SPTAN1

SPTAN1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 2FOT, 3F31, 3FB2
Identifiers
Aliases	SPTAN1 , EIEE5, NEAS, SPTA2, spectrin alpha, non-erythrocytic 1, DEE5
External IDs	OMIM: 182810 MGI: 98386 HomoloGene: 2353 GeneCards: SPTAN1
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 9 (human) [1] Band 9q34.11 Start 128,552,558 bp [1] End 128,633,662 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 2 (mouse) [2] Band 2 B|2 20.93 cM Start 29,855,572 bp [2] End 29,921,463 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in Brodmann area 9 amygdala right uterine tube nucleus accumbens prefrontal cortex Brodmann area 10 cingulate gyrus tibial nerve inferior olivary nucleus putamen Top expressed in facial motor nucleus ciliary body cerebellar cortex iris anterior horn of spinal cord barrel cortex external carotid artery internal carotid artery substantia nigra cerebellar vermis More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function calcium ion binding metal ion binding calmodulin binding structural constituent of cytoskeleton protein binding actin binding cadherin binding Cellular component cytoplasm extracellular vesicle cytosol spectrin membrane intracellular membrane-bounded organelle microtubule cytoskeleton cell cortex extracellular exosome cytoskeleton extracellular region specific granule lumen tertiary granule lumen Biological process MAPK cascade axon guidance endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport actin filament capping cytoskeleton organization neutrophil degranulation regulation of molecular function Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 6709 20740 Ensembl ENSG00000197694 ENSMUSG00000057738 UniProt Q13813 P16546 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001130438 NM_001195532 NM_003127 NM_001363759 NM_001363765 NM_001375310 NM_001375311 NM_001375312 NM_001375313 NM_001375314 NM_001375318 NM_001076554 NM_001177667 NM_001177668 NM_001309460 NM_001369325 RefSeq (protein) NP_001123910 NP_001182461 NP_003118 NP_001350688 NP_001350694 NP_001362239 NP_001362240 NP_001362241 NP_001362242 NP_001362243 NP_001362247 NP_001171138 NP_001171139 NP_001296389 NP_001356254 Location (UCSC) Chr 9: 128.55 – 128.63 Mb Chr 2: 29.86 – 29.92 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Alpha II-spectrin, also known as Spectrin alpha chain, brain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPTAN1 gene. ^{[5] [6] [7]} Alpha II-spectrin is expressed in a variety of tissues, and is highly expressed in cardiac muscle at Z-disc structures, costameres and at the sarcolemma membrane. Mutations in alpha II-spectrin have been associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-5, and alpha II-spectrin may be a valuable biomarker for Guillain–Barré syndrome and infantile congenital heart disease.

Structure

Alternate splicing of alpha II-spectrin has been documented and results in multiple transcript variants; specifically, cardiomyocytes have four identified alpha II-spectrin splice variants. ^{[8] [9]} As opposed to alpha I-spectrin that is principally found in erythrocytes, ^[10] alpha II-spectrin is expressed in most tissues. In cardiac tissue, alpha II-spectrin is found in myocytes at Z-discs, costameres, and the sarcolemma membrane, ^{[11] [12] [13]} and in cardiac fibroblasts along the surface of the cytoskeletal network. ^[14] Alpha II-spectrin most commonly exists in a heterodimer with alpha II and beta II spectrin subunits; and dimers typically self-associate and heterotetramerize. ^{[5] [15] [16]}

Function

The spectrins are a family of widely distributed cytoskeletal proteins which are involved in actin crosslinking, cell adhesion, intercellular communication and cell cycle regulation. ^{[17] [18] [19]} Though a role in cardiac muscle is not well understood, it is likely that alpha II-spectrin is involved in organizing sub-sarcolemmal domains and stabilizing sarcolemmal membranes against the stresses associated with continuous cardiac contraction. ^[16] Functional diversity of alpha II-spectrin is manifest through its four splice variants. First, a cardiac-specific, 21 amino acid sequence insert in the 21st spectrin repeat, termed alpha II-cardi+, was identified as an insert that modulates affinity of alpha II-spectrin for binding beta-spectrins and regulates myocyte growth and differentiation. ^[8] Secondly, another insert of 20 amino acids in the 10th spectrin repeat, termed SH3i+, contains protein kinase A and protein kinase C phosphorylation sites and modulates Ca2+-dependent cleavage of spectrin and protein-protein interaction properties. ^[20] Thirdly, an insert of five amino acids in the fifteenth spectrin motif bears a highly antigenic epitope resembling an ankyrin-like p53 binding protein binding site. ^{[8] [21]} Fourthly, a six amino acid insert in the twenty-first spectrin motif with unknown function has been reported. ^{[11] [22]}

