Hōkūleʻa[2][3] is a performance-accurate waʻa kaulua,[4][5] a Polynesian double-hulled voyaging canoe.[6][7] Launched on 8 March1975[8] by the Polynesian Voyaging Society, it is best known for its 1976 Hawaiʻi to Tahiti voyage completed with exclusively traditional navigation techniques.[9][10] The primary goal of the voyage was to explore the anthropological theory of the Asiatic origin of native Oceanic people (Polynesians and Hawaiians in particular) as the result of purposeful trips through the Pacific, as opposed to passive drifting on currents or sailing from the Americas.[11][12]DNA analysis supports this theory.[13] A secondary project goal was to have the canoe and voyage "serve as vehicles for the cultural revitalization of Hawaiians and other Polynesians."[14]
Between the 1976 voyage and 2009, Hōkūle‘a completed nine[update] additional voyages to Micronesia, Polynesia, Japan, Canada and the mainland United States, all using ancient wayfinding techniques of celestial navigation. On 19 January2007, Hōkūle‘a left Hawaiʻi with the voyaging canoe Alingano Maisu on a voyage through Micronesia (map) and ports in southern Japan.[a] The voyage was expected to take five months. On 9 June2007,[15]Hōkūle‘a completed the "One Ocean, One People" voyage to Yokohama, Japan. On 5 April 2009,[16]Hōkūle‘a returned to Honolulu following a roundtrip training sail to Palmyra Atoll,[17][18] undertaken to develop skills of potential crewmembers for Hōkūle‘a's eventual circumnavigation of the Earth.[19]
On 18 May 2014 Hōkūle‘a and its sister vessel, Hikianalia embarked from Oahu for "Malama Honua," a three-year circumnavigation of the earth. It returned to port in Hawaii on 17 June 2017. The journey covered 47,000 nautical miles with stops at 85 ports in 26 countries.[20][21]
Polynesian voyaging canoes were made from wood, whereas Hōkūle‘a incorporates plywood, fiberglass and resin.[8]Hōkūle‘a measures 61feet 5inches (18.7m)LOA, 15feet 6inches (4.72m) at beam, displaces16,000 pounds (7,260kg) when empty and can carry another 11,000 pounds (4,990kg) of gear, supplies and 12 to 16 crew. Fully laden, with its 540-square-foot (50.2m2) sail area,[22] it is capable of speeds of 4 to 6 knots (5 to 7mph; 7 to 10km/h). The twin wood masts were built by LeVan Keola Sequeira.[23] They are rigged either crab claw or Marconi style with a small jib. It is steered with a long paddle. It has no auxiliary motor. Its escort vessel tows it into harbor when necessary. Its name means "star of gladness" in Hawaiian, which refers to Arcturus, a guiding zenith star for Hawaiian navigators.[8] Arcturus passes directly overhead at Hawaiʻi's latitude, helping sailors find the island.
Pius "Mau" Piailug
Hōkūle‘a navigates without instruments. In 1975, no living Hawaiian knew the ancient techniques for blue water voyaging.[24] To enable the voyage, the Polynesian Voyaging Society recruited the Satawalese Master NavigatorMau Piailug (of the Weriyeng school in the Caroline Islands (map) of the Federated States of Micronesia (map)) to share his knowledge of non-instrument navigation. While as many as six Micronesian navigators had mastered these traditional methods as of the mid-1970s,[25] only Mau was willing to share his knowledge.
Mau, who "barely spoke English", decided that by reaching beyond his own culture, sharing what had been closely guarded knowledge, he could possibly save it from extinction. Through this collaboration, Mau's mentorship helped "spark pride in the Hawaiian and Polynesian culture", leading to "a renaissance of voyaging, canoe building, and non-instrument navigation that has continued to grow, spreading across Polynesia (map) and reaching to its far corners of Aotearoa, New Zealand and Rapanui, Easter Island".[26]
On board the inaugural voyage was Hoku, a golden hair Hawaiian Poi Dogbackbred by Jack L. Throp of the Honolulu Zoo. Razor-backed pigs and Polynesian chickens were also bred at the zoo for the voyage, but the director would not part with them at the last minute. Instead, the voyage hurriedly brought a white domesticated pig from Kōkeʻe, Kauai named Maxwell, and a cock and hen. The purpose of the animals was to study how to feed and care for these animals, which had been transported by the Polynesians during their voyages.[29][30][31]
The crew for this leg was as follows:'Navigator: Mau Piailug; Captain: "Kawika" Kapahulehua; Crew: Clifford Ah Mow*, Milton "Shorty" Bertelmann, Ben R. Finney, Charles Tommy Holmes*, Sam Kalalau*, Boogie Kalama, Buffalo Keaulana, John Kruse, Douglas "Dukie" Kuahulu*, David Henry Lewis*, David B. K. "Dave" Lyman III*,[32] William "Billy" Richards, Rodo Tuku Williams.*
The crew for the return voyage was: Navigator: James "Kimo" Lyman;[35] Captain: "Kawika" Kapahulehua; Crew: Abraham "Snake" Ah Hee, Andy Espirto*, Mel Kinney, Francis Kainoa Lee, Gordon Piʻianaiʻa, Leonard Puputauiki, Penny Rawlins, Keani Reiner*,[36]Charles Nainoa "Nainoa" Thompson, Maka'ala Yates, Ben Young.
Kealaikahiki project (1977)
In English, the Hawaiian "Ke ala i kahiki" means "the path to Tahiti." The "Kealaikahiki Project" recreated the traditional Kealaikahiki Point departure of ancient voyages to Tahiti.[37] Gordon Piʻianaiʻa's idea to recreate traditional departures took Hōkūleʻa southeast, across Kealaikahiki Channel between Lānaʻi and Kahoʻolawe Islands, past Kealaikahiki Point, into the ʻAlenuihāhā Channel and the northeast trade winds. The object was to determine whether Hōkūleʻa, departing from west of the 1976 departure point, would bisect the more easterly 1976 voyage track, and so likely reach Tahiti were it to continue. After heading south for two days, Hōkūleʻa did not bisect the 1976 voyage track, but likely would have (further south than anticipated). It came about and returned to Hawaiʻi. The traditional departure point would be used for subsequent sailings to Tahiti.[38][39]
Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: Dave Lyman; Crew: Teené Froiseth, Sam Kaʻai, Sam Kalalau, John Kruse, "Kimo" Lyman, Jerome "Jerry" Muller, Gordon Piʻianaiʻa, Norman Piʻianaiʻa, Michael A. Tongg*, Makaʻala Yates[40]
Tahiti voyage (1978)
Following the 1976 voyage, Nainoa Thompson attempted to teach himself how to navigate without instruments, using only the position of stars and ocean cues, based on information he learned from books, planetarium observations, and short voyages in Hawaiian waters.[41] In 1978, the crew of Hōkūleʻa attempted a second voyage to Tahiti, which was aborted when Hōkūleʻacapsized[42] in high wind and seas southwest of the Island of Molokaʻi, five hours after departing Honolulu's Ala Wai Harbor. The crew hung on to the capsized canoe through the night.
Plaque honoring Eddie Aikau's sacrifice aboard Hokule'a
Flares were unseen by passing aircraft; the emergency radio reached no help. By mid-morning, with no sign of imminent rescue and the capsized canoe drifting farther from land, Eddie Aikau, a North Shore, Oʻahu, lifeguard and big-wave surfer, volunteered to paddle a surfboard 12–15 miles (19–24km) to Lānaʻi for help. About nine hours later, flares launched by the crew were spotted by a Hawaiian Airlines flight which circled Hōkūleʻa and radioed the United States Coast Guard ("USCG"). Half an hour later, a USCG search and rescuehelicopter was hovering overhead; Hōkūleʻa crew was rescued. The following morning, the USCGC Cape Corwin towed the vessel, from 22 miles southwest of Lāʻau Point, Molokaʻi, back to Honolulu.[43] Despite intensive land, air and sea search, Eddie Aikau was never seen again. Hōkūleʻa carries a plaque in his memory. Subsequent voyages were accompanied by an escort vessel.[44][45]
Ala Wai Harbor, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United Statesbound for Papeʻete, Tahiti, French Polynesia: 16 March1978 to 18 March1978 (recovery followed by USCG investigation)[43]
Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: Dave Lyman; First Mate: Leon Paoa Sterling*; "Snake" Ah Hee, Edward Ryon Makua Hanai "Eddie" Aikau*, Charman Akina, M.D., Wedemeyer Au, Bruce Blankenfeld, Kilila Hugho, Sam Kaʻai, John Kruse, Marion Lyman,[46] Buddy McGuire, Norman Piʻianaiʻa, Curt Sumida, Teikiheʻepo "Tava" Taupu.[47]
Tahiti voyage (1980)
After the 1978 disaster, Mau returned and gave Nainoa further training on traditional navigation techniques.[41] In 1980, Nainoa Thompson recreated the 1976 voyage to Tahiti to become the first Native Hawaiian in modern times to navigate a canoe thousands of miles without instruments. Mau sailed as an observer. After 29 days at sea, before sighting Mataiva on the way to Tahiti, Mau offered Nainoa only one correction; of Nainoa's interpretation of sighting a land-based seabird in mid-morning flight. Such birds generally fly seaward for food at morning and return to land in the evening. While it can usually be assumed that land lies opposite the birds' morning flight direction, this bird spotted mid-morning (during nesting season), carried a fish in its beak.[48] This detail suggested to Mau that the bird's morning flight was not away from land but toward it. The bird was not flying seaward to find more fish, but rather, was returning to land, to feed its young.[49] Leading up to the voyage, an extensive, formal crew training program helped to ensure a safe voyage.[50] Escort boat Ishka followed for safety.[44][51][52]
Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: Gordon Piʻianaiʻa; Chad Kalepa Baybayan, "Shorty" Bertelmann, Harry Ho, Sam Kaʻai, Michael "Buddy" McGuire, Marion Lyman-Mersereau, Mau Piailug, Steve Somsen, Joanne Kahanamoku Sterling*, Leon Paoa Sterling, "Tava" Taupu; Patrick Koon Hung Piʻimauna Charles "Pat" Aiu, MD*[53]
Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: Gordon Piʻianaiʻa; Wedemeyer Au, Chad Baybayan, Bruce Blankenfeld, "Snake" Ah Hee, John Kruse, Kainoa Lee, James "Kimo" Lyman, Mau Piailug, Steven Somsen, Leon Paoa Sterling, Michael Tongg, Nathan Wong
Voyage of Rediscovery (1985–1987)
In the "Voyage of Rediscovery", Hōkūleʻa traveled 12,000 miles (19,000km) to destinations throughout Polynesia.[55][56] Inviting fellow Polynesians to join the crew on legs of the voyage extended Hōkūleʻa's success in revitalizing interest in Polynesian culture. For instance, professional Tongan sea captain Sione Taupeamuhu was aboard during a night passage from Tongatapu to Nomuka in the northerly Haʻapai Islands group of Tonga (map). He was skeptical that Hōkūleʻa navigator Nainoa Thompson could find Nomuka without instruments. When Nomuka appeared on the horizon at dawn as anticipated, Taupeamuhu remarked, "Now I can believe the stories of my ancestors."[57]Dorcas and Maalea served as escort vessels.
Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: "Shorty" Bertelmann; Crew: Clay Bertelmann*, Dennis Chun, Richard Tai Crouch, Harry Ho, Dr. Larry Magnussen, "Buddy" McGuire, Mau Piailug, Thomas Reity (Satawal), James Shizuru, "Tava" Taupu
Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: Gordon Piʻianaiʻa; Crew: "Snake" Ah Hee, Dr. Pat Aiu, Chad Baybayan, Karim Cowan (Tahiti), Bob Krauss, John Kruse, Vic Lipman, Mel Paoa, Mau Piailug, Abraham Piʻianaiʻa, Chad Piʻianaiʻa, Michael Tongg, Andrew Tutai (Cook Islands), Peter Sepelalur (Satawal), Leon Paoa Sterllng, Puaniho Tauotaha (Tahiti), Cliff Watson. (Bob Krauss, journalist; Karim Cowan, and Puaniho Tauotaha were crew members only from Tahiti to Raʻiatea)
Navigator: Nainoa Thompson;[60] Captain and 1st Watch Captain: "Shorty" Bertelmann; 2nd Watch Captain: Leon Paoa Sterling; 3rd Watch Captain: "Tava" Taupu (Marquesas); Crew: Dr. Pat Aiu, Chad Baybayan, Bruce Blankenfeld, Stanley Conrad (New Zealand), Dr. Ben Finney, Harry Ho, "Buddy" McGuire, "Billy" Richards, James Shizuru, Michael Tongg
Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: Leon Paoa Sterling; Crew: "Snake" Ah Hee, Dr. Pat Aiu, Carlos Andrade, Chad Baybayan, Philip Ikeda*, John Keolanui, "Kimo" Lyman, Mau Piailug, Scott Sullivan, Michael Tongg, Sione Uaine Ula (Tonga)
Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: Leon Paoa Sterling; Crew: Dr. Pat Aiu, Carlos Andrade, Gilbert Ane, Gail Evenari (California), Chad Baybayan, Hector Busby (New Zealand), Philip Ikeda*, Sam Kaʻai, John Keolanui, "Kimo" Lyman, Mau Piailug, Scott Sullivan, Jo Anne Sterling, Sione Taupeamuhu (Tonga), Michael Tongg, Sione Uaine Ula (Tonga)
Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: "Shorty" Bertelmann; Crew: Clay Bertelmann, Harry Ho, Pauahi Ioane, Bernard Kilonsky, Ben Lindsey, Mel Paoa, Mau Piailug, Tua Pittman (Cook Islands), "Tava" Taupu (Marquesas)
Aitutaki – Rarotonga: 10 August1986 to 11 August1986
Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Crew: Dr. Pat Aiu, Chad Baybayan, Dede Bertelmann, Bruce Blankenfeld, "Wally" Froseith, Pauahi Ioane, "Jerry" Muller, Mau Piailug, Tua Pittman (Rarotonga), Rio Tuiravakai (Aitutaki), Raukete Tuiravakai (Aitutaki)
Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Crew: "Snake" Ah Hee, Dr. Pat Aiu, Chad Baybayan, Bruce Blankenfeld, Wallace "Wally" Froiseth, Harry Ho, Glen Oshiro, Mau Piailug, Richard Rhodes, Michael Tongg, Aaron Young
Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Crew: U.S. Senator Daniel Akaka, Chad Baybayan; "Wally" Froiseth, Harry Ho, Kilo Kaina, Michele Kapana, Will Kyselka, Russell Mau, Honolulu City Councilman Arnold Morgado; Abraham Piʻianaiʻa, Tutaha Salmon (Tahiti), Cary Sneider (California), "Tava" Taupu (Marquesas), Michael Tongg, Aaron Young. Senator Akaka and Councilman Morgado joined the crew in Papeʻete.
Tautira, Tahiti Iti, Society Islands – Rangiroa Atoll, Tuamotus (map): 2 April1987 to 4 April1987
Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Crew; Chad Baybayan, Clay Bertelmann, "Wally" Froiseth, Rey Jonsson, Solomon Kahoʻohalahala, Will Kyselka, Charles Larson, Mel Paoa, Cary Sneider (California), "Tava" Taupu, Tracy Tong, Michael Tongg, Clifford Watson, Dr. Nathan Wong, Elisa Yadao, Aaron Young
Navigator: Nainoa Thompson; Captain: "Shorty" Bertelmann; Crew: "Snake" Ah Hee, Dr. Pat Aiu, Chad Baybayan, Bruce Blankenfeld, Stanley Conrad (New Zealand), Eni Hunkin (Samoa), Tua Pittman (Cook Islands), Dixon Stroup, Puaniho Tauotaha (Tahiti), Sione Taupeamuhu (Tonga), "Tava" Taupu (Marquesas), Michael Tongg, Clifford Watson, Elisa Yadao
No Nā Mamo ('For the Children') (1992)
Hōkūleʻa sailed to Tahiti, Raʻiatea, and on to Rarotonga for the Sixth[61]Festival of Pacific Arts,[62] then, via Tahiti, sailed back to Hawaiʻi. This voyage, known as "No Nā Mamo" or "For the Children", was designed to train a new generation of voyagers to sail Hōkūleʻa, to share values and knowledge of voyaging and to celebrate the revival of canoe building and non-instrument navigation. The voyage included an educational component allowing Hawaiian students to track the progress of the canoe through daily radio reports.[63]Kama Hele escorted the voyage.[64]
Co-navigators: Bruce Blankenfeld, "Kimo" Lyman;[35] Captain: Michael Tongg; Sailing Master: Nainoa Thompson; Watch Captain and Cook: "Snake" Ah Hee; Watch Captain: Aaron Young; Ship's Doctor: Pat Aiu, M.D; Historian: Carlos Andrade; Fisherman: Terry Hee; Communications: Scott Sullivan; Crew: Archie Kalepa, Suzette Smith, Wallace Wong, Gary Yuen
Nā ʻOhana Holo Moana ('The Voyaging Families of the Vast Ocean') (1995)
Spring voyage segment
In the spring, Hōkūleʻa, along with sister ships Hawai‘iloa and Makali‘i, sailed from Hawaiʻi to Tahiti. They participated in a gathering of voyaging canoes from across Oceania at nearby Marae Taputapuatea, Raʻiatea, which led to the lifting of a six-centuries-old tapu on voyaging from Raʻiatea.[69] Then all the canoes returned to Tahiti, sailed to Nuku Hiva in the Marquesas and on to Hawaiʻi.[70] This was only the first part of a voyage spanning spring and summer known as "Nā ʻOhana Holo Moana" or The Voyaging Families of the Vast Ocean.[45][71]Hōkūleʻa was escorted by Gershon II under Steve Kornberg; Rizaldar, under Randy Wichman, also escorted.
Sailing Master: Nainoa Thompson; Navigators: Kaʻau McKenney, Keahi Omai; Crew: Shantell Ching, Junior Coleman, Catherine Fuller, Harry Ho, Mau Piailug, Sesario Sewralur (son of Mau Piailug), Ben Tamura, MD; "Tava" Taupu, Michael Tongg, Kamaki Worthington. After Hōkūleʻa sighted Tikehau on 2 March1995, Navigators Kaʻau McKenney and Keahi Omai turned over navigation to their apprentices, Junior Coleman and Sesario Sewralur, who guided the vessel to landfall in Papeʻete, Tahiti.[73]
Taiohae Bay, Nuku Hiva, Marquesas, French Polynesia – Hilo, Hawaiʻi Island, United States: 20 April1995 to 7 May1995
Navigator and Captain: Chad Baybayan; Co-assistant navigators: Moana Doi, Piʻikea Miller; Watch Captains: "Snake" Ah Hee, "Tava" Taupu, Michael Tongg; Medical Officer: Mel Paoa; Fisherman and Teacher: Nainoa Thompson; Cook: Gary Yuen; Crew: Clyde Aikau, Sam Pautu, Mau Piailug, Sesario Sewralur, Gary Suzuki[76][77][77][78]
Summer voyage segment
In the summer: Hōkūleʻa and Hawai‘iloa sailed the West Coast of the United States. Both vessels were shipped from Hawaiʻi to Seattle, Washington, after which they sailed to Vancouver, British Columbia. They visited intermediate ports, where local American Indian tribes often hosted them to a dinner and gift exchange. From Vancouver, Hawai‘iloa sailed as far north as Haines, Alaska.[79]Hōkūleʻa sailed south to San Diego via Portland, Oregon, and the California ports of San Francisco, Santa Barbara, and Long Beach. The voyaging canoes were shipped back to Hawaiʻi: Hōkūleʻa from San Pedro; Hawai‘iloa from Seattle. This summer part of the voyage promoted cultural and educational exchanges with Hawaiians (some of whom had never been to Hawaiʻi), Native Americans, and other people living on the United States West Coast.
Crew: Captains: Gordon Piʻianaiʻa, "Kimo" Lyman, Michael Tongg, Chad Baybayan; Crew: Gil Ane, Beth Atuatasi (née Saurer),[80] Moana Doi, Laulima Lyman, Leon Sterling, Matthew Tongg[81][82]
Chinook Landing Marina, Puyallup Nation, Tacoma: 28 May1995 to 1 June1995 As well as sharing educational outreach and cultural exchange, crew shared in a luau.
Santa Barbara Harbor Marina: 10 July1995 to 11 July1995, interchange with the Santa Barbara Outrigger Canoe Club, Cousteau Institute, and the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Santa Barbara – Long Beach: 11 July1995 to 12 July1995
Gabrieleño/Tongva Tribal Council, Kalifornia Outrigger Association, Hawaiian Civic Clubs, the Rapa Nui Outrigger Club,[85] and the City of Long Beach, on 12 July1995;
A two-day symposium with scholars, scientists, and master artisans called Century of the Pakipika, 13 July1995 to 14 July1995;
A Hawaiian and Pacific Island Festival with teachers' workshops, the annual Long Beach Hoʻolauleʻa Canoe Regatta and a farewell dinner and ceremonies, 13 July1995 to 19 July1995
A Hawaiian and Pacific Islands festival, and an exhibition, called:
Hale Naua, or "Turning Back the Sky," at the San Diego Museum of Man, 23 July1995 to 25 July1995
San Diego – San Pedro: 26 July1995 to 28 July1995; from San Pedro, Hōkūleʻa returned to Hawaiʻi by ship, courtesy of Alexander & Baldwin Foundation and Matson.[81]
Hōkūleʻa sailed from Hawaiʻi to Rapa Nui (Easter Island) and back, via the Marquesas Islands of French Polynesia.[86] While in the Marquesas, short trips were made between principal islands of the group (map).[87] A brief stop was made at Pitcairn Island on the Mangareva – Rapa Nui leg. A technically challenging voyage due to Rapa Nui's isolation and location over 1,000 miles upwind;[88] it is known as "Closing the Triangle" because it took the canoe to the southeastern Pacific for the first time.[89]Kama Hele escorted the voyage.[90]
Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Navigators: Bruce Blankenfeld, Chad Baybayan; Medical Officer: Ben Tamura, MD; Photographer and Videographer: Sonny Ahuna; Crew: Shantell Ching, Terry Hee, Mel Paoa, "Tava" Taupu, Michael Tongg, Max Yarawamai, Aaron Young[93]
Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Crew: Russell Amimoto, Naʻalehu Anthony, Bruce Blankenfeld, Nohea Kaiaokamalie, Cindy Macfarlane, Mel Paoa, Jan TenBