List of extinct languages of Asia

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This is a list of extinct languages of Asia , languages which have undergone language death, have no native speakers, and no spoken descendant.

Contents

There are 234 languages listed. 19 from Central Asia, 48 from East Asia, 20 from South Asia, 42 from Southeast Asia, 27 from Siberia and 78 from West Asia.

Central Asia

Language/dialectFamilyDate of extinctionEthnic group(s)Native toNotes
Avestan Indo-European 800s BC [1] Avestan people Central Asia Used as scriptural language of Zoroastrianism
Bactrian Indo-European 1000s AD [2] Bactrians Bactria
Bulgar Turkic 1200s AD [3] Bulgars Pontic–Caspian steppe
Cuman Turkic 1770 AD [4] Cumans Cumania
Fergana Kipchak Turkic 1920s [5] Fergana Kipchak speakers Fergana Valley
Gorgani Indo-European 1500-1700s AD [6] Semnani Gorgan
Hunnic Turkic 400s AD [7] Huns Eurasian Steppe
Inku Indo-European 1990s [8] Jalali, Pikraj, Shadibaz, Vangawala Afghanistan
Kambojan Indo-European [ data missing ] Kambojas Kamboja Kingdom
Khazar Turkic 1100s AD [9] Khazars Khazar Khaganate
Khwarezmian Turkic 1000s AD [10] Khwarezmians Khwarazm
Moghol Mongolic 2013 [11] Moghols Herat
Nam Sino-Tibetan [ data missing ]Nam speakers Central Asia
Pahlavani Indo-European [ data missing ]Pahlavani people Chakhansur District
Parthian Indo-European 1000s AD [12] Parthians Parthia
Sarghulami Indo-European by 2014 [13] Sarghulami Badakhshan
Vanji Indo-European after 1925 [14] Vanj people Emirate of Bukhara
Wotapuri-Katarqalai Indo-European 1960 [15] Wotapuri-Katarqalai speakers Afghanistan
Yueban unclassified after 490 AD[ citation needed ] Yueban Jetisu

East Asia

Language/dialectFamilyDate of extinctionEthnic group(s)Native toNotes
Alchuka Tungusic 1980s[ citation needed ]Alchuka Heilongjiang
Babuza Austronesian by 1977 [16] Babuza and Taokas western coast of Taiwan
Baekje Koreanic 600s AD [17] Baekje Baekje
Bailang Sino-Tibetan 300s AD [18] Bailang speakers Sichuan
Bala Tungusic 1982 AD [19] Bala Zhangguangcai Range
Balhae unclassified [ data missing ]Balhae speakers Balhae
Basay Austronesian 1940-1960s[ citation needed ] Qauqaut and Basay Northern Taiwan
Buyeo Koreanic?500s AD [20] Yemaek Manchuria
Chinese Kyakala Tungusic 1980s[ citation needed ]KyakalaNortheastern China
Di unclassified after 500s AD[ citation needed ] Di western China
Dingling unclassified after 600s AD[ citation needed ] Dingling northern China
Duan Para-Mongolic? after 356 AD[ citation needed ] Duan tribe Liaoxi Commandery
Favorlang Austronesian 1740-1760s[ citation needed ] Babuza Taiwan
Gaya unclassified 600s AD [20] Kara tribal confederation Gaya confederacy
Goguryeo Koreanic?700s AD [21] Goguryeo people Manchuria and Korea
Hokkaido Ainu Ainu by 2021 [22] Ainu people Hokkaido
Jie either Yeniseian or Turkic after 350 AD[ citation needed ] Jie people Northern China
Kiautschou German pidgin German-based pidgin 1900-1920s [23] German-educated Chinese Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory
Khitan Para-Mongolic? 1125 AD [24] Khitan people northeastern China, southeastern Mongolia and eastern Siberia
Khoton Turkic 1800s AD [25] Khotons Inner Mongolia and Mongolia
Kulon Austronesian [ data missing ]Kulon speakers Taiwan
Lewu Sino-Tibetan 1985[ citation needed ] Yao Yunnan
Longjia Sino-Tibetan possibly by 2011 [26] Longjia Guizhou
Luilang Austronesian by 1977 [16] Ketagalan Banqiao District
Luren Sino-Tibetan 1960s [27] Luren Guizhou
Mahan Koreanic?600s AD [20] Mahan people Mahan confederacy
Okjeo Koreanic?500s AD [20] Okjeo people Okjeo
Old Yue unclassified 0s AD[ citation needed ] Nanyue Southern China
Papora-Hoanya Austronesian by 2009 [28] Papora and Hoanya Taiwan
Pazeh Austronesian 2010 [29] Kazabu and Pazeh people Taiwan 12 speakers of Kaxabu dialect
Qifu Para-Mongolic? 400s AD[ citation needed ] Xianbei Western Qin
Rouran Mongolic after 620 AD [30] Rouran Rouran Khaganate (Mongolia and Northern China)
Siraya Austronesian 1800s AD [31] Siraya Taiwan
Taivoan Austronesian 1870-1890s AD [32] Taivoan people Taiwan
Tamna Japonic?1400s AD [33] Tamnans Tamna
Tangut Sino-Tibetan 1500s AD [34] Tangut Northwestern China
Tocharian A Indo-European 850 AD [35] Tocharians Tarim Basin
Tocharian B Indo-European 850 AD [36] Tocharians Kucha
Tocharian C Indo-European 850 AD [37] Tocharians Tarim Basin
Tuyuhun Para-Mongolic? 500s AD [38] Tuyuhun people Tuyuhun
Tuoba Para-Mongolic? 400s AD[ citation needed ] Tuoba Northern China and Mongolia
Wuhuan Para-Mongolic? 200s AD [39] Wuhuan Inner Mongolia
Wusun Indo-European after 5th century AD[ citation needed ] Wusun Qilian Mountains and Dunhuang
Xiongnu unclassified 100s AD[ citation needed ] Xiongnu Xiongnu Empire
Xianbei Para-Mongolic? 200s AD[ citation needed ] Xianbei Xianbei state
Ye-Maek Koreanic 500s AD [20] Yemaek Manchuria and Southern Korea
Yokohamese Japanese based pidgin 1870-1890s [40] Western and Chinese traders Yokohama
Zhang-Zhung Sino-Tibetan 900s AD [41] Zhangzhung peoplewestern Tibet

South Asia

Language/dialectFamilyDate of extinctionEthnic group(s)Native toNotes
Ahom Kra–Dai 1800s Ahoms Assam
Angami Naga Sign Language language isolate after 1921 Angami Nagas Nagaland
Ashokan Prakrit Indo-European 232 BC [42] Ashoka Maurya Empire
Bengali Portuguese Creole Portuguese creole early 20th century[ citation needed ]Bengali Portuguese Creole speakers India and Bangladesh
Bombay Portuguese Creole Portuguese creole [ data missing ]Bombay Portuguese Creole speakers Mumbai
Chakpa Sino-Tibetan since the 1950s [43] Chakpa speakers Manipur
Cochin Portuguese Creole Portuguese creole 20 August 2010 [44] Cochin Portuguese Creole speakers Kochi
Dura Sino-Tibetan August 2008 [45] Dura Nepal
Gandhari Indo-European 200s AD [46] Gandhari people Gandhara
Harappan unclassified 1900s BC [47] Harappan people Indus River
Judeo-Urdu Indo-European 1700s[ citation needed ] Baghdadi Jews Mumbai and Kolkata
Lubanki Indo-European [ data missing ] Labana Punjab
Malaryan Dravidian by 1996 [48] Malaryan speakers Kerala
Moran Sino-Tibetan by 1931 [49] Morans Assam
Nagarchal Dravidian 1981 [50] Nagarchi Central India
Paishachi Indo-European 900s AD [51] Paishachi people North India
Rangas Sino-Tibetan after 1900-1920s [52] Rangkas people Uttarakhand
Shauraseni Prakrit Indo-European 1000s AD [53] Medieval Indians Medieval India
Tolcha Sino-Tibetan since the 1950s [54] Tolcchas Niti Valley Dialect of Rongpo
Ullatan Dravidian 1991 [55] Ulladan India

Southeast Asia

Language/dialectFamilyDate of extinctionEthnic group(s)Native toNotes
Ata Austronesian 2001-2007 [56] Ata speakers Negros
Bale Andamanese 1930-1950s [57] Bale Ritchie's Archipelago, Havelock Island and Neil Island
Bea Andamanese 1931 [57] Beawestern Andaman Strait and the northern and western coast of South Andaman
Bo Andamanese January 26, 2010 [58] Bo west central coast of the North Andaman and on the North Reef IslandDialect of Northern Andamanese
Cari Andamanese April 4, 2020 [59] Cari north coast of North Andaman and on Landfall Island Dialect of Northern Andamanese
Dicamay Agta Austronesian 1957-1974 [60] Aeta Luzon
Great Andamanese koiné Mixed Khora–Bo–Jeru–Sare on a Jeru base2009 [61] Jeru Strait Island
Hoti Austronesian by 2007 AD [62] Hoti speakers Maluku Islands
Hpon Sino-Tibetan 1990s [63] Hpon speakers Myanmar
Hukumina Austronesian by 2024 [64] Hukumina speakersnorthwest Buru
Jangil Andamanese by 1920s [65] Jangil Rutland Island Unattested
Judeo-Malay Austronesian [ data missing ] Malaysian Jews Penang
Juwoi Andamanese 1931 [57] Juwoiwest central and southwest interior of Middle Andaman
Kamarian Austronesian 2001-2007 [66] Kamarianwest Seram Island
Katabangan Austronesian by 2006 [67] Agta Bondoc Peninsula
Kayeli Austronesian 1989 [68] Kayeli people Buru
Kede Andamanese 1930-1950s [57] Aka-KedeSoutheast Middle Andaman
Kenaboi unclassified after 1890s[ citation needed ]Kenaboi Negeri Sembilan
Kol Andamanese 1921 [57] KolNorthern section of Middle Andaman
Kora Andamanese November 2009 [69] Kora northeast and north central coasts of North Andaman and Smith IslandDialect of Northern Andamanese
Lelak Austronesian 1970s [70] Lelak people Sarawak
Loun Austronesian [ data missing ]Loun people Maluku Islands
Luhu Austronesian by 2024 [64] Luhu speakers Seram Island
Makuva Trans–New Guinea?1950s [71] Makuva people East Timor
Mardijker Portuguese creole 2012 [72] Mardijker people Jakarta
Moksela unclassified 1974 [73] Moksela people Buru Island
Nila Austronesian 1999 [74] Nila speakers Nila Island and Seram Island
Pucikwar Andamanese 1930-1950s [57] Pucikwar south coast of Middle Andaman, northeast coast of South Andaman and Baratang Island
Palumata Austronesian?by 2024 [64] Palumata speakers Buru
Phalok Austroasiatic since 1950s [75] Phalok people Chiang Mai Dialect of Eastern Lawa
Portugis Portuguese creole by 2024 [64] Christians of mixed Portuguese and Malay ancestry Indonesia
Pyu Sino-Tibetan 1100s AD [76] Pyu people Myanmar
Rusenu Trans–New Guinea?after 2007 [71] Rusenu speakerseastern East Timor
Sabüm Austroasiatic 1976 [77] [ data missing ] Malaysia
Seru Austronesian since 1950s [78] Seru people Sarawak
Serua Austronesian by 2024 [64] Seruans Seram Island
Taman Sino-Tibetan 1990s [79] Shan Tamanthi
Tambora Papuan April 1815 [80] Tambora culture Sumbawa
Tây Bồi French pidgin after 1954 [81] Vietnamese people Vietnam
Teun Austronesian 2013 [82] Teun speakers Seram Island
Timor Pidgin Portuguese creole 1960s [83] Portuguese settlers Dili
Wila' Austroasiatic 1800s-1820s[ citation needed ]Wila' speaking people Malaysia

Siberia

Language/dialectFamilyDate of extinctionEthnic group(s)Native toNotes
Arin Yeniseian late 1730s [84] Arins Yenisey between Yeniseysk and Krasnoyarsk
Arman Tungusic 1970s [85] Evens Arman river Dialect of Even
Assan Yeniseian 1790 [86] Asan people Krasnoyarsk Krai
Bering Aleut Eskaleut March 2021 [87] Aleuts Kamchatka Krai, RussiaDialect of Aleut
Chuvan Yukaghir 1700s [88] Chuvans Anadyr river basin of Chukotka
Eastern Itelmen Chukotko-Kamchatkan 1930s [89] Itelmens Kamchatka Peninsula
Eastern Mansi Uralic 2018 [90] Mansi Khanty-Mansi
Govorka Russian based creole by 2005 [91] Nganasan Taymyr Peninsula
Kamas Uralic 1989 [92] Kamasins north of the Sayan Mountains
Kamas Turk Turkic since 1950s [93] Khakas Khakassia Dialect of Khakas
Kerek Chukotko-Kamchatkan 2005 [94] Kereks Chukotka
Kott Yeniseian 1800s [95] Kotts Mana
Kuril Ainu Ainu 1850-1890s [96] Kuril Ainu Kuril Islands, Kamchatka and Hokkaido
Kyakhta Russian-Chinese pidgin 1920-1940s [97] Russian and Chinese traders Kyakhta
Lower Chulym Turkic 2011 [98] Chulyms Siberia Dialect of Chulym
Mator Uralic 1840 AD [99] Koibal Sayan Mountains
Mednyj Aleut Mixed Aleut–Russian October 2022 [87] Alaskan Creoles on Medny Island Commander Islands, Russia
Omok Yukaghir 1700s [100] Omoks Yakutia and Magadan
Pumpokol Yeniseian 1740s [101] Pumpokols Yenisey
Sakhalin Ainu Ainu 1994 [102] Sakhalin Ainu Sakhalin and Hokkaido
Sireniki Eskaleut 1997 [103] Sirenik Eskimos Bering Strait region
Southern Itelmen Chukotko-Kamchatkan 1900s [89] Itelmens Kamchatka Peninsula
Southern Khanty Uralic 1940s-1960s [104] Khanty lower Irtysh 56 speakers reported in 2010
Southern Mansi Uralic 1930-1970s [105] Mansi Sverdlovsk
Western Mansi Uralic 1970-1990s [106] Mansi Sverdlovsk
Yugh Yeniseian by 1972 [107] Yug Yenisey
Yurats Uralic 1800s [108] Yuratswest of the Yenisey

West Asia

Language/dialectFamilyDate of extinctionEthnic group(s)Native toNotes
Adhari Indo-European 1600s AD [109] Azaris Iranian Azerbaijan
Akkadian Afroasiatic 100s AD [110] Akkadians Mesopotamia
Ammonite Afroasiatic 500s BC [111] Ammonitesnorthwestern Jordan
Amorite Afroasiatic 2nd millennium BC[ citation needed ] Amorites Levant
Ancient Cappadocian unclassified 500s AD [112] Ancient Cappadocian speakers Anatolia
Armazic Afroasiatic 100s AD [113] Aramaic Caucasians South Caucasus Dialect of Aramaic
Ashurian Afroasiatic after 1300s AD [114] People of Assur Upper Mesopotamia
Carian Indo-European 200s BC [115] Carians Caria
Cimmerian Indo-European 620–580s BC [116] Cimmerians West Asia
Dadanitic Afroasiatic second half of the first millennium BC [117] Lihyanites Lihyan
Daylami Indo-European 1300s AD [118] Daylamites South Caspian Sea
Dilmunite Afroasiatic First half of the second millennium BC [119] Arabs Dilmun
Dumaitic Afroasiatic 600s BC [120] Lihyanites Lihyan
Eblaite Afroasiatic 3rd millennium BC [121] Eblabites Ebla
Edomite Afroasiatic early half of 1st millennium BC [122] Edomitessouthwest Jordan and southern Israel
Elamite language isolate 700s BC [123] Elamites Elam
Eteocypriot unclassified 300s BC [124] Eteocypriots Cyprus
Galatian Indo-European 500s AD [125] Galatians Galatia
Garachi Indo-European [ data missing ] Garachi Azerbaijan Dialect of Domari
Gutian unclassified [ data missing ] Guti Zagros Mountains?
Hadramautic Afroasiatic 600s AD [126] Hadramites Yemen, Oman and Saudi Arabia
Hasaitic Afroasiatic 100s AD [127] Arabs Al-Ahsa Oasis
Hatran Afroasiatic 240 AD[ citation needed ]People of Hatra Upper Mesopotamia
Hattian unclassified 2nd millennium BC [128] Hattians Anatolia
Himyaritic Afroasiatic by 1000s AD [129] Himyarite tribal confederacy Yemen
Hismaic Afroasiatic 300s AD [130] Arabs Ḥismā
Hittite Indo-European 1180s BC [131] Hittites Anatolia
Hurrian Hurro-Urartian 1st millennium BC [132] Hurrians Mitanni
Isaurian Indo-European 500s AD [133] Isaurians Isauria
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic Afroasiatic 1200 AD[ citation needed ] Babylonian Jews Babylon
Judeo-Golpaygani Indo-European [ data missing ] Persian Jews Golpayegan
Kalasmaic Indo-European 1200s BC [134] Luwic people Anatolia
Karapapakh Turkic 1900s[ citation needed ] Karapapakhs South Caucasus
Kaskian unclassified 700s BC [135] Kaskians Northeastern Anatolia and Colchis
Kassite Hurro-Urartian ? 300s BC [136] Kassites Babylon
Kilit Indo-European after 1950s [137] Talysh of Kilit Nakhchivan
Lebanese Aramaic Afroasiatic 1800s[ citation needed ] Arameans Mount Lebanon
Lullubian Hurro-Urartian ? 600s BC[ citation needed ] Lullubi Lullubi Kingdom
Luwian Indo-European 1st millennium BC [138] Luwians Anatolia and northern Syria
Lycaonian unclassified after 50 AD [139] Lycaonians Lycaonia
Lycian Indo-European 200s BC [140] Lycians Lycia and Lycaonia
Lydian Indo-European 200s BC [141] Lydians Lydia
Malatia Indo-European [ data missing ] Armenians Adıyaman Dialect of Armenian
Mamluk-Kipchak Turkic after 1516 AD [142] Mamluk Syria
Mannaean Hurro-Urartian ? 600s BC[ citation needed ]Mannaeans Mannaea
Median Indo-European 100s AD [143] Medes Persia
Milyan Indo-European 1st millennium BC [144] Milyans Milyas
Minaean Afroasiatic 600s AD [145] Minaeans Yemen
Minoan unclassified 1450s BC [146] Minoans Crete and Ugarit
Mitanni Indo-Aryan Indo-European after 1300s BC [147] Indo-Aryan peoples Mitanni
Mlaḥsô Afroasiatic 1999 [148] Syriac Orthodox Christians Mlahsô and Qamishli
Moabite Afroasiatic early half of 1st millennium BC [149] Moabites Moab
Mycenaean Greek Indo-European 1200s BC [150] Mycenaean Greeks Mycenaean Greece
Mysian Indo-European 0s BC [151] Mysians Mysia
Nabataean Arabic Afroasiatic 0s AD[ citation needed ] Nabataeans Levant, Sinai Peninsula and northwest Arabia
Palaic Indo-European 2nd millennium BC [152] Palaic peoples Pala
Palmyrene Aramaic Afroasiatic after 274 AD [153] Palmyrenes Syrian Desert, primarily in Palmyra
Philistine Canaanite Afroasiatic 700s BC [154] Philistines Philistia
Philistine Indo-European unclassified, probably Indo-European 900s BC [155] Philistines Philistia
Phoenician Afroasiatic 1st millennium BC [156] Phoenicians Canaan and Cyprus
Phrygian Indo-European after 400 AD [157] Phrygians Central Anatolia
Pisidic Indo-European 200s BC [158] Pisidians Pisidia
Qatabanian Afroasiatic 600s AD [159] People of Qataban Yemen
Sabaic Afroasiatic 600s AD [160] Sabaeans Yemen
Sabir Romance-based pidgin 1800s AD [161] Medieval traders and Crusaders Mediterranean Basin
Safaitic Afroasiatic 200s AD [162] Northern Arabs Syria
Samalian Afroasiatic 730s BC [163] People of Samʾal Samʾal
Sidetic Indo-European 200s BC [164] People of Side Side
South Gileadite Afroasiatic 770s BC [165] People of Deir Alla Deir Alla
Subarian Hurro-Urartian ? 3rd-2nd millenium BC[ citation needed ] Subarians Subartu
Sumerian language isolate 0s AD [166] Sumerians Sumer and Akkad
Sutean Afroasiatic 1100s BC[ citation needed ] Suteans Levant and Mesopotamia
Taymanitic Afroasiatic 500s BC [167] Ancient North Arabian Arabs Tayma
Thamudic Afroasiatic after 267 AD [168] Thamud Kingdom of Thamud
Trojan unclassified c. 1300 BCTrojans Troy
Ubykh Northwest Caucasian 7 October 1992 AD [169] Ubykh Ubykhia
Ugaritic Afroasiatic 1300s BC [170] People of Ugarit Levant
Urartian Hurro-Urartian early 500s BC [171] Urarteans Urartu

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Avestan". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 1200 - 800 BC.
  2. ↑ "Bactrian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-08. 300 BC - 1000 AD.
  3. ↑ "Volga-Bolgarian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2024. 13th century AD.
  4. ↑ Melnyk, Mykola (2022). Byzantium and the Pechenegs. István Varró, a member of the Jász-Cuman mission to the empress of Austria Maria Theresa and the known last speaker of the Cuman language, died in 1770.
  5. ↑ Lindsay, Robert. "Mutual Intelligibility Among the Turkic Languages" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-04-07. This lect is the descendant of the Fergana Kipchak language that went extinct in the late 1920's.
  6. ↑ Borjian, Habib (2008). The Extinct Language of Gurgān: Its Sources and Origins. p. 681. Hence, Gurgani must have died out sometime after the fifteenth but certainly before the nineteenth century
  7. ↑ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. p. 393. time period:Fourth to fifth century c.E.
  8. ↑ "Inku". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2019-10-14. Retrieved 2024-10-19. Last speakers probably survived into the 1990s.
  9. ↑ "Khazar". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 6th - 12th century AD.
  10. ↑ "Chorasmian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-08. 300 BC - 1000 AD.
  11. ↑ "The ASJP Database - Wordlist Moghol". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 2025-01-09. status extinct since 2013
  12. ↑ "Parthian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-05. 300 BC - 1000 AD.
  13. ↑ Kakar, Hasan Kawun (2014). Government and Society in Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir 'Abd al-Rahman Khan (5 ed.). University of Texas Press. ISBN   9780292729001.
  14. ↑ Dagikhudo, Dagiev; Carole, Faucher (2018). Identity, History and Trans-Nationality in Central Asia. Andreev explains that 100 years ago there was an ancient Vanji language used by people of Vanj valley. He then provides as example that in 1925, when travelling to Vanj Valley, him and his travel companion met an old man who told that, when he was 11 years old, he was speaking Vanji language. Unfortunately, the old man could remember only 20-30 words, but even then, he was not sure if they were all correct.
  15. ↑ Brenzinger, Matthias (2007). Language Diversity Endangered. ... "Two ... Wot (Wotapuri - Katarqalai). Of the latter we can witness how the process of extinction has moved on inexorably in the course of the twentieth century. In the 1940's Morgenstierne reported that Wot was spoken in two villages in the Katar valley, one at Wotapuri at the confluence of the Pech river with the streams coming from the valley, one further up the valley in Katarqalai. 15 years later Budruss (1960) visited both villages found no speakers of the language in the lower village, Pashto having completely replaced it, and in the upper one only a few passive speakers who remember having spoken the language in their earlier years.
  16. 1 2 Marsh, Mikell Alan (1977). FAVORLANG-PAZEH-SAISIAT: A PUTATIVE FORMOSAN SUBGROUP. p. 2. Taokas and Luilang might also be associated with this FPS subgroup, but available data on these now-extinct languages are too limited to determine this with any surety.
  17. ↑ "Paekche". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 2024-03-07. 5th to 7th centuries AD.
  18. ↑ Laurent Sagart (1995). "Questions of method in Chinese-tibeto-burman comparison". Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale. 24 (2): 245–255. doi:10.3406/clao.1995.1477 . Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  19. ↑ Andreas Hölzl (2020). "Bala (China) – Language Snapshot". Academia.edu. p. 163. Retrieved 2024-10-09. The Bala language is said to have become extinct in 1982,
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Martine Robbeets (2020). Oxford University Press (ed.). "Archaeolinguistic evidence for the farming/language dispersal of Koreanic". p. 6. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  21. ↑ "Koguryo". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2024-04-25. 1st century to mid-8th century A.D.
  22. ↑ "An Ainu-language expert illuminates their worldview". Sustainable Japan by The Japan Times. 2021-11-29. Retrieved 2025-08-16. There are no native speakers of Ainu left in Japan.
  23. ↑ Maitz, Péter; Volker, Craig A. (2017). "Language Contact in the German Colonies: Papua New Guinea and beyond" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-07-14. Kiautschou Pidgin German, which was spoken in the German colony Kiautschou on the coast of China in the early 20th century.
  24. ↑ "Kitan". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-08. 916 - 1125 AD.
  25. ↑ Finke, Peter (1999). "The Kazaks of western Mongolia". In Svanberg, Ingvar (ed.). Contemporary Kazaks: Cultural and Social Perspectives. London: Curzon. p. 109. ISBN   0-7007-1115-5. Khoton are a small Muslim minority of 6,000. They are settled in Taryalan-sum in the western part of the Uvs-aymag and are thought to have spoken a Turkic language up until the nineteenth century.
  26. ↑ Zhao Weifeng [赵卫峰]. 2011. History of the Bai people of Guizhou [贵州白族史略]. Yinchuan, China: Ningxia People's Press [宁夏人民出版社]. ISBN   9787227046783
  27. ↑ Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer [贵州省志. 民族志] (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House [貴州民族出版社].
  28. ↑ "Papora-Hoanya". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2024-11-17.
  29. ↑ "The prosodic structure of Pazeh" . Retrieved 2024-05-21. Pazeh, an Austronesian language of Taiwan thought to have lost its last speaker in 2010.
  30. ↑ Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (7 May 2020). "Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West". Cambridge University Press . 2. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.18. PMC   7612788 . PMID   35663512. the Khüis Tolgoi inscription must have been erected between 604 and 620 AD.
  31. ↑ "iso639-3/fos" . Retrieved 2024-05-21. Siraya is a Formosan language spoken until the end of the 19th century by the indigenous Siraya people of Taiwan.
  32. ↑ "Taivoan". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2019-07-03. Retrieved 2024-10-19. The last known speaker died near the end of the 1800s.
