List of wars of independence

This is a list of wars of independence , including armed conflicts fought for independence of a nation. These wars may or may not have been successful in achieving a goal of independence.

List

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources.

  Independence failed

  Independence succeeded

  De facto independence with limited recognition

  Autonomy granted

  Stalemate

  Ongoing conflict

Ancient

Dates	Name	Independent state	Anti-independence state	Result
722–710 BC	Rebellion of Merodach-Baladan II	Babylonia	Assyria	Restoration of Babylonian independence in 722 BC; reconquest by Assyria in 710 BC
701 BC	Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant	Phoenicia, Philistia, Judah	Assyria	Defeat of rebel states in the Levant
626–620 BC	Rebellion of Nabopolassar	Babylonia	Assyria	Creation of the Neo-Babylonian Empire; beginning of the Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire
601–586 BC	Judah's revolts against Babylon	Judah	Babylonia	Fall of Judah; Babylonian captivity
522–520 BC	Rebellion of Petubastis III	Egypt	Persia	Rebellion suppressed; consolidation of Persian rule in Egypt
499–493 BC	Ionian Revolt	Ionia, Aeolis, Doris, Caria, Cyprus	Persia	Defeat of Greek insurgents; beginning of the first Persian invasion of Greece
484 BC	Babylonian revolts	Babylonia	Persia	Revolts suppressed
460–454 BC	Rebellion of Inaros II	Egypt	Persia	Rebellion suppressed
411–400 BC	Rebellion of Amyrtaeus	Egypt	Persia	Restoration of Egyptian independence from Persia
335 BC	Battle of Thebes	Thebes	Macedonia	Destruction of Thebes
323–322 BC	Lamian War	Hellenic League Athens Phocis Aetolia Thessaly	Macedonia	Defeat of rebel Greek states
209–207 BC	Late Qin peasant rebellions [zh]	Chu, Zhao, Yan, Wei, Qi, Hann	Qin China	Fall of the Qin dynasty; establishment of the Eighteen Kingdoms; beginning of the Chu–Han War
206–186 BC	Great Theban Revolt	Upper Egypt	Ptolemaic Empire	Revolt suppressed
167–141 BC	Maccabean Revolt	Judea	Seleucid Empire	Independence of Judea from the Seleucid Empire; creation of the Jewish theocratic Hasmonean dynasty
155–139 BC	Lusitanian Wars	Lusitanian tribes	Roman Republic	Revolts suppressed; Roman annexation of Lusitania
111 BC	Han conquest of Nanyue [note 1]	Nanyue	Han China	Nanyue defeated and annexed by China
111 BC	Han conquest of Minyue [note 2]	Minyue	Han China	Minyue defeated and annexed by China
54–50 BC	Gaul revolts from Gallic Wars	Gaulish tribes	Roman Republic	Revolts suppressed; Roman annexation of Gaul
37 BC	Herod's siege of Jerusalem [note 3]	Judea	Roman Republic	End of the Hasmonean dynasty; beginning of the Herodian dynasty
6–9 AD	Great Illyrian Revolt	Illyrian tribes	Roman Empire	Revolt suppressed
9	Battle of the Teutoburg Forest	Germanic tribes	Roman Empire	Liberation of Germania from Roman rule
15–24	Rebellion of Tacfarinas	Musulamii, Mauri, Garamantes, Gaetuli	Roman Empire	Rebellion suppressed; consolidation of Roman rule in Africa
40–43	Trung sisters' rebellion	Vietnamese tribes	Han China	Rebellion suppressed
60–61	Boudican revolt	Brittonic tribes	Roman Empire	Revolt suppressed
66–135	Jewish–Roman wars	Judea	Roman Empire	Revolts suppressed; Jewish diaspora
192	Rebellion of Khu Liên	Lâm Ấp	Han China	Independence of the Champa kingdom from China
248	Rebellion of Lady Triệu	Vietnam	Eastern Wu	Rebellion suppressed
260–274	Postumus revolt	Gallic Empire	Roman Empire	Disestablishment of the Gallic Empire; reestablishment of Roman imperial rule in Gaul, Hispania, and Britain
270–273	Zenobia's revolt	Palmyrene Empire	Roman Empire	Disestablishment of the Palmyrene Empire; reestablishment of Roman imperial rule in Egypt, Palestine, Phoenicia, Syria, and Anatolia
286–296	Carausian revolt	Britannic Empire	Roman Empire	Disestablishment of the Britannic Empire; reestablishment of Roman imperial rule in Britain and northern Gaul
351–352	Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus	Judea	Roman Empire	Revolt suppressed
372–375	Rebellion of Firmus	Numidians	Roman Empire	Rebellion suppressed

Medieval

Dates	Name	Independent state	Anti-independence state	Result
484–573	Samaritan revolts	Samaria	Byzantine Empire	Revolts suppressed
541–543	Rebellion of Lý Bí	Vietnam	Liang China	Independence of Vietnam from Chinese rule
650–661	Persian revolts against the Rashidun Caliphate	Sasanian Iran	Rashidun Caliphate	Revolts suppressed by the Umayyad Caliphate
660–663	Baekje revival movement	Baekje Korea	Tang China Silla Korea	Movement defeated; Baekje initially annexed by China, subsequently ransferred to Silla after the Silla-Tang War
679–687	Göktürk revival movement	Second Turkic Khaganate	Tang China	Restoration of Göktürk independence from China
698	Battle of Tianmenling	Balhae	Zhou China	Independence of Balhae from China
709–743	Revolts against Arab rule in Central Asia	Tokharistan, Sogdia	Umayyad Caliphate	Revolts suppressed; consolidation of Muslim rule in Central Asia
720–832	Bashmurian revolts	Bashmur	Umayyad Caliphate (720–750) Abbasid Caliphate (750–832)	Defeat of Egyptian Coptic insurgents
722	Battle of Covadonga	Asturias	Umayyad Caliphate	Asturias retains independence; beginning of the Reconquista
722–723	Rebellion of Mai Thúc Loan	Vietnam	Tang China	Rebellion suppressed
740–743	Berber Revolt	Barghawata, Tlemcen, Sijilmasa	Umayyad Caliphate	Independence of Berber states in western Maghreb from the Umayyad Caliphate
750–754	Tianbao War	Nanzhao	Tang China	Liberation of Nanzhao from Chinese suzerainty
782–804	Saxon revolts from Saxon Wars	Saxony	Carolingian Empire	Revolts suppressed; Frankish annexation of Saxony
782–793	Frisian revolts against Frankish rule	Frisia	Carolingian Empire	Revolts suppressed
791–803	Rebellion of Phùng Hưng	Vietnam	Tang China	Rebellion suppressed
794	Battle of Shenchuan	Nanzhao	Tibet	Liberation of Nanzhao from Tibetan suzerainty
816–837	Babak's revolt	Khurramites	Abbasid Caliphate	Defeat of Persian insurgents
824	Second Battle of Roncevaux Pass	Pamplona	Carolingian Empire	Creation of the Basque-speaking Kingdom of Pamplona
841–847	Yu'firid conquest of Yemen	Yu'firids	Abbasid Caliphate	Independence of Yemen from the Abbasid Caliphate
864–869	Rebellion of Hasan ibn Zayd	Alavids	Abbasid Caliphate	Independence of Tabaristan from the Abbasid Caliphate
928–999	Balhae resistance to Khitan rule	Later Balhae (928–938) Chŏngan (938–999)	Liao	Partial restoration of Balhae territory in 928; reconquest by Liao in 991
938	Battle of Bạch Đằng	Vietnam	Southern Han	Independence of Vietnam from Chinese rule
974	Rebellion of Harald Bluetooth	Denmark	Holy Roman Empire	Rebellion suppressed
983	Slavic revolt of 983	Lutici	Holy Roman Empire	Liberation of Polabian Slavs from German rule
1011–1013	Jarrahid revolt	Jarrahids	Fatimid Caliphate	Revolt suppressed; reestablishment of Fatimid rule in Palestine
1024–1029	Bedouin revolt	Jarrahids, Mirdasids, Kalbs	Fatimid Caliphate	Revolt suppressed; reestablishment of Fatimid rule in Palestine, Damascus and Homs
1029–1030	Rebellion of Tae Yŏllim	Heungyo	Liao	Defeat of Balhae insurgents
1029–1070	Sinhalese resistance to Chola rule	Polonnaruwa	Chola Empire	Restoration of Sri Lankan independence from the Chola Empire
1030	Battle of Stiklestad	Norway	North Sea Empire	Defeat of Norwegian insurgents
1038–1047	Miecław's Rebellion	Miecław's State	Poland	Defeat of Miecław; reintegration of Mazovia into Poland
1042–1054	Nong Zhigao rebellions	Nantian	Vietnam, Song China	Defeat of Nùng insurgents
1067–1075	Anglo-Saxon resistance to Norman rule	England	Normandy	Revolts suppressed
1128	Battle of São Mamede	Portugal	León	Independence of Portugal from León
1147–1150	Cham resistance to Khmer occupation	Champa	Cambodia	Restoration of Cham independence from Cambodian occupation
1177–1181	Khmer resistance to Cham occupation	Cambodia	Champa	Restoration of Cambodian independence from Cham occupation
1185–1188	Uprising of Asen and Peter	Bulgaria	Byzantine Empire	Restoration of Bulgarian independence from the Byzantine Empire
1191–1203	Cham resistance to Khmer invasions [note 4]	Champa	Cambodia	Champa recognized by Vietnam in 1199; annexed by Cambodia in 1203
1221–1231	Khwarazmian revival movement	Khwarazm	Mongol Empire	Movement defeated
1238	Siamese revolt against Khmer rule	Thailand	Cambodia	Independence of Thailand from Cambodia
1270–1273	Sambyeolcho Rebellion	Sambyeolcho	Yuan Empire (Mongols)	Defeat of Korean insurgents; Korea under Mongol rule
1282	Sicilian Vespers	Sicily	Angevin-Neapolitan monarchy	Liberation of Sicilly from Angevin regime
1285–1287	Rebellion of Wareru	Martaban	Myanmar	Creation of the Mon-speaking Hanthawaddy kingdom
1296–1357	Scottish Wars of Independence	Scotland	England	Restoration of Scottish independence from English authority following the succession crisis
1300–1301	Second Mongol invasion of Myanmar [note 5]	Myinsaing	Yuan Empire (Mongols)	Myinsaing retains independence; Mongolian withdrawal from Upper Burma
1326	Rebellion of Jaya Ananda	Champa	Vietnam	Restoration of Cham independence from Vietnam
1327	Tver Uprising	Tver	Golden Horde (Mongols)	Defeat of Russian insurgents
1343–1345	Saint George's Night Uprising	Estonians	Denmark Teutonic Order	Uprising suppressed; transferral of Estonia from Denmark to the Teutonic Order
1346–1347	Rebellion of Ismail Mukh	Bahmani Sultanate	Delhi Sultanate	Creation of the Bahmani Sultanate; loss of Delhi's control over the Deccan
1351–1368	Red Turban Rebellions	Ming China	Yuan Empire (Mongols)	Creation of the Chinese Ming dynasty; Yuan retreat to the Mongolian Plateau
1353–1359	Ekdala Wars	Bengal	Delhi Sultanate	Independence of Bengal from Delhi
1400–1415	Glyndŵr rebellion	Wales	England	Rebellion suppressed
1418–1427	Lam Sơn uprising	Vietnam	Ming China	Restoration of Vietnamese independence from Chinese rule
1432–1479	Albanian–Ottoman Wars	Albanian League	Ottoman Empire	Independence of Albania in 1444; reconquest by the Ottoman Empire in 1479
1436–1449	Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns	Möng Mao	Ming China	Defeat of Dai insurgents
1468–1500	Kazakh War of Independence	Kazakh Khanate	Uzbek Khanate	Kazakh Khanate retains independence
1471	Battle of Shelon	Novgorod	Muscovy	Novgorod defeated and annexed by Muscovy
1480	Battle of the Ugra	Muscovy	Great Horde (Mongols)	End of the Tatar yoke in Russia
1499	Swabian War	Swiss Confederacy	Holy Roman Empire	De facto independence of Switzerland from the Holy Roman Empire

Early modern

Dates	Name	Independent state	Anti-independence state	Result
1500	Rebellion of Oyake Akahachi	Ishigaki	Ryukyu	Rebellion suppressed; Sakishima Islands annexed by Ryukyu
1515–1523	Frisian peasant rebellion	Frisia	Habsburg Netherlands	Rebellion suppressed
1521–1523	Swedish War of Liberation	Sweden	Kalmar Union	Restoration of Swedish independence from the Kalmar Union
1536–1572	Inca resistance to Spanish rule	Inca Empire	Spain	Neo-Inca conquered by Spain
1540–1542	Mixtón War	Caxcanes	Spain	Revolt suppressed
1548–1582	Bayano Wars	Panamanian Maroons	Spain	Revolts suppressed
1549	Battle of Danki	Cayor	Jolof	Disintegration of the Jolof Empire
1549–1552	Rebellion of Smim Htaw	Hanthawaddy	Myanmar	Defeat of Mon insurgents
1550–1600	Chichimeca War	Chichimeca	Spain	Spanish repression of the Chichimeca was replaced by peaceful assimilation
1552–1556	Kazan rebellion	Kazan	Russia	Rebellion suppressed
1568–1571	Morisco Revolt	Moriscos	Spain	Revolt suppressed
1568–1648	Eighty Years' War	Netherlands	Spain	Independence of the Netherlands from Spain
1573	Rebellion of Mohamed Thakurufaanu	Maldives	Portugal	Restoration of Maldivian independence from Portugal
1576–1612	Baro-Bhuyan resistance to Mughal rule	Bhati	Mughal Empire	Defeat of Baro-Bhuyan insurgents; Bengal totally under Mughal control
1584–1593	Nandric War	Thailand	Myanmar	Restoration of Thailand's independence from Myanmar
1586–1589	Kashmiri resistance to Mughal rule	Kashmir	Mughal Empire	Defeat of Kashmiri insurgents
1590–1600	Bozhou rebellion	Bozhou	Ming China	Defeat of Miao insurgents; liquidation of autonomy of Bozhou
1591	Lan Xang revival movement	Laos	Myanmar	Restoration of Laos' independence from Myanmar
1593–1603	Tyrone's Rebellion	Irish confederacy	England	Defeat of Irish clans; English annexation of Ireland
1594	Uprising in Banat	Serbia	Ottoman Empire	Uprising suppressed
1596–1597	Grdan's Uprising
1598	First Tarnovo Uprising	Bulgaria	Ottoman Empire	Uprising suppressed
1598–1604	Destruction of the Seven Cities	Mapuches	Spain	Elimination of Spanish settlements south of the Bio-Bio River
1601–1607	Acaxee Rebellion	Acaxees	Spain	Rebellion suppressed
1604–1606	Bocskai uprising	Hungary	Habsburg monarchy	Recognition of the independent Principality of Transylvania
1611–1612	Muscovite resistance to Polish occupation	Russia	Poland–Lithuania	Liberation of Russia from Polish occupation following the succession crisis
1616–1620	Tepehuán Revolt	Tepehuanes	Spain	Revolt suppressed
1618–1620	Bohemian Revolt	Bohemia	Habsburg monarchy	Revolt suppressed; abolishment of the elective monarchy of Bohemia in favour of the hereditary succession of Habsburg monarchs
1621–1629	She–An Rebellion	Mu'ege, Shuidong	Ming China	Defeat of Yi insurgents; liquidation of autonomy of Shuidong
1640–1659	Reapers' War	Catalan Republic	Spain	Partition of Catalonia between Spain and France
1640–1668	Portuguese Restoration War	Portugal	Spain	Restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain
1646	Battle of Passempe	Boné	Gowa Sultanate	Defeat of Buginese insurgents
1647–1648	Neapolitan Revolt of 1647	Neapolitan Republic	Spain	Revolt suppressed
1648–1657	Khmelnytsky Uprising	Cossack Hetmanate	Poland–Lithuania	Independence of Ukraine from Poland–Lithuania
1669–1672	Shakushain's revolt	Ainu	Edo Japan	Revolt suppressed; consolidation of Japanese rule in Hokkaido
1673–1681	Revolt of the Three Feudatories	Zhou	Qing Empire	Defeat of Han Chinese insurgents
1675–1678	King Philip's War	Wampanoags, Nipmucks, Narragansetts, Wabanakis	New England Confederation	Rebellion suppressed
1679–1707	Rathore rebellion	Marwar	Mughal Empire	Liberation of Marwar from Mughal suzerainty
1680–1695	Rebellion of Zumbi	Palmares	Portugal	Defeat of Afro-Brazilian insurgents
1680–1696	Pueblo Revolts	Puebloans	Spain	Liberation of New Mexico from Spanish rule in 1680; reconquest by Spain in 1692
1703–1711	Rákóczi's War of Independence	Hungary	Habsburg monarchy	Revolt suppressed
1709–1710	Rebellion of Pablo Presbere	Talamanca	Spain	Liberation of Talamanca from Spanish rule
1712–1713	Tzeltal Rebellion	Maya communities in Soconusco	Spain	Rebellion suppressed
1715–1717	Yamasee War	Yamasee	South Carolina	Revolt suppressed
1722–1730	Syunik rebellion	Armenia	Safavid Iran Ottoman Empire	Rebellion suppressed
1727	Rebellion of Thepsingh	Lanna	Myanmar	Restoration of Northern Thai independence from Myanmar
1728–1739	First Maroon War	Jamaican Maroons	Britain	Autonomy granted to Jamaican Maroons
1729–1731	Natchez revolt	Natchez	France	Revolt suppressed
1729–1769	Corsican War of Independence	Corsican Republic	Genoa (1729–1768) France (1768–1769)	De facto independence of Corsica from Genoa in 1755; annexed by France in 1769
1733	Slave insurrection on St. John	Saint John	Denmark–Norway	Insurrection suppressed
1740	Rebellion of Binnya Dala	Hanthawaddy	Myanmar	Restoration of Mon independence from Myanmar; beginning of the Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War
1742–1752	Juan Santos Rebellion	Native Peruvians	Spain	Liberation of Yungas from Spanish rule
1744–1829	Dagohoy rebellion	Bohol	Spain	Rebellion suppressed
1754–1762	Rebellion of Sukh Jiwan Mal	Kashmir	Durrani Afghanistan	Independence of Kashmir in 1754; reconquest by Afghanistan in 1762
1756–1757	Chingünjav rebellion	Outer Mongolia	Qing Empire	Defeat of Khalkha Mongolian insurgents
1756–1758	Amursana rebellion	Dzungar Khanate	Qing Empire	Defeat of Oirat Mongolian insurgents; Dzungar genocide
1757–1759	Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas	Altishahr Khojas	Qing Empire	Revolt suppressed; East Turkestan totally under Qing control
1760–1761	Tacky's Revolt	Jamaica	Britain	Revolt suppressed
1762–1765	Palaris revolt	Pangasinan	Spain	Revolt suppressed
1763–1766	Pontiac's War	Indigenous peoples in the Great Lakes region	Britain	Establishment of the Indian Reserve
1763–1764	Berbice Rebellion	Guyana	Netherlands	Rebellion suppressed
1767	Battle of Phosamton	Thailand	Myanmar	Liberation of Thailand from Burmese occupation
1769–1797	Carib Wars	Saint Vincent	Britain	Garifuna defeated and deported to Honduras
1770	Orlov revolt	Greece	Ottoman Empire	Revolt suppressed
1775–1783	American Revolutionary War	United States	Britain	Independence of the United States from Britain
1780–1783	Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II	Native Peruvians	Spain	Rebellion suppressed
1781	Rebellion of Túpac Katari	Native Bolivians	Spain	Rebellion suppressed
1785–1795	Northwest Indian War	United Indian Nations	United States	Defeat of the Native confederacy; U.S. annexation of the Old Northwest
1789–1790	Brabant Revolution	United Belgian States	Habsburg monarchy	Revolution suppressed
1791–1804	Haitian Revolution	Haiti	France	Independence of Haiti from France
1794	Kościuszko Uprising	Poland–Lithuania	Russia Prussia	Uprising suppressed; Third Partition of Poland; fall of Poland–Lithuania
1794–1796	British invasion of Corsica	Kingdom of Corsica	France	Corsica reconquered by France

Late modern

Dates	Name	Independent state	Anti-independence state	Result
1766–1834	Chuar Rebellion	Ghatshila, Dhalbhum, Midnapore, Bishnupur, Barabhum	British East India Company	Rebellion suppressed; consolidation of British rule in Jungle Terry
1798–1804	Irish Rebellion of 1798	Irish Republic	Britain	Rebellion suppressed; abolition of the Parliament of Ireland; establishment of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1799–1803	Rebellion of William Bowles	State of Muskogee	Spain	Rebellion suppressed
1802–1805	Russo-Tlingit War [ru]	Tlingits	Russian-American Company	Revolt suppressed
1803–1810	Rebellion of Pandara Vanniyan	Vannimai	Britain	Defeat of Sri Lankan Tamil insurgents
1804–1817	Serbian Revolution	Serbia	Ottoman Empire	Establishment of the Principality of Serbia under Ottoman suzerainty
1806	Vellore Mutiny	Mysore	British East India Company	Revolt suppressed
1806–1807	Greater Poland uprising of 1806	Poland	Prussia	Creation of the Napoleonic Poland
1807	Tunisian–Algerian War of 1807	Tunisia	Algeria	Liberation of Tunisia from Algerian suzerainty
1808–1814	Peninsular War	Portugal Spain	France	Restoration of independent Portugal and Spain from France
1809–1826	Latin American wars of independence		Spain	Independence of many Spanish-American colonies from Spain
	Bolivian War of Independence	Bolivia
	Ecuadorian War of Independence	Ecuador
	Venezuelan War of Independence	Venezuela
	Argentine War of Independence	Río de la Plata
	Colombian War of Independence	Colombia
	Mexican War of Independence	Mexico
	Chilean War of Independence	Chile
	Paraguay campaign	Paraguay
	Peruvian War of Independence	Peru
1810–1813	Tecumseh's War	Tecumseh's confederacy	United States	Revolt suppressed
1813	German campaign	German states	France	Dissolution of the Rhine Confederation
1814	Swedish–Norwegian War	Norway	Sweden	Convention of Moss; establishment of the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
1817	Pattimura War [id]	Ambon	Netherlands	Revolt suppressed
1817	Pernambucan revolt	Pernambuco	Portugal	Defeat of Brazilian insurgents
1817–1818	Uva-Wellassa Rebellion	Sri Lanka	Britain	Rebellion suppressed; consolidation of British rule in Ceylon
1817–1818	Paika Rebellion	Khurda	British East India Company	Rebellion suppressed
1817–1819	Third Anglo-Maratha War	Maratha	British East India Company	Dissolution of the Maratha Confederacy; Marathi territories totally under British control
1817–1864	Caucasian War	Caucasian Imamate Circassia	Russia	North Caucasus annexed by Russia; Circassian genocide
1819–1826	Manipuri resistance to Burmese occupation	Manipur	Myanmar	Restoration of Manipuri independence from Burmese occupation
1820	Totonicapán Uprising	Maya community in Totonicapán	Spain	Uprising suppressed
1820	Neak sel Rebellion	Cambodia	Vietnam	Rebellion suppressed
1821–1822	Assamese resistance to Burmese occupation	Assam	Myanmar	Defeat of Assamese insurgents; Britain takes over Assam after the First Anglo-Burmese War
1821–1829	Greek War of Independence	Greece	Ottoman Empire	Independence of Greece from the Ottoman Empire
1822–1824	Brazilian War of Independence	Brazil	Portugal	Independence of Brazil from Portugal
1823	Novales revolt	Philippines	Spain	Revolt suppressed
1823	Rebellion of Ghezo	Dahomey	Oyo	Liberation of Dahomey from Oyo suzerainty
1824	Confederation of the Equator	Confederation of the Equator	Brazil	Revolt suppressed
1825–1828	Cisplatine War	Uruguay	Brazil Río de la Plata	Disputation between Brazil and Río de la Plata; independence of Uruguay from Brazil
1825–1830	Java War	Java	Netherlands	Revolt suppressed
1826–1828	Anouvong's Rebellion	Vientiane Champasak	Thailand	Defeat of rebel Lao states; beginning of the Siamese–Vietnamese War
1830–1831	November Uprising	Poland	Russia	Uprising suppressed; liquidation of autonomy of Congress Poland
1830–1839	Belgian Revolution	Belgium	Netherlands	Independence of Belgium from the Netherlands
1830–1875	French Pacification of Algeria	Emirate of Mascara Beylik of Constantine Sultanate of Beni Abbas	France	Revolts suppressed
1831–1832	Bosnian uprising	Bosnia	Ottoman Empire	Uprising suppressed
1833	Anastasio Aquino's rebellion	Nonualcos	Federal Republic of Central America	Rebellion suppressed
1834–1835	Ja Thak Wa uprising	Champa	Vietnam	Uprising suppressed
1835–1836	Texas Revolution	Texas	Mexico	De facto independence of Texas from Mexico
1835–1840	Cabanagem	Grão-Pará	Brazil	Revolt suppressed
1835–1845	Ragamuffin War	Riograndense Republic Juliana Republic	Brazil	Juliana and Riograndense disestablished and reintegrated into Brazil
1836	Battle of Gawakuke	Gobir	Sokoto Caliphate	Defeat of Hausa insurgents
1836–1839	War of the Confederation	Peru	Peru–Bolivian Confederation	Restoration of Peruvian independence; dissolution of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation
1837–1838	Rebellions of 1837–1838	Republic of Lower Canada Republic of Canada	Britain	Rebellions suppressed; unification of Upper Canada and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada
1838–1840	Second Central American Civil War	Guatemala Nicaragua Honduras	Federal Republic of Central America	Dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America
1839–1840	Rio Grande rebellion	Republic of the Rio Grande	Mexico	Rebellion suppressed
1840–1841	Cambodian rebellion of 1840	Cambodia	Vietnam	Independence of Cambodia from Vietnam
1840–1843	First separation of Yucatán	Republic of Yucatán	Mexico	Yucatán as a state of Mexico
1843	Gwalior campaign	Gwalior	British East India Company	Defeat of Marathi insurgents
1844–1847	Franco-Tahitian War	Tahiti Huahine Raiatea Bora Bora	France	Tahiti under French protection; Huahine, Raiatea, and Bora Bora retain independence
1844–1856	Dominican War of Independence	Dominican Republic	Haiti	Independence of the Dominican Republic from Haiti
1845–1872	New Zealand Wars	Māori King movement	Britain	Rebellions suppressed; New Zealand land confiscations
1846	Kraków uprising	Poland	Austria	Uprising suppressed; Austrian annexation of Kraków
1847–1915	Caste War of Yucatán	Maya state of Chan Santa Cruz	Mexico	De facto independence of the Maya state in 1849; reconquest by Mexico in 1901
1848	Matale rebellion	Sri Lanka	Britain	Rebellion suppressed
1848	Poznań Uprising	Poland	Prussia	Uprising suppressed; transformation of the Grand Duchy of Posen into the Province of Posen
1848–1849	Hungarian Revolution of 1848	Hungary	Austria	Revolution suppressed; Hungarian passive resistance until the 1867 Compromise
1848–1849	Second Anglo-Sikh war	Sikh Empire	British East India Company	Fall of the Sikh Empire; British annexation of Punjab
1848–1849	Los Altan rebellion	Los Altos	Guatemala	Rebellion suppressed
1848–1866	Italian Wars of Independence [6]	Italy	Austria	Creation of the Kingdom of Italy; unification of the Italian peninsula
1855–1856	Santhal rebellion	Santals	British East India Company	Rebellion suppressed
1856–1873	Panthay Rebellion	Dali sultanate	Qing Empire	Defeat of Chinese Muslim insurgents
1857–1858	Indian Rebellion of 1857	Mughal Empire	British East India Company	Fall of the Mughal Empire; transferral of East India Company's power to the government of Britain
1861–1865	American Civil War	Confederate States	United States (Union)	Dissolution of the Confederacy; reintegration of the Confederate states into the United States
1861–1883	Chilean Pacification of Araucanía	Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia	Chile	Defeat of the Mapuche chiefdoms; Chilean annexation of Araucanía
1862–1877	Tongzhi Hui Revolt	Yettishar	Qing Empire	East Turkestan reconquered by the Qing Empire
1863–1865	January Uprising	Poland	Russia	Uprising suppressed
1863–1865	Dominican Restoration War	Dominican Republic	Spain	Restoration of Dominican independence from Spanish occupation
1866	Lykhny revolt	Abkhazia	Russia	Revolt suppressed
1868	Lares revolt	Republic of Puerto Rico	Spain	Revolt suppressed
1868–1878	Ten Years' War	Republic of Cuba in Arms	Spain	Revolt suppressed
1871	Rakovica revolt	Croatian People's Government	Austria-Hungary	Revolt suppressed
1872	Cavite mutiny	Philippines	Spain	Revolt suppressed
1874–1903	Acehnese resistance to Dutch rule	Aceh	Netherlands	Defeat of Acehnese insurgents
1876	April Uprising	Bulgaria	Ottoman Empire	Uprising suppressed; beginning of the Russo-Turkish War, which led to de facto independence of Bulgaria in 1878
1876–1878	Serbian Wars of Independence	Serbia	Ottoman Empire	Independence of Serbia from the Ottoman Empire
1877	Romanian War of Independence	Romania	Ottoman Empire	Independence of Romania from the Ottoman Empire
1879–1880	Uprising of Sheikh Ubeydullah	Kurdistan	Ottoman Empire Qajar Iran	Defeat of Kurdish insurgents
1880–1881	First Boer War	South African Republic	Britain	Restoration of the South African Republic
1881–1899	Mahdist War	Mahdist Sudan	Egypt (1881–1882) Britain (1882–1899)	Disestablishment of Mahdist Sudan; establishment of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
1882	Anglo-Egyptian War	Egypt	Britain	Egypt defeated and occupied by Britain
1885	Jambi uprising	Jambi	Netherlands	Uprising suppressed
1885–1895	Burmese resistance to British rule	Myanmar	Britain	Insurgency suppressed
1885–1896	Cần Vương movement	Vietnam	France	Insurgency suppressed
1887–1897	Leewards War	Huahine Raiatea Bora Bora	France	Defeat of Tahitian insurgents; French annexation of the Leeward Islands
1888–1889	Abushiri revolt	Swahili coast	German East Africa Company	Revolt suppressed; transferral of Mainland Tanzania from the German East Africa Company to the government of Germany
1895	Taiwanese resistance to Japanese invasion	Formosan Republic [note 6]	Japan	Defeat of Taiwanese militia; Japanese annexation of Taiwan
1895–1898	Cuban War of Independence	Cuba	Spain	Independence of Cuba from Spain after 4 years of American occupation
1896–1898	Philippine Revolution	Philippines	Spain	Creation of the First Philippine Republic; beginning of the Philippine–American War
1896–1903	Menalamba rebellion	Madagascar	France	Defeat of Merina insurgents; consolidation of French rule in Madagascar
1899–1900	Rebellion of Birsa Munda	Munda, Oraon	Britain	Rebellion suppressed
1899–1902	Philippine–American War	Philippines	United States	Philippines defeated and annexed by the United States
1899–1920	Somali Dervish movement	Somalia	Britain Italy	Dissolution of the movement
1900	War of the Golden Stool	Asante Empire	Britain	Asante defeated and annexed by Britain
1902–1903	Sokoto revival movement	Sokoto Caliphate	Britain	Movement defeated
1902–1913	Moro Rebellion	Sulu Sultanate	United States	Rebellion suppressed
1903	Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising	Kruševo Republic Strandzha Commune	Ottoman Empire	Defeat of Macedonian and Bulgarian insurgents
1904–1908	Herero Wars	Herero, Nama	Germany	Revolt suppressed; Herero and Nama genocide
1905–1907	Maji Maji Rebellion	Matumbi, Ngindo, Ngoni, Yao	Germany	Rebellion suppressed
1905–1910	Righteous Armies wars	Korea	Japan	Defeat of Korean militia; Japanese annexation of Korea
1906	Bambatha Rebellion	Zululand	Britain	Rebellion suppressed
1912	Battle of Khovd	Mongolia	Qing Empire	Liberation of Outer Mongolia from Qing rule; de facto independence of Outer Mongolia from China
1912	First Expulsion of the Han	Tibet	Qing Empire	Liberation of Tibet from Qing rule; de facto independence of Tibet from China
1912–1934	French Pacification of Morocco	Ait Atta, Chaouia, Sahrawis, Zayanes	France	Revolts suppressed
1914–1915	Boer revolt	Transvaal Republic	South Africa	Defeat of Boer insurgents; occupation of German South West Africa by South Africa
1914–1918	Assyrian involvement in World War I	Assyrian volunteers	Ottoman Empire Qajar Iran	The Allies' breach of their promise to establish an independent Assyrian state
1915	Tapani incident	Da Ming Cibeiguo	Japan	Defeat of Han Taiwanese insurgents
1915–1918	Senussi campaign	Senussi Order	Italy	Defeat of the Senussi Order
1915–1920	Haitian resistance to U.S. occupation	Cacos	United States	Revolt suppressed
1916–1921	Irish Revolution	Ireland	Britain	Anglo-Irish Treaty; establishment of the Irish Free State; partition of Ireland
1916–1917	Kaocen revolt	Tuaregs	France	Revolt suppressed
1916–1918	Arab Revolt	Hejaz	Ottoman Empire	Independence of the Hejaz from the Ottoman Empire; partition of the Ottoman Empire
1916–1934	Basmachi movement	Turkestan	Soviet Russia (1917–1922) Soviet Union (1922–1934)	Movement defeated; consolidation of Soviet rule in Central Asia
1917–1919	Kuki Rebellion	Kukis	Britain	Rebellion suppressed
1917–1920	North Caucasian independence movement [8]	Republic of the Mountaineers North Caucasian Emirate	Russian State Soviet Russia	Movement defeated; North Caucasus annexed by Soviet Russia
1917–1921	Ukrainian War of Independence	Ukraine	Soviet Russia Poland	Independence of Ukraine from Russia; partition of Ukraine by the Soviet Union and Poland
1917–1922	Dominican resistance to U.S. occupation	Gavilleros	United States	Rebellion suppressed
1918–1919	Poznań War	Poland	Germany	Independence of Poland from Germany
1918–1920	Estonian War of Independence	Estonia	Soviet Russia	Independence of Estonia from the Russian Empire/Soviet Russia
1918–1920	Latvian War of Independence	Latvia	Soviet Russia	Independence of Latvia from the Russian Empire/Soviet Russia
1918–1920	Lithuanian Wars of Independence	Lithuania	Soviet Russia Poland	Independence of Lithuania from the Russian Empire/Soviet Russia and Poland
1918–1921	Vue Pa Chay's revolt	Hmong	France	Revolt suppressed
1919	Christmas Uprising	Montenegrin Greens	Yugoslavia	Uprising suppressed; Montenegro integrated into Yugoslavia
1919	Third Anglo-Afghan War	Afghanistan	Britain	Britain recognizes Afghanistan's independence
1919–1923	Turkish War of Independence	Turkey	Ottoman Empire Greece France Britain Armenia Georgia	Creation of the Republic of Turkey; fall of the Ottoman Empire; replacement of the Treaty of Sèvres by the Treaty of Lausanne
1919–1924	Mahmud Barzanji revolts	Kingdom of Kurdistan	Britain Iraq	Defeat of Kurdish insurgents
1919–1945	Korean armed resistance to Japanese rule	Korean independence activist organizations	Japan	Restoration of Korean independence from Japan; beginning of the Allied military administration in Korea
1920	Franco-Syrian War	Arab Kingdom of Syria	France	Disestablishment of the Arab Kingdom of Syria; establishment of French Syria
1920	Iraqi Revolt	Iraq	Britain	Anglo-Iraqi Treaty; establishment of Mandatory Iraqi Kingdom
1920	Ganja revolt	Azerbaijan	Soviet Russia	Revolt suppressed
1920	Slutsk uprising	Belarus	Soviet Russia	Uprising suppressed
1920–1926	Rif War	Rif Republic	Spain	Disestablishment of the Rif Republic; consolidation of Spanish rule in Rif
1921	February Uprising	Mountainous Armenia	Soviet Russia	Uprising suppressed
1921	Mongolian People's Revolution	Mongolia	China	Restoration of Outer Mongolian independence from Chinese occupation; creation of the Mongolian People's Republic
1921–1922	Malabar rebellion	Malayala Rajyam	Britain	Uprising suppressed
1922–1924	Manyam Rebellion	Vizagapatam Hill tribes	Britain	Rebellion suppressed
1922–1932	Second Italo-Senussi War	Senussi Order	Fascist Italy	Defeat of the Senussi Order; consolidation of Italian rule in Libya; Libyan genocide
1924	August Uprising	Committee for the Independence of Georgia	Soviet Union	Uprising suppressed
1924–1925	Tungus Uprising	Tungus Republic	Soviet Union	Peace surrender of Yakut and Tungusic insurgents
1925	San Blas Rebellion	Republic of Tule	Panama	Autonomy granted to the Guna
1925–1927	Great Syrian Revolt	Syria	France	Establishment of Mandatory Syrian Republic
1927–1931	Ararat rebellion	Republic of Ararat	Turkey	Defeat of Kurdish insurgents
1927–1933	Nicaraguan resistance to U.S. occupation	Sandinistas	United States	U.S. withdrawal from Nicaragua
1930	Wushe Rebellion	Seediq	Japan	Defeat of Native Taiwanese insurgents
1931–1934	Kumul Rebellion	East Turkestan	China	Defeat of Uyghur insurgents
1936–1939	Arab revolt in Palestine	Arab Higher Committee	Britain	Revolt suppressed
1936–1941	Ethiopian resistance to Italian occupation	Ethiopia	Fascist Italy	Restoration of Ethiopian independence from Italy after 3 years of British administration
1939	Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine	Carpatho-Ukraine [note 7]	Hungary	Carpatho-Ukraine defeated and annexed by Hungary
1939–1945	Polish resistance movement in World War II	Polish Underground State People's Guard	Nazi Germany	Restoration of Polish statehood; establishment of the Provisional Government of National Unity
1940–1944	1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya	Provisional Popular Revolutionary Government of Chechnya-Ingushetia	Soviet Union	Insurgency suppressed; deportation of the Chechens and Ingushes to Central Asia
1941–1942	Japanese invasion of Myanmar	State of Burma	Britain	Creation of the State of Burma under Japanese occupation
1941–1945	Yugoslav National Liberation War	Yugoslavia	Nazi Germany Fascist Italy Hungary Bulgaria	Creation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1942–1944	Albanian National Liberation Movement	Albania	Fascist Italy (1942–1943) Nazi Germany (1943–1944)	Creation of the People's Republic of Albania
1944	Operation U-Go	Free India	Britain	Operation defeated
1944	Slovak National Uprising	Slovak National Council	Nazi Germany	Uprising suppressed; Allied Slovak insurgents switch to partisan warfare
1945	PETA revolt in Blitar	Defenders of the Homeland	Japan	Defeat of Indonesian insurgents
1945	Burmese Army's resistance to Japanese occupation	Burma Independence Army	Japan	Myanmar returns to British rule and later becomes independent
1945	August Revolution	Democratic Republic of Vietnam	Japan	Creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam; beginning of the First Indochina War

Contemporary

Dates	Name	Independent state	Anti-independence state	Result
1944–1946	Ili Rebellion	East Turkestan	China	Establishment of the Coalition Government of Xinjiang Province
1944–1948	Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine	Jewish Resistance Movement	Britain	British withdrawal from Palestine; beginning of the civil war in Mandatory Palestine
1944–1956	Guerrilla war in the Baltic states	Lithuanian partisans Latvian partisans Estonian partisans	Soviet Union	Revolts suppressed
1945–1949	Indonesian War of Independence	Indonesia	Netherlands	Independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands
1946–1954	First Indochina War	North Vietnam Laos Cambodia	France	Independence of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from France; partition of Vietnam
1947–1949	First Arab–Israeli War	Israel	Arab League	State of Israel established over 78% of the territory of former Mandatory Palestine; the rest under Jordanian and Egyptian control
1947–1949	Malagasy Uprising	Madagascar	France	Uprising suppressed
1948–ongoing	Insurgency in Balochistan	Kalat (1948–1960) Balochistan Liberation Front (1964–present)	Pakistan Iran	Ongoing; Pakistani counter-insurgency launched in 2024
1948–1960	Malayan Emergency	Malayan Communist Party	Britain	Communist insurgency continues after Malayan independence from Britain in 1957
1950–1954	Puerto Rican Nationalist Party insurgency	Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico	United States	Insurgency suppressed
1950–1963	Ambonese resistance to Indonesian rule	South Maluku	Indonesia	South Maluku defeated and annexed by Indonesia
1952–1960	Mau Mau rebellion	Kenya Land and Freedom Army	Britain	Rebellion suppressed
1954–1962	Algerian War	Algeria	France	Independence of Algeria from France
1954–ongoing	Insurgency in Northeast India	Separatist groups in Northeast India	India	Ongoing as low level and controlled insurgency
1955–1959	Cyprus Emergency	Cyprus	Britain	Independence of Cyprus from Britain
1955–2005	South Sudanese wars of independence	South Sudan	Sudan	Independence of South Sudan from Sudan after 6 years of autonomy
1956	Hungarian Uprising	Hungary	Soviet Union	Uprising suppressed; Hungary remains under Soviet control until 1989 democratization
1959	1959 Tibetan uprising	Tibet	China	Uprising suppressed; abolition of the Tibetan Government; Tibetan diaspora
1959	Viqueque rebellion	Permesta, Timor-Leste	Portugal	Rebellion suppressed
1959–2011	Basque conflict	Basque National Liberation Movement	Spain France	Dissolution of ETA
1960–1963	Katanga and South Kasai secessions	State of Katanga South Kasai	Congo-Léopoldville	Katanga and South Kasai defeated and reintegrated into Congo-Léopoldville
1961–1963	Aden Emergency	South Yemen	Britain	Independence of South Yemen from Britain
1961–1974	Angolan War of Independence	Angola	Portugal	Independence of Angola from Portugal
1961–1991	Eritrean War of Independence	Eritrea	Ethiopia	Independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia
1962	Brunei revolt	Brunei People's Party	Britain	Defeat of Bruneian insurgents who aim to found the North Borneo Federation; abstention of Brunei from joining Malaysia
1962–1982	Rwenzururu movement	Rwenzururu	Uganda	Autonomy granted to Rwenzururu
1962–1990	Communist insurgency in Sarawak	North Kalimantan Communist Party	Britain (1962–1963) Malaysia (1963–1990)	Dissolution of NKCP
1962–ongoing	Papua conflict	Free Papua Movement	Indonesia	Ongoing
1963–1974	Guinea-Bissau War of Independence	Guinea-Bissau	Portugal	Independence of Guinea-Bissau from Portugal
1963–1977	Dhofar rebellion	Dhofar Liberation Front	Oman	Rebellion suppressed
1964–1974	Mozambican War of Independence	Mozambique	Portugal	Independence of Mozambique from Portugal
1966–1988	Namibian War of Independence	Namibia	South Africa	Independence of Namibia from South Africa
1967–1970	Nigerian Civil War	Biafra	Nigeria	Biafra defeated and reintegrated into Nigeria
1968–2019	Moro conflict	Bangsamoro	Philippines	Peace agreement; establishment of the Bangsamoro Transition Authority
1970–ongoing	Western Sahara conflict	Sahrawi Republic	Spain (1970–1975) Morocco (1975–present)	Ongoing; 70% of Western Sahara occupied and administered by Morocco
1971	Bangladesh War of Independence	Bangladesh	Pakistan	Independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan
1973–ongoing	Oromo conflict	Oromo Liberation Front	Ethiopia	Ongoing
1974	Cyprus Peace Operation	Northern Cyprus	Cyprus	De facto independence of Northern Cyprus; partition of Cyprus
1975–1978	Indonesian invasion of East Timor [note 8]	Timor-Leste	Indonesia	Timor-Leste defeated and annexed by Indonesia
1975–ongoing	Cabinda War	Cabinda	Angola	Ongoing
1976–2005	Insurgency in Aceh	Free Aceh Movement	Indonesia	Autonomy granted to Aceh; disarmament of GAM
1976–ongoing	Corsican conflict	National Liberation Front of Corsica	France	Low-level conflict since 2014
1978–2025	Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency	Kurdistan Communities Union	Turkey	Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey; PKK declares disbands in 2025
1979–1983	1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran	Iranian Kurdistan	Iran	Defeat of Kurdish insurgents
1979–1989	Soviet–Afghan War	Afghan mujahideen	Soviet Union	Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan; beginning of the Afghan Civil War
1981–1991	Somaliland War of Independence	Somaliland	Somalia	De facto independence of Somaliland from Somalia
1982–ongoing	Casamance conflict	Casamance	Senegal	Low-level conflict since 2014
1983–2009	Sri Lankan civil war	Tamil Eelam	Sri Lanka	Defeat of LTTE
1984–1995	Insurgency in Punjab	Khalistan	India	Insurgency suppressed
1988–1998	Bougainville Civil War	Bougainville	Papua New Guinea	Bougainville receives autonomy in 2002; votes in favor of independence in 2019
1988–2023	Nagorno-Karabakh conflict	Artsakh	Azerbaijan	De facto independence of Artsakh in 1991; disestablishment of the Republic of Artsakh in 2023; Azerbaijan takes over Nagorno-Karabakh
1989–ongoing	Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir	All Parties Hurriyat Conference	India	Ongoing
1990	Barin uprising	East Turkestan	China	Uprising suppressed
1990–1992	Transnistria War	Transnistria	Moldova	De facto independence of Transnistria from Moldova
1991	Liberation of Kuwait campaign	Kuwait	Iraq	Restoration of Kuwaiti independence from Iraqi occupation
1991	Slovenian War of Independence	Slovenia	Yugoslavia	Independence of Slovenia from Yugoslavia
1991–1992	South Ossetia War	South Ossetia	Georgia	De facto independence of South Ossetia from Georgia
1991–1995	Croatian War of Independence	Croatia	Yugoslavia	Independence of Croatia from Yugoslavia
1992–1995	Bosnian War	Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina	FR Yugoslavia Croatia	Dayton Agreement; creation of the Bosnia and Herzegovina
1992–1993	War in Abkhazia	Abkhazia	Georgia	De facto independence of Abkhazia from Georgia
1994–2009	Chechen Wars	Chechen Republic of Ichkeria	Russia	De facto independence of Chechnya in 1991; disestablishment of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in 2000; Chechnya as a federal subject of Russia
1998–1999	Kosovo War	Kosovo	FR Yugoslavia	Independence of Kosovo from Serbia after 9 years of UN administration
2000–2005	Second Intifada	Palestine	Israel	Uprising suppressed; Israeli withdrawal from the Gaza Strip
2001–2021	Taliban insurgency	Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan	United States	Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan; restoration of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
2003–2011	Iraqi insurgency	Naqshbandi Army Mahdi Army Islamic State of Iraq	United States	Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq; beginning of the 2013–2017 War in Iraq
2004–ongoing	South Thailand insurgency	Patani	Thailand	Ongoing
2006–ongoing	Insurgency in Bakassi	Democratic Republic of Bakassi (2006–2018) Biafra Nations League (2021–present)	Cameroon Nigeria	Ongoing
2009–2017	Insurgency in the North Caucasus	Caucasus Emirate	Russia	Dissolution of the Caucasus Emirate; beginning of the Islamic State insurgency
2012	2012 Tuareg rebellion	Azawad	Mali	Unrecognized independence of Azawad in 2012; renouncement of its independence in 2013; beginning of the Mali War
2017–ongoing	Anglophone Crisis	Ambazonia	Cameroon	Ongoing
2020–ongoing	Western Togoland Rebellion	Western Togoland	Ghana	Ongoing

See also

• Resistance during World War II
• Lists of active separatist movements
• List of revolutions and rebellions
• List of non-international armed conflicts
• Lists of wars

Notes

1. In response to the palace coup led by Nanyue ministers who opposes unification with Han China ^{[1] : 453}
2. In response to the Minyue ruler's claim to be emperor ^[2]
3. Herod the Great, with Roman support, attacks Antigonus the Hasmonean, who proclaims himself king in an attempt to free Judea from Roman authority. ^[3]
4. These invasions are a response to the Cham expulsion of the Khmer vassal ruler in 1191. ^{[4] : 79–80}
5. In response to the establishment of the Myinsaing Kingdom ^{[5] : 119–120}
6. Founded by Taiwanese gentry and Qing officials in opposition to the cession of Taiwan ^{[7] : 82–84}
7. Proclaiming independence during the invasion by Hungary ^{[9] : 245}
8. In response to the establishment of the Democratic Republic of East Timor ^{[10] : 156}

References

1. 張榮芳; 黃淼章 (2008). 南越国史 (in Chinese) (2nd ed.). 廣東人民出版社. ISBN   978-7-218-01982-6.
2. 薛瑜婷 (2018-09-19). "閩越重要人物——無諸與餘善". Academy of Chinese Studies (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2024-05-21. Retrieved 2025-07-20.
3. "Antigonus Matthathias", Jewish Encyclopedia
4. Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., ISBN   9747534991
5. Than Tun (December 1959). "History of Burma: A.D. 1300–1400". Journal of Burma Research Society. XLII (II).
6. Coppa, Frank J. (2014). The Origins of the Italian Wars of Independence. Routledge. ISBN   9781138836266.
7. Takekoshi, Yosaburō (1907). Japanese rule in Formosa. London, New York, Bombay and Calcutta: Longmans, Green, and co. OCLC   753129. OL   6986981M.
8. Gülseven, Aslı (30 March 2021). "A Failed Independence Movement in the Context of the Great Powers Competition: The North Caucasian Struggle for Independence (1917–1920)". Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi. 11 (1): 245–259. doi:10.30783/nevsosbilen.873522 . Retrieved 21 September 2025.
9. Magocsi, Paul R. (1978). The Shaping of a National Identity: Subcarpathian Rus', 1848-1948. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN   9780674805798.
10. Dennis B. Klein (18 April 2018). Societies Emerging from Conflict: The Aftermath of Atrocity. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN   978-1-5275-1041-8.