Alpha II-spectrin gene expression has been shown to be upregulated in cardiac fibroblasts in response to Angiotensin II-induced cardiac remodeling. ^[23]

In animal models of disease and injury, alpha II-spectrin has been implicated in diverse functions. In a canine model of hypothermic circulatory arrest, alpha II-spectrin breakdown products have shown to be relevant markers of neurologic injury post-cardiac surgery. ^[24]

Clinical significance

Mutations in SPTAN1 are the cause of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-5. ^[25]

Alpha II-spectrin has shown promising utility as a biomarker for brain necrosis and apoptosis in infants with congenital heart disease; breakdown products of alpha II-spectrin have been detected in the serum of neonates in the perioperative period and following open-heart surgery. ^[26] Elevated protein expression of alpha II-spectrin has been detected in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome. ^[27]

Interactions

SPTAN1 has been shown to interact with:

• Abl gene, ^[28]
• FANCA, ^{[29] [30] [31]}
• Fanconi anemia, complementation group C, ^{[29] [30]}
• GRIA2, ^[32]
• Plectin, ^{[33] [34]}
• SHANK1, ^[35] and
• Vimentin. ^[33]

See also

• Sjögren's syndrome

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000197694 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000057738 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Leto TL, Fortugno-Erikson D, Barton D, Yang-Feng TL, Francke U, Harris AS, Morrow JS, Marchesi VT, Benz EJ (February 1988). "Comparison of nonerythroid alpha-spectrin genes reveals strict homology among diverse species". Mol Cell Biol. 8 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1128/MCB.8.1.1. PMC   363070 . PMID   3336352.
6. Leto, T. L.; Fortugno-Erikson, D.; Barton, D.; Yang-Feng, T. L.; Francke, U.; Harris, A. S.; Morrow, J. S.; Marchesi, V. T.; Benz, E. J. (1988). "Entrez Gene: SPTAN1 spectrin, alpha, non-erythrocytic 1 (alpha-fodrin)". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 8 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1128/MCB.8.1.1. PMC   363070 . PMID   3336352.
7. McMahon AP, Giebelhaus DH, Champion JE, Bailes JA, Lacey S, Carritt B, Henchman SK, Moon RT (1987). "cDNA cloning, sequencing and chromosome mapping of a non-erythroid spectrin, human alpha-fodrin". Differentiation. 34 (1): 68–78. doi:10.1111/j.1432-0436.1987.tb00052.x. PMID   3038643.
8. Zhang Y, Resneck WG, Lee PC, Randall WR, Bloch RJ, Ursitti JA (Jun 2010). "Characterization and expression of a heart-selective alternatively spliced variant of alpha II-spectrin, cardi+, during development in the rat". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 48 (6): 1050–9. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.01.001. PMC   3537504 . PMID   20114050.
9. Cianci CD, Zhang Z, Pradhan D, Morrow JS (Nov 1999). "Brain and muscle express a unique alternative transcript of alphaII spectrin". Biochemistry. 38 (48): 15721–30. doi:10.1021/bi991458k. PMID   10625438.
10. Ursitti JA, Kotula L, DeSilva TM, Curtis PJ, Speicher DW (Mar 1996). "Mapping the human erythrocyte beta-spectrin dimer initiation site using recombinant peptides and correlation of its phasing with the alpha-actinin dimer site". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (12): 6636–44. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.12.6636 . PMID   8636080.
11. Du A, Sanger JM, Sanger JW (Jun 2008). "Cardiac myofibrillogenesis inside intact embryonic hearts". Developmental Biology. 318 (2): 236–46. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.03.011. PMC   2496890 . PMID   18455713.
12. Bennett PM, Maggs AM, Baines AJ, Pinder JC (Apr 2006). "The transitional junction: a new functional subcellular domain at the intercalated disc". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 17 (4): 2091–100. doi:10.1091/mbc.E05-12-1109. PMC   1415289 . PMID   16481394.
13. Bennett PM, Baines AJ, Lecomte MC, Maggs AM, Pinder JC (2004). "Not just a plasma membrane protein: in cardiac muscle cells alpha-II spectrin also shows a close association with myofibrils". Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility. 25 (2): 119–26. doi:10.1023/b:jure.0000035892.77399.51. PMID   15360127. S2CID   10297147.
14. Sormunen R (Sep 1993). "Alpha-spectrin in detergent-extracted whole-mount cytoskeletons of chicken embryo heart fibroblasts". The Histochemical Journal. 25 (9): 678–86. doi:10.1007/bf00157882. PMID   8226104. S2CID   34132236.
15. Bignone PA, Baines AJ (Sep 2003). "Spectrin alpha II and beta II isoforms interact with high affinity at the tetramerization site". The Biochemical Journal. 374 (Pt 3): 613–24. doi:10.1042/BJ20030507. PMC   1223645 . PMID   12820899.
16. Baines AJ, Pinder JC (1 September 2005). "The spectrin-associated cytoskeleton in mammalian heart". Frontiers in Bioscience. 10 (1–3): 3020–33. doi: 10.2741/1759 . PMID   15970557.
17. Ursitti JA, Petrich BG, Lee PC, Resneck WG, Ye X, Yang J, Randall WR, Bloch RJ, Wang Y (Mar 2007). "Role of an alternatively spliced form of alphaII-spectrin in localization of connexin 43 in cardiomyocytes and regulation by stress-activated protein kinase". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 42 (3): 572–81. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.11.018. PMC   1983066 . PMID   17276456.
18. Metral S, Machnicka B, Bigot S, Colin Y, Dhermy D, Lecomte MC (Jan 2009). "AlphaII-spectrin is critical for cell adhesion and cell cycle" (PDF). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (4): 2409–18. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M801324200 . PMID   18978357. S2CID   18821519.
19. Sridharan DM, McMahon LW, Lambert MW (Nov 2006). "alphaII-Spectrin interacts with five groups of functionally important proteins in the nucleus". Cell Biology International. 30 (11): 866–78. doi:10.1016/j.cellbi.2006.06.005. PMID   16889989. S2CID   28863657.
20. Nedrelow JH, Cianci CD, Morrow JS (Feb 2003). "c-Src binds alpha II spectrin's Src homology 3 (SH3) domain and blocks calpain susceptibility by phosphorylating Tyr1176". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (9): 7735–41. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M210988200 . PMID   12446661.
21. Kennedy SP, Warren SL, Forget BG, Morrow JS (Oct 1991). "Ankyrin binds to the 15th repetitive unit of erythroid and nonerythroid beta-spectrin". The Journal of Cell Biology. 115 (1): 267–77. doi:10.1083/jcb.115.1.267. PMC   2289929 . PMID   1833409.
22. Moorthy S, Chen L, Bennett V (May 2000). "Caenorhabditis elegans beta-G spectrin is dispensable for establishment of epithelial polarity, but essential for muscular and neuronal function". The Journal of Cell Biology. 149 (4): 915–30. doi:10.1083/jcb.149.4.915. PMC   2174577 . PMID   10811831.
23. Wang XF, Gao GD, Liu J, Guo R, Lin YX, Chu YL, Han FC, Zhang WH, Bai YJ (2006). "Identification of differentially expressed genes induced by angiotensin II in rat cardiac fibroblasts". Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 33 (1–2): 41–6. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04321.x. PMID   16445697. S2CID   21008341.
24. Weiss ES, Wang KK, Allen JG, Blue ME, Nwakanma LU, Liu MC, Lange MS, Berrong J, Wilson MA, Gott VL, Troncoso JC, Hayes RL, Johnston MV, Baumgartner WA (Aug 2009). "Alpha II-spectrin breakdown products serve as novel markers of brain injury severity in a canine model of hypothermic circulatory arrest". The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 88 (2): 543–50. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.04.016. PMC   3412404 . PMID   19632410.
25. Writzl K, Primec ZR, Stražišar BG, Osredkar D, Pečarič-Meglič N, Kranjc BS, Nishiyama K, Matsumoto N, Saitsu H (Jun 2012). "Early onset West syndrome with severe hypomyelination and coloboma-like optic discs in a girl with SPTAN1 mutation". Epilepsia. 53 (6): e106–10. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03437.x. PMID   22429196. S2CID   20216273.
26. Jain P, Spaeder MC, Donofrio MT, Sinha P, Jonas RA, Levy RJ (Mar 2014). "Detection of alpha II-spectrin breakdown products in the serum of neonates with congenital heart disease*". Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 15 (3): 229–35. doi:10.1097/PCC.0000000000000059. PMC   4059536 . PMID   24395002.
27. Lehmensiek V, Süssmuth SD, Brettschneider J, Tauscher G, Felk S, Gillardon F, Tumani H (Apr 2007). "Proteome analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS)". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 185 (1–2): 190–4. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.01.022. PMID   17367871. S2CID   28987593.
28. Ziemnicka-Kotula D, Xu J, Gu H, Potempska A, Kim KS, Jenkins EC, Trenkner E, Kotula L (May 1998). "Identification of a candidate human spectrin Src homology 3 domain-binding protein suggests a general mechanism of association of tyrosine kinases with the spectrin-based membrane skeleton". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (22): 13681–92. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.22.13681 . PMID   9593709.
29. McMahon LW, Sangerman J, Goodman SR, Kumaresan K, Lambert MW (June 2001). "Human alpha spectrin II and the FANCA, FANCC, and FANCG proteins bind to DNA containing psoralen interstrand cross-links". Biochemistry. 40 (24): 7025–34. doi:10.1021/bi002917g. PMID   11401546.
30. McMahon LW, Walsh CE, Lambert MW (November 1999). "Human alpha spectrin II and the Fanconi anemia proteins FANCA and FANCC interact to form a nuclear complex". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (46): 32904–8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.46.32904 . PMID   10551855.
31. Sridharan D, Brown M, Lambert WC, McMahon LW, Lambert MW (March 2003). "Nonerythroid alphaII spectrin is required for recruitment of FANCA and XPF to nuclear foci induced by DNA interstrand cross-links". J. Cell Sci. 116 (Pt 5): 823–35. doi: 10.1242/jcs.00294 . PMID   12571280.
32. Hirai H, Matsuda S (September 1999). "Interaction of the C-terminal domain of delta glutamate receptor with spectrin in the dendritic spines of cultured Purkinje cells". Neurosci. Res. 34 (4): 281–7. doi:10.1016/s0168-0102(99)00061-9. PMID   10576550. S2CID   45794233.
33. Brown MJ, Hallam JA, Liu Y, Yamada KM, Shaw S (July 2001). "Cutting edge: integration of human T lymphocyte cytoskeleton by the cytolinker plectin". J. Immunol. 167 (2): 641–5. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.2.641 . PMID   11441066.
34. Herrmann H, Wiche G (January 1987). "Plectin and IFAP-300K are homologous proteins binding to microtubule-associated proteins 1 and 2 and to the 240-kilodalton subunit of spectrin". J. Biol. Chem. 262 (3): 1320–5. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)75789-5 . PMID   3027087.
35. Böckers TM, Mameza MG, Kreutz MR, Bockmann J, Weise C, Buck F, Richter D, Gundelfinger ED, Kreienkamp HJ (October 2001). "Synaptic scaffolding proteins in rat brain. Ankyrin repeats of the multidomain Shank protein family interact with the cytoskeletal protein alpha-fodrin". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (43): 40104–12. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M102454200 . PMID   11509555.

Further reading

• Chow CW (1999). "Regulation and intracellular localization of the epithelial isoforms of the Na+/H+ exchangers NHE2 and NHE3". Clinical and Investigative Medicine. 22 (5): 195–206. PMID   10579058.
• Hayashi Y, Arakaki R, Ishimaru N (2003). "The role of caspase cascade on the development of primary Sjögren's syndrome". J. Med. Invest. 50 (1–2): 32–8. PMID   12630566.
• Bennett V (1979). "Immunoreactive forms of human erythrocyte ankyrin are present in diverse cells and tissues". Nature. 281 (5732): 597–9. Bibcode:1979Natur.281..597B. doi:10.1038/281597a0. PMID   492324. S2CID   263106.
• Frappier T, Stetzkowski-Marden F, Pradel LA (1991). "Interaction domains of neurofilament light chain and brain spectrin". Biochem. J. 275. ( Pt 2) (2): 521–7. doi:10.1042/bj2750521. PMC   1150082 . PMID   1902666.
• Bennett AF, Hayes NV, Baines AJ (1991). "Site specificity in the interactions of synapsin 1 with tubulin". Biochem. J. 276. ( Pt 3) (3): 793–9. doi:10.1042/bj2760793. PMC   1151074 . PMID   1905928.
• Davis LH, Bennett V (1990). "Mapping the binding sites of human erythrocyte ankyrin for the anion exchanger and spectrin". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (18): 10589–96. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)86987-3 . PMID   2141335.
• Moon RT, McMahon AP (1990). "Generation of diversity in nonerythroid spectrins. Multiple polypeptides are predicted by sequence analysis of cDNAs encompassing the coding region of human nonerythroid alpha-spectrin". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (8): 4427–33. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)39582-1 . PMID   2307671.
• Langley RC, Cohen CM (1986). "Association of spectrin with desmin intermediate filaments". J. Cell. Biochem. 30 (2): 101–9. doi:10.1002/jcb.240300202. PMID   2939097. S2CID   25080821.
• Cianci CD, Giorgi M, Morrow JS (1988). "Phosphorylation of ankyrin down-regulates its cooperative interaction with spectrin and protein 3". J. Cell. Biochem. 37 (3): 301–15. doi:10.1002/jcb.240370305. PMID   2970468. S2CID   42349239.
• Steiner JP, Bennett V (1988). "Ankyrin-independent membrane protein-binding sites for brain and erythrocyte spectrin". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (28): 14417–25. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)68236-5 . PMID   2971657.
• Herrmann H, Wiche G (1987). "Plectin and IFAP-300K are homologous proteins binding to microtubule-associated proteins 1 and 2 and to the 240-kilodalton subunit of spectrin". J. Biol. Chem. 262 (3): 1320–5. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)75789-5 . PMID   3027087.
• McMahon AP, Giebelhaus DH, Champion JE, Bailes JA, Lacey S, Carritt B, Henchman SK, Moon RT (1987). "cDNA cloning, sequencing and chromosome mapping of a non-erythroid spectrin, human alpha-fodrin". Differentiation. 34 (1): 68–78. doi:10.1111/j.1432-0436.1987.tb00052.x. PMID   3038643.
• Frappier T, Regnouf F, Pradel LA (1988). "Binding of brain spectrin to the 70-kDa neurofilament subunit protein". Eur. J. Biochem. 169 (3): 651–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13657.x . PMID   3121319.
• McMahon AP, Moon RT (1988). "Structure and evolution of a non-erythroid spectrin, human alpha-fodrin". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 15 (5): 804–7. doi:10.1042/bst0150804. PMID   3691949.
• Lundberg S, Björk J, Löfvenberg L, Backman L (1995). "Cloning, expression and characterization of two putative calcium-binding sites in human non-erythroid alpha-spectrin". Eur. J. Biochem. 230 (2): 658–65. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.0658h.x . PMID   7607240.
• Hughes CA, Bennett V (1995). "Adducin: a physical model with implications for function in assembly of spectrin-actin complexes". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (32): 18990–6. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.32.18990 . PMID   7642559.
• Gregorio CC, Repasky EA, Fowler VM, Black JD (1994). "Dynamic properties of ankyrin in T lymphocytes: colocalization with spectrin and protein kinase C beta". J. Cell Biol. 125 (2): 345–58. doi:10.1083/jcb.125.2.345. PMC   2120020 . PMID   8163551.
• Li X, Bennett V (1996). "Identification of the spectrin subunit and domains required for formation of spectrin/adducin/actin complexes". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (26): 15695–702. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.26.15695 . PMID   8663089.
• Stabach PR, Cianci CD, Glantz SB, Zhang Z, Morrow JS (1997). "Site-directed mutagenesis of alpha II spectrin at codon 1175 modulates its mu-calpain susceptibility". Biochemistry. 36 (1): 57–65. doi:10.1021/bi962034i. PMID   8993318.