  33. ↑ Alexander Vovin (2017). "Origins of the Japanese Language". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. p. 1,6. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  34. ↑ "Tangut". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2024. c. 11th - 16th centuries AD.
  35. ↑ "The ASJP Database - Wordlist Tocharian A". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 2025-02-25. extinct since 850
  36. ↑ "The ASJP Database - Wordlist Tocharian B". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 2025-02-25. extinct since 850
  37. ↑ "The ASJP Database - Wordlist Common Tocharian". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 2025-02-25. extinct since 850
  38. ↑ Alexander Vovin (December 2015). "Some notes on the Tuyuhun (吐谷渾) language: in the footsteps of Paul Pelliot". Journal of Sino-Western Communications. 7 (2). Academia.edu: 157–166. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  39. ↑ Shimunek, Andrew (2017). Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: a Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN   978-3-447-10855-3. OCLC   993110372.
  40. ↑ Inoue, Aya (2006). "Grammatical Features of Yokohama Pidgin Japanese: Common Characteristics of Restricted Pidgins" (PDF). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa : 55. Retrieved 19 August 2024. A pidginized variety of Japanese called Yokohamese or Japanese Ports Lingo evolved during the reign of Emperor Meiji from 1868 to 1912, and largely disappeared by the end of the nineteenth century.
  41. ↑ "Zhang-zhung". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2024. 7th - 10th century AD.
  42. ↑ Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh K. (2003). The Indo-Aryan Languages. p. 164. The inscriptions of Asoka - a king of the Maurya dynasty who reigned, based in his capital Pataliputra, from 268 to 232 BC over almost the whole of India - were engraved in rocks and pillars, in various local dialects.
  43. ↑ Moseley (2010), p. 203.
  44. ↑ "The Death of an Indian-born Language". Open Magazine. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  45. ↑ "The last of Nepal's Dura speakers". BBC. January 15, 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  46. ↑ "KHAROSTHI MANUSCRIPTS: A WINDOW ON GANDHARAN BUDDHISM" . Retrieved 2024-05-13. ... the Kharosthi script was used as a literary medium, that is, from the time of Asoka in the middle of the third century B.C. until about the third century A.D.
  47. ↑ "Indus Valley Language". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 2024-06-07. 2500-1900 BC.
  48. ↑ "Malaryan". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2024-09-17.
  49. ↑ Jacquesson, François (2017). "The linguistic reconstruction of the past The case of the Boro-Garo languages". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 40 (1). Translated by van Breugel, Seino: 108. doi:10.1075/ltba.40.1.04van. A second more dramatic example is P.R. Gurdon's 1904 article 'The Morans' in the same journal. ... The census returned 78 speakers in 1901, 24 in 1911 and none in 1931.
  50. ↑ Nagarchal at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
  51. ↑ "Paisaci Prakrit". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 2024-03-12. Most of the material in this language originates from the 3rd to 10th centuries AD, though it was probably spoken as early as the 5th century BC.
  52. ↑ George van Driem (May 2007). Matthias Brenzinger (ed.). "Endangered Languages of South Asia". Handbook of Endangered Languages: 303. Retrieved 20 October 2024. Rangkas was recorded in the Western Himalayas as recently as the beginning of the 20th century, but is now extinct.
  53. ↑ "iso639-3/psu" . Retrieved 2024-06-23. Most of the material in this language originates from the 3rd to 10th centuries AD...
  54. ↑ Moseley (2010), p. 201.
  55. ↑ "Ullatan". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2008-02-08. Retrieved 2024-06-12.
  56. ↑ "Ata". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2013-05-20. Retrieved 2024-10-19. 2 (Wurm 2000). In 1973, only a few families of speakers were reported. Probably extinct (Wurm 2007).
  57. 1 2 3 4 5 6 George van Driem (2001), Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region : Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language, BRILL, ISBN   90-04-12062-9, ... The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman became extinct by 1921. The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931. The Akar-Bale of Ritchie's Archipelago, the Aka-Kede of Middle Andaman and the A-Pucikwar of South Andaman Island soon followed. By 1951, the census counted a total of only 23 Greater Andamanese and 10 Sentinelese. That means that just ten men, twelve women and one child remained of the Aka-Kora, Aka-Cari and Aka-Jeru tribes of Greater Andaman and only ten natives of North Sentinel Island ...
  58. ↑ "Language lost as last member of Andaman tribe dies". The Daily Telegraph. 5 February 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  59. ↑ "Remembering Licho, the Last Speaker of the Sare Language". Terralingua. April 30, 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  60. ↑ Lobel, Jason William. "Philippine and North Bornean languages: Issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction" (PDF). p. 98. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 2024-08-14. SIL linguist Richard Roe contacted this group in 1957 and took a word list of 291 words. They lived on the Dicamay River on the western side of the Sierra Madre near Jones, Isabela. Roe told me that there was only one family there then. In November 1974, after talking with Roe and with a copy of his wordlist in hand, I went to Jones to see if I could find the Agta who spoke this language. I was unable to find them. We talked to many Filipinos in the area, but they all said they had not seen any Negritos for several years. Some people whispered to me that migrant Ilokano homesteaders had killed a number of the Agta a few years ago.
  61. ↑ "Great Andamanese, Mixed". Ethnologue.
  62. ↑ "Hoti". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2024-11-17. No known L1 speakers (Wurm 2007).
  63. ↑ "Hpon". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2024-10-19. Last known speaker survived into the 1990s
  64. 1 2 3 4 5 "11 Indigenous Languages Declared Extinct: Education Ministry". Jakarta Globe. 8 March 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024. Muksin specifically mentioned 11 extinct indigenous languages, such as Tandia and Mawes in West Papua and Papua, along with Kajeli, Piru, Moksela, Palumata, Ternateno, Hukumina, Hoti, Serua, and Nila in different areas of Maluku.
  65. ↑ "The Andamanese". Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 2024-03-07. During the early 1920s a British expedition searched the interior of Rutland Island found no trace of any human habitation.
  66. ↑ "Kamarian". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2024-10-19. ...now probably extinct (Wurm 2007).
  67. ↑ Lobel, Jason William. "Philippine and North Bornean languages: Issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction" (PDF). p. 92. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 2024-08-14. While the Katabangan of Catanauan exists in name as a group, a visit to the group in 2006 confirmed that none of the Katabangan speak any language natively other than Tagalog, nor is there any recollection of their ancestors speaking any other language.
  68. ↑ "iso639-3/kzl" . Retrieved 2024-05-17. The last speaker of the Leliali dialect died in 1989
  69. ↑ "The Hindu". The Hindu . Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
  70. ↑ Lelak at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
  71. 1 2 "Noorderlicht Nieuws: Raadselachtig Rusenu" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 2024-08-06.
  72. ↑ Dimas, Dimas. "PUNAHNYA BAHASA KREOL PORTUGIS". LIPI (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  73. ↑ "Moksela". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2008-10-23. Retrieved 2024-06-12. Last speaker died in 1974.
  74. ↑ Nila at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
  75. ↑ Moseley (2010), p. 209.
  76. ↑ "Pyu". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-06. c. 5th? - 12th century AD.
  77. ↑ "Sabüm". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2019-07-04. Retrieved 2024-10-19. The last speaker survived into the late 1970s (Benjamin 1976).
  78. ↑ Moseley (2010), p. 211.
  79. ↑ "Taman". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2011-12-17. Retrieved 2024-06-12. Reportedly the last speaker of Taman died in the 1990s.
  80. ↑ Mark Donohue (2007). "The Papuan Language of Tambora" . Oceanic Linguistics. 46 (2). JSTOR: 520–537. doi:10.1353/ol.2008.0014. JSTOR   20172326 . Retrieved 2024-05-07. ...the language, along with its speakers, was lost in a gigantic volcanic eruption, the most cataclysmic in historic times in April 1815.
  81. ↑ Haarmann, Harald. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen (in German). p. 188.
  82. ↑ "The ASJP Database - Wordlist Teun". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 2025-01-10. status extinct since 2013
  83. ↑ "iso639-3/tvy" . Retrieved 2024-05-17. ...that was spoken in Bidau, an eastern suburb of Dili, East Timor until the 1960s
  84. ↑ "Исчезающие народы/языки: Аринцы, Аринский (Arin) | СМДО КубГУ". moodle.kubsu.ru. Retrieved 2025-01-01.
  85. ↑ Moseley (2010), p. 52.
  86. ↑ "The ASJP Database - Wordlist Assan". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 2024-11-17. status extinct since 1790
  87. 1 2 "Last Native Speaker Of Aleut Language In Russia Dies". Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty. 5 October 2022. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  88. ↑ "Chuvantsy". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 2024-04-26. Survived until perhaps the 18th century AD.
  89. 1 2 Kibrik, Aleksandr E. (March 1991). "The Problem of Endangered Languages in the USSR" . Diogenes. 39 (153): 67–83. doi:10.1177/039219219103915305. ISSN   0392-1921.
  90. ↑ Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (31 Mar 2023). The Uralic Languages. Maksim Sivtorov passed away in early 2018, and Eastern Mansi is thus the latest Uralic language to become extinct.
  91. ↑ Stern, Dieter (2005). "Taimyr Pidgin Russian (Govorka)" . Russian Linguistics. 29 (3). JSTOR: 289–318. doi:10.1007/s11185-005-8376-3. ISSN   0304-3487. JSTOR   40160794 . Retrieved 2024-08-25. These are the Norwegian-Russian pidgin known as Russenorsk, Chinese Pidgin Russian and Taimyr Pidgin Russian (TPR). Brief remarks in travel accounts and elsewhere indicate the existence of other Russian pidgins, such as Chukotka Pidgin Russian and Kamchatka Pidgin Russian. None of these, however, have been documented or described. In the case of the documented pidgins, the extent of the text samples is far from being exhaustive. With the exception of TPR, further documentation seems no longer possible, however, as the pidgins in question are extinct by now.
  92. ↑ "Dying Languages". Dzen. February 9, 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  93. ↑ Moseley (2010), p. 195-196.
  94. ↑ Fortescue, Michael (22 December 2011). Comparative Chukotko-Kamchatkan Dictionary. p. 1.
  95. ↑ "Kott". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-07. Survived until middle of 19th century AD.
  96. ↑ Sato, Tomomi; Bugaeva, Anna (15 March 2019). "The study of old documents of Hokkaido and Kuril Ainu : promise and challenges". 北方言語研究. 9: 67–93. Retrieved 2024-05-08. Unfortunately, Kuril Ainu, which is absolutely indispensable for the reconstruction, disappeared in the late 19th century with just few old documents left.
  97. ↑ Stern, Dieter (2020). "Russian Pidgin Languages". p. 3. Retrieved 2024-08-25. With the dissolution of the Russian emigré community in Harbin starting with the foundation of Manchukuo in 1932, and the expulsion of the Chinese from the Soviet Union in the late 1930s, CPR lost its remaining functional domains and went extinct.
  98. ↑ "Chulym Turkic" . Retrieved 2024-11-13. Currently, the Lower Chulym dialect is considered extinct (the last speaker, according to Valeria Lemskaya, died in 2011).
  99. ↑ "Mator". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 2024-03-07. Mator or Motor was a Uralic language belonging to the group of Samoyedic languages, extinct since the 1840s.
  100. ↑ "Omok". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 2024-04-26. Survived until perhaps 18th century.
  101. ↑ "The ASJP Database - Wordlist Pumpokol". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 2024-11-16. status extinct since 1740
  102. ↑ Wilson, Samuel M. "Cultures in Contact" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-05-08. In 1994, Take Asai died at the age of 102. She was the last native speaker of Sakhalin Ainu
  103. ↑ "Sirenik". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-07. In January 1997 the last native speaker of the language, a woman named Vyie (Valentina Wye) died.
  104. ↑ Salminen, Tapani (2023). "Demography, endangerment, and revitalization". In Abondolo, Daniel Mario; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (eds.). The Uralic languages. Routledge Language Family (2nd ed.). London New York: Routledge. p. 103. ISBN   978-1-138-65084-8.
  105. ↑ Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (31 Mar 2023). The Uralic Languages. Southern Mansi, whose aboriginal territory covered a vast area including parts of easternmost Europe, is undoubtedly the Mansi language that was first to become extinct. When that happened can only be estimated on the basis of the records of Kannisto and others, which show that shift to both Russian and Siberian Tatar was progressing rapidly at the beginning of the twentieth century, leading to the conclusion that the language probably survived until the middle decades.
  106. ↑ Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (31 Mar 2023). The Uralic Languages. Although we do not know the time of the death of the last speaker of Western Mansi, it does indeed seem certain that there were none left by the end of the twentieth century
  107. ↑ Edward Vajda (2024-02-19). Vajda, Edward (ed.). "8 The Yeniseian language family" . The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia. De Gruyter: 365–480. doi:10.1515/9783110556216-008. ISBN   978-3-11-055621-6 . Retrieved 2024-11-17.
  108. ↑ Krauss, Michael. "The Indigenous Languages of the North : A Report on Their Present State" (PDF). Retrieved 23 April 2024. Yurats was another Samoyedic language replaced by the eastward advance of Tundra Nenets, extinct during the nineteenth century, with meager documentation
  109. ↑ "AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan". Encyclopædia Iranica . Retrieved 2024-08-20.
  110. ↑ "The Akkadian Language". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 25 December 2009. Retrieved 2024-08-22. Survived until around 100 AD.
  111. ↑ Walter E. Aufrecht (May 1987). "The Ammonite Language of the Iron Age. Kent P. Jackson. Review". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (266). JSTOR: 87. JSTOR   1356933 . Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  112. ↑ Cooper, Eric; Decker, Michael J. (2012). Life And Society In Byzantine Cappadocia. p. 14. Retrieved 28 May 2025. The echoes of native Cappadocian could be heard into the sixth century and perhaps beyond.
  113. ↑ "Armazic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 2024-04-16. 1st-2nd centuries AD.
  114. ↑ Micheau, Françoise (2006). "Eastern Christianities (eleventh to fourteenth century): Copts, Melkites, Nestorians and Jacobites". In Angold, Michael (ed.). Eastern Christianity. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 5. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 391. ISBN   978-0-521-81113-2.
  115. ↑ "Carian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-06. 7th to 3rd centuries BC.
  116. ↑ Ivantchik, Askold (2001). "The Current State of the Cimmerian Problem". Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia . 7 (3): 307–339. doi:10.1163/15700570152758043 . Retrieved 30 March 2025. The development of the Classical tradition on the subject of the Cimmerians after their disappearance from the historical arena, no later than the very end of the 7th or very beginning of the 6th century BC
  117. ↑ "Dadanitic" . Retrieved 2024-05-10. Dadanitic was the alphabet used by the inhabitants of the ancient oasis of Dadan, probably some time during the second half of the first millennium BC.
  118. ↑ Mehdi Marashi, Mohammad Ali Jazayery, Persian studies in North America: studies in honor of Mohammad Ali Jazayery, Ibex Publishers, Inc., 1994, ISBN   0-936347-35-X, 9780936347356, p. 269.
  119. ↑ Jean Jacques Glassner (2013-10-28). "Dilmun, Magan and Meluhha". In Julian Reade (ed.). The Indian Ocean In Antiquity. Routledge. p. 242. ISBN   9781136155314. In short, the anthroponyms and the remnants of the language show that at the beginning of the second millennium the people of Dilmun was a Semitic one.
  120. ↑ "Dumaitic" . Retrieved 2024-05-10. According to the Assyrian annals Dūma was the seat of successive queens of the Arabs, some of whom were also priestesses, in the eighth and seventh centuries BC.
  121. ↑ "Palaeosyrian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 3rd Millenium BC.
  122. ↑ "Edomite". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. Earlier half of the 1st Millennium BC.
  123. ↑ "Elamite". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2024-03-05. 3rd millennium BC - 8th Century BC.
  124. ↑ "Eteocypriot". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2024. An ancient language of Cyprus, up to 4th C BC.
  125. ↑ "Galatian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 2024-03-06. Perhaps from the late 1st millenium BC, and spoken until the 6th century AD, according to Greek Historians.
  126. ↑ "Hadramitic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-06. 100 BC - 600 AD.
  127. ↑ "Hasaitic". LINGUIST List . Retrieved 2024-05-10. They are thought to date from the first two centuries AD.
  128. ↑ "Hatti". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 2nd Millennium BC.
  129. ↑ Stein, Peter (2008). "The "Ḥimyaritic" Language in pre-Islamic Yemen A Critical Re-evaluation". Academia.edu . p. 203. Its attribution to the tribe of Ḥimyar led to the designation of this idiom as"Ḥimyaritic". According to the sources, this language must have been in use in the Yemeni highlands up to the Xth century and even later,
  130. ↑ "Hismaic" . Retrieved 2024-05-10. i.e. first century BC to fourth century AD
  131. ↑ "Hittite". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 2024-03-06. 1500–1180 BC
  132. ↑ "Hurrian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 2024-03-05. 2nd - Ist Millennium BC.
  133. ↑ Lenski, Noel. "Assimilation and Revolt in the Territory of Isauria, From the 1st Century BC to the 6th Century AD". Academia.edu . Retrieved 2024-08-13. Beginning in the middle of the second millenniumBC the region had fallen under the control of the Hittite empire and from that point until at least the end of the sixth century AD its inhabitants continued to speak a branch of Hittite now called Luwian.
  134. ↑ Schwemer, Daniel (2024). Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi (in German). Vol. 71. Mainz: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. p. XIX.
  135. ↑ "Historical Memory about Migration of the Kaskians in Western Georgia". p. 335. Retrieved 2024-05-06. The Kaška first appear on the territory of the Hittite empire in the 15th c. B.C. and are mentioned till 8th c. B.C.
  136. ↑ "Kassites". Crystalinks. Retrieved 15 August 2024. Kassite (Cassite) was a language spoken by Kassites in northern Mesopotamia from approximately the 18th to the 4th century BC.
  137. ↑ Stilo, D. L. (1994). Phonological systems in contact in Iran and Transcaucasia. Ibex Publishers, Inc. p. 90. As to the present status of Kilit, it is a moribund, or more likely extinct, language mentioned and transcribed two or three times by nonlinguists from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries. The last known data collected was in the 1950s when speakers numbered only a few old men using it probably only as a trade jargon or secret language.
  138. ↑ "Hieroglyphic Luwian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 2nd-1st Millennium BC.
  139. ↑ "Topical Bible: Lycaonia". Bible Hub. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  140. ↑ "Lycian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 500 BC to about 200 BC.
  141. ↑ "Lydian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 8th to ? 3rd century BC.
  142. ↑
  143. ↑ "Median". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 2024-03-13. 500 BC - 100 AD.
  144. ↑ "Milyan". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-06. First millennium BC.
  145. ↑ "Minaic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 2024-05-20. 100 BC - 600 AD.
  146. ↑ "Minoan". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 2024-03-05. Circa 1800 and 1450 BC.
  147. ↑ History of Humanity: From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century B.C. UNESCO. 31 December 1996. p. 196. ISBN   978-92-3-102811-3 . Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  148. ↑ "The Neo-Aramaic Languages" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-05-08. Ibrahim Ḥanna was the last speaker of the Mlaḥso language, as the village was destroyed in 1915 during the Armenian genocide. He died in 1999 in Qāmišli in Syria
  149. ↑ "Moabite". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-05. Earlier half of the 1st Millennium BC.
  150. ↑ "FROM PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN TO MYCENAEAN GREEK:A PHONOLOGICAL STUDY" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024. ... no tablets or any other inscribed vessels were found from ca. 1200 BC onwards.
  151. ↑ "Mysian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 2024-03-06. Before 1st Century AD.
  152. ↑ "Palaic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 2nd Millennium BC.
  153. ↑ "THE ARABIC WORDS IN PALMYRENE INSCRIPTIONS". ResearchGate . Retrieved 11 May 2024. The earliest dated Palmyrene inscription is from the year 44 BC and the latest discovery has been dated to the year 274 AD.
  154. ↑ Frank Moore Cross, "A Philistine Ostracon From Ashkelon", BAR22 (January–February 1996:64–65).
  155. ↑ Maeir, Aren M.; Hitchcock, Louise A. "The Appearance, Formation and Transformation of Philistine Culture: New Perspectives and New Finds" . Retrieved 2024-08-13. Thereafter, accordingly, over a period of approximately two centuries, this culture became increasingly influenced by the local, Levantine cultures until somewhere in the IA IIA (sometime after 1000 BCE), the unique, foreign attributes of the Philistine culture disappeared.
  156. ↑ "Phoenician". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 2024-03-05. 2nd - 1st Millennium BC.
  157. ↑ Swain, Simon; Adams, J. Maxwell; Janse, Mark (2002). Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. p. 252. ISBN   0-19-924506-1. The last mention of Phrygian in use dates from the fifth century AD.
  158. ↑ "Pisidian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 2024-03-06. 2nd-3rd century BC.
  159. ↑ "Qatabanic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-06. 100 BC - 600 AD.
  160. ↑ "Sabaic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 100 BC - 600 AD.
  161. ↑ The Lingua Franca. Natalie Operstein. 2021.
  162. ↑ Al-Jallad, Ahmad. "Al-Jallad. 2020. The month ʾdr in Safaitic and the status of spirantization in "Arabian" Aramaic". Academia.edu . doi:10.1163/17455227-BJA10013 . Retrieved 2024-04-29. A minority of dated texts suggest that the practice of carving Safaitic inscriptions spanned at least from the second century BCE to the third century CE.
  163. ↑ "The Sam'alian Language". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2024. 820-730 BC.
  164. ↑ "Sidetic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-06. 3rd - 2nd centuries BC.
  165. ↑ ברוך מרגלית (Oct 1998). "עלילות בלעם בר-בעור מעמק סוכות" (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved 2024-08-20.
  166. ↑ "Sumerian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 2024-03-05. The language continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language until the 1st century AD.
  167. ↑ Kootstra-Ford, Fokelien. "The Language of the Taymanitic Inscriptions and its Classification". Academia.edu . Retrieved 2024-05-08. Therefore, at least part of the Taymanitic corpus can safely be dated to the second half of the 6th century BCE.
  168. ↑ Al-Jallad, Ahmad. "Al-Jallad. 2018. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification". Academia.edu . Retrieved 2024-05-10. These inscriptions are concentrated in northwest Arabia, and one occurs alongside a Nabataean tomb inscription dated to the year 267 CE.
  169. ↑ Koerner, E. F. K. (1 January 1998). First Person Singular III: Autobiographies by North American Scholars in the Language Sciences. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 33. ISBN   978-90-272-4576-2.
  170. ↑ "Ugaritic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 2024-03-05. 15th to 13th Century BC.
  171. ↑ Wilhelm, Gernot (2008). "Urartian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN   978-0-521-68496-5. We do not know when the language became extinct, but it is likely that the collapse of what had survived of the empire until the end of the seventh or the beginning of the sixth century BCE caused the language to disappear.

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