation process has become very sophisticated in modern times. There is a considerable emphasis on localisation and domestication instead of phonetic imitation of the English pronunciation. [14] Furthermore, matters that are culturally only significant to local Hong Kongers, especially for the middle-to-upper class, but not so much to foreigners, like aesthetic values of different calligraphic styles of the characters on an East Asian seal or chop, divinatory feng-shui and suan-ming assessment of the character total stroke count, etc. are all part of the translation service. [15] The Consulate-General has revealed a summary of general guidelines that they now follow for the process: [2]

Summary table of name translation guidelines [2] [3] [14] [15]
GuidelinesDetailsRemarks
GoalTake Cantonese as the target language, as most Hong Kongers speak Cantonese.
Make an official's translated name as indistinguishable from locals' names as possible so that ethnically Chinese Hong Kongers find it relatable.
Principle 1Take English pronunciation as the basis and then look for homophonic Cantonese characters.e.g.: 文 or Màhn for the former Prime Minister Theresa May's family name.
Consider stressed syllables of the English name first.e.g.: 翠 珊 or Cheui Sāan for the former Prime Minister Theresa May's first name.
Principle 2Use common Cantonese family names when possible.When the colonial government was trying to provide the former Governor Patten's wife Lavender with a Cantonese name, all the options were given divinatory suan-ming assessment of the character total stroke count. She ultimately settled on a common family name 林 and given names 穎 彤 or Làhm Wihng Tùhng in whole, meaning “a forest” for 林 , “intelligent” for 穎 , “scarlet” for 彤 , and in all denoting an outstanding, clever, and beautiful lady.
Make sure the translated given names are pleasant to the ear, divinatorily auspicious, and with decent meanings and metaphors.
Principle 3Match the order of the characters with the Cantonese family name corresponding to the English family name.The family name should come first.
Do the same for the given names.
Principle 4Aim to have a three-character name.
Ignore the official's English given names if that individual's English family name is enough to provide for a meaningful three-character Cantonese name.e.g.: The former Chancellor Philip Hammond's family name was enough to provide for 夏 文 達 or Hah Màhn Daaht.

In addition to the above principles, names that sound similar to public figures in Hong Kong are generally avoided, e.g. the Consulate originally planned to name the incumbent Chancellor Rachel Reeves as 李 慧 晴 (Lee Wai-ching). Since the name sounded similar to the Hong Kong Legislative Council member Lee Wai-king, she was finally named 李 韻 晴 (Lee Wan-ching). [16]

Cantonese and Mandarin translated names

Former Prime Minister Theresa May is known as Wen Cui Shan in Cantonese. Theresa May in Tallin crop.jpg
Former Prime Minister Theresa May is known as 文翠珊 in Cantonese.

This practice of providing comprehensive official name translation services has never been extended to Mandarin or to other UK diplomatic missions out of Hong Kong in the Greater China region. [5] [4] As such, places where Mandarin is their official language usually have different Mandarin-translated names for British officials. The Mandarin-translated names do not only differ from their Cantonese counterparts but also among Mandarin-speaking regions, e.g. between Mainland China and Taiwan. [17] Also, these name translations are not used by Chinese state-owned media in Hong Kong, e.g. Ta Kung Pao and Wen Wei Po . Instead, they use names following standards of Mainland state media.

For instance, Hong Kong media observe the Cantonese name translated by the Consulate-General and call former Prime Minister Theresa May 文 翠 珊 or Màhn Cheui Sāan, meaning “refined” for 文 , “jade” for 翠 , and “coral” for 珊 . And she is known as 梅 伊 or Méi Yī in Mandarin in Taiwan, meaning “a Chinese plum” for 梅 and “that (a pronoun)” for 伊 . [17] However, the Chinese Xinhua News Agency, being the official standard setter of name translation in China and known to have declined to accept the US government's suggested name translation for former President Obama, [18] calls Theresa May 特 雷 莎 ． 梅 or Tè Léi Shā Méi, literally meaning “special” for 特 , “thunder” for 雷 , “sedge” for 莎 , and “a Chinese plum” for 梅 . This is a phonetic translation that preserves the English name structure. [17]

Reception and exceptions

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Traditional Chinese 唔 怕 生 壞 命 ，
最 怕 改 壞 名 。
Literal meaningDon't worry about being born with a bad fate;
(instead) worry most about having a bad name.
Transcriptions
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization m̀h pa sāang waaih mehng，
jeui pa gói waaih méng。
Jyutping m4 paa3 saang1 waai6 meng6，
zeoi3 paa3 goi2 waai6 meng2。
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