MYH16 gene

MYH16
Identifiers
Aliases	MYH16 , MHC20, MYH16P, MYH5, myosin, heavy chain 16 pseudogene, myosin heavy chain 16 pseudogene, MYH16 gene
External IDs	GeneCards: MYH16
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 7 (human)
End	99,311,130 bp
Orthologs
	84176
	n/a
	ENSG00000002079
	n/a
	n ; a
	n/a
	n/a
	n/a
	n/a
	n/a
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Last updated May 24, 2024

The MYH16 gene encodes a protein called myosin heavy chain 16, which is a muscle protein in mammals. At least in primates, it is a specialized muscle protein found only in the temporalis and masseter muscles of the jaw.^[3]^[4] Myosin heavy chain proteins are important in muscle contraction, and if they are missing, the muscles will be smaller.^[3] In non-human primates, MYH16 is functional and the animals have powerful jaw muscles. In humans, the MYH16 gene has a mutation that causes the protein not to function.^[5] Although the exact importance of this change in accounting for differences between humans and other apes is not yet clear, such a change may be related to increased brain size and finer control of the jaw, which facilitates speech.^[3] It is not clear how the MYH16 mutation relates to other changes to the jaw and skull in early human evolution (for example, whether the MYH16 mutation happened first and led to other changes, or whether the MYH16 mutation happened after other changes made the MYH16 protein no longer necessary).^[3]

The initial discovery of the human MYH16 mutation was published in 2004 by a team at the University of Pennsylvania led by Hansell H. Stedman.^[4] The date of the mutation has variously been estimated at 2.4 million years ago^[4] or 5.3 million years ago.^[6]

The MYH16 gene is present in dogs,^[6] but does not appear to be present in mice.^[7]

Related Research Articles

A sagittal crest is a ridge of bone running lengthwise along the midline of the top of the skull of many mammalian and reptilian skulls, among others. The presence of this ridge of bone indicates that there are exceptionally strong jaw muscles. The sagittal crest serves primarily for attachment of the temporalis muscle, which is one of the main chewing muscles. Development of the sagittal crest is thought to be connected to the development of this muscle. A sagittal crest usually develops during the juvenile stage of an animal in conjunction with the growth of the temporalis muscle, as a result of convergence and gradual heightening of the temporal lines.

Human evolutionary genetics studies how one human genome differs from another human genome, the evolutionary past that gave rise to the human genome, and its current effects. Differences between genomes have anthropological, medical, historical and forensic implications and applications. Genetic data can provide important insights into human evolution.

Myosin regulatory light polypeptide 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYL9 gene.

Tropomyosin alpha-1 chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TPM1 gene. This gene is a member of the tropomyosin (Tm) family of highly conserved, widely distributed actin-binding proteins involved in the contractile system of striated and smooth muscles and the cytoskeleton of non-muscle cells.

Myosin-9 also known as myosin, heavy chain 9, non-muscle or non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIa (NMMHC-IIA) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the MYH9 gene.

Tropomyosin alpha-3 chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TPM3 gene.

Myosin-11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYH11 gene.

Myosin essential light chain (ELC), ventricular/cardiac isoform is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYL3 gene. This cardiac ventricular/slow skeletal ELC isoform is distinct from that expressed in fast skeletal muscle (MYL1) and cardiac atrial muscle (MYL4). Ventricular ELC is part of the myosin molecule and is important in modulating cardiac muscle contraction.

Myosin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYH2 gene.

Myosin-1, also known as 'striated muscle myosin heavy chain 1', is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYH1 gene. This gene is most highly expressed in fast type IIX/D muscle fibres of vertebrates and encodes a protein found uniquely in striated muscle; it is a class II myosin with a long coiled coil tail that dimerizes and should not be confused with 'Myosin 1' encoded by the MYO1 family of genes (MYO1A-MYO1H). Class I MYO1 genes function in many cell types throughout biology and are single-headed membrane-binding myosins that lack a long coiled coil tail.

Myosin-14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYH14 gene.

Myosin light chain 3, skeletal muscle isoform is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYL1 gene.

Striated muscle preferentially expressed protein kinase, in the human is encoded by the SPEG gene, a member of the myosin light chain kinase protein family. SPEG is involved in the development of the muscle cell cytoskeleton, and the expression of this gene has important roles in the development of skeletal muscles, and their maintenance and function. Mutations are associated with centronuclear myopathies a group of congenital disorders where the cell nuclei are abnormally centrally placed.

Myosin light polypeptide 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYL6 gene.

Myosin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYH3 gene.

Myosin light chain 6B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYL6B gene. Myosin is a hexameric ATPase cellular motor protein. It is composed of two heavy chains, two nonphosphorylatable alkali light chains, and two phosphorylatable regulatory light chains. This gene encodes a myosin alkali light chain expressed in both slow-twitch skeletal muscle and in nonmuscle tissue.

Myosin light chain kinase 2 also known as MYLK2 is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the MYLK2 gene.

Myosin-15 also known as myosin, heavy chain 15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYH15 gene.

Myosin-7B also known as myosin, heavy chain 7B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYH7B gene.

Myosin-4 also known as myosin, heavy chain 4 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the MYH4 gene.

References

1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000002079 – Ensembl, May 2017
↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
1 2 3 4 Carroll, Sean B. (2005). Endless forms most beautiful: the new science of evo-devo and the making of the animal kingdom. New York: Norton. pp. 272–274. ISBN 0-393-32779-5.
1 2 3 Stedman HH, Kozyak BW, Nelson A, Thesier DM, Su LT, Low DW, Bridges CR, Shrager JB, Minugh-Purvis N, Mitchell MA (March 2004). "Myosin gene mutation correlates with anatomical changes in the human lineage". Nature. 428 (6981): 415–8. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..415S. doi:10.1038/nature02358. PMID 15042088. S2CID 4304466.
↑ Pereira TV, Salzano FM, Mostowska A, Trzeciak WH, Ruiz-Linares A, Chies JA, Saavedra C, Nagamachi C, Hurtado AM, Hill K, Castro-de-Guerra D, Silva-Júnior WA, Bortolini MC (April 2006). "Natural selection and molecular evolution in primate PAX9 gene, a major determinant of tooth development". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (15): 5676–81. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.5676P. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0509562103 . PMC 1458632 . PMID 16585527.
1 2 Perry GH, Verrelli BC, Stone AC (March 2005). "Comparative analyses reveal a complex history of molecular evolution for human MYH16". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (3): 379–82. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msi004 . PMID 15470226. S2CID 44618003.
↑ Zhu J, Sanborn JZ, Diekhans M, Lowe CB, Pringle TH, Haussler D (December 2007). "Comparative genomics search for losses of long-established genes on the human lineage". PLOS Comput. Biol. 3 (12): e247. Bibcode:2007PLSCB...3..247Z. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030247 . PMC 2134963 . PMID 18085818.

External links

Story from Science Scoop
Hopkin M (25 March 2004). "Jaw-dropping theory of human evolution". Nature News. doi:10.1038/news040322-9.
"Symbol Report: MYH16". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC).

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[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000002079 – Ensembl, May 2017

[2] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[carroll-3] 1 2 3 4 Carroll, Sean B. (2005). Endless forms most beautiful: the new science of evo-devo and the making of the animal kingdom. New York: Norton. pp. 272–274. ISBN 0-393-32779-5.

[stedman-4] 1 2 3 Stedman HH, Kozyak BW, Nelson A, Thesier DM, Su LT, Low DW, Bridges CR, Shrager JB, Minugh-Purvis N, Mitchell MA (March 2004). "Myosin gene mutation correlates with anatomical changes in the human lineage". Nature. 428 (6981): 415–8. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..415S. doi:10.1038/nature02358. PMID 15042088. S2CID 4304466.

[pmid16585527-5] Pereira TV, Salzano FM, Mostowska A, Trzeciak WH, Ruiz-Linares A, Chies JA, Saavedra C, Nagamachi C, Hurtado AM, Hill K, Castro-de-Guerra D, Silva-Júnior WA, Bortolini MC (April 2006). "Natural selection and molecular evolution in primate PAX9 gene, a major determinant of tooth development". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (15): 5676–81. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.5676P. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0509562103 . PMC 1458632 . PMID 16585527.

[perry-6] 1 2 Perry GH, Verrelli BC, Stone AC (March 2005). "Comparative analyses reveal a complex history of molecular evolution for human MYH16". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (3): 379–82. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msi004 . PMID 15470226. S2CID 44618003.

[pmid18085818-7] Zhu J, Sanborn JZ, Diekhans M, Lowe CB, Pringle TH, Haussler D (December 2007). "Comparative genomics search for losses of long-established genes on the human lineage". PLOS Comput. Biol. 3 (12): e247. Bibcode:2007PLSCB...3..247Z. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030247 . PMC 2134963 . PMID 18085818.

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