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Keratin is one of a family of structural fibrous proteins also known as scleroproteins. Alpha-keratin (α-keratin) is a type of keratin found in vertebrates. It is the key structural material making up scales, hair, nails, feathers, horns, claws, hooves, and the outer layer of skin among vertebrates. Keratin also protects epithelial cells from damage or stress. Keratin is extremely insoluble in water and organic solvents. Keratin monomers assemble into bundles to form intermediate filaments, which are tough and form strong unmineralized epidermal appendages found in reptiles, birds, amphibians, and mammals. Excessive keratinization participate in fortification of certain tissues such as in horns of cattle and rhinos, and armadillos' osteoderm. The only other biological matter known to approximate the toughness of keratinized tissue is chitin. Keratin comes in two types, the primitive, softer forms found in all vertebrates and harder, derived forms found only among sauropsids.
Keratin 6A is one of the 27 different type II keratins expressed in humans. Keratin 6A was the first type II keratin sequence determined. Analysis of the sequence of this keratin together with that of the first type I keratin led to the discovery of the four helical domains in the central rod of keratins. In humans Keratin 6A is encoded by the KRT6A gene.
Keratin 3 also known as cytokeratin 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT3 gene. Keratin 3 is a type II cytokeratin. It is specifically found in the corneal epithelium together with keratin 12.
Type II keratins constitutes the Type II intermediate filaments (IFs) of the intracytoplasmatic cytoskeleton, which is present in all mammalian epithelial cells. The type 2 cytokeratins consist of basic or neutral, high molecular weight proteins which in vivo are arranged in pairs of heterotypic Type I and Type II keratin chains, coexpressed during differentiation of simple and stratified epithelial tissues. It has been seen that Type II Keratins are developed before Type 1 keratins during human embryonic development.
Keratin 14 is a member of the type I keratin family of intermediate filament proteins. Keratin 14 was the first type I keratin sequence determined. Keratin 14 is also known as cytokeratin-14 (CK-14) or keratin-14 (KRT14). In humans it is encoded by the KRT14 gene.
Keratin 13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT13 gene.
Keratin 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT12 gene.
Keratin 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT9 gene.
Keratin 18 is a type I cytokeratin. It is, together with its filament partner keratin 8, perhaps the most commonly found products of the intermediate filament gene family. They are expressed in single layer epithelial tissues of the body. Mutations in this gene have been linked to cryptogenic cirrhosis. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
Keratin 6C, is a type II cytokeratin, one of a number of isoforms of keratin 6 encoded by separate genes located within the type II keratin gene cluster on human chromosome 12q. This gene was uncovered recently by the Human Genome Project and its expression patterns in humans remains unknown.
Keratin, type II cuticular Hb6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT86 gene.
Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 78 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT78 gene.
Keratin, type I cuticular Ha3-II is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT33B gene.
Keratin, type I cuticular Ha2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT32 gene.
Keratin, type I cuticular Ha3-I is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT33A gene.
Keratin, type I cuticular Ha4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT34 gene.
Keratin, type II cuticular Hb5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT85 gene.
Keratin 83, also known as KRT83, is a protein which humans is encoded by the KRT83 gene.
KRT73 is a keratin gene. It is responsible for hair formation, along with other genes, and it encodes a protein present in the inner root sheath of hair follicles.
KRT71 is a keratin gene. Keratins are intermediate filament proteins responsible for the structural integrity of epithelial cells and are subdivided into epithelial keratins and hair keratins. This gene encodes a protein that is expressed in the inner root sheath of hair follicles. The type II keratins are clustered in a region of chromosome 12q13.
References
- ↑ "KRT25 keratin [Homo sapiens (human)]". NCBI. 14 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ↑ "Gene Symbol Report". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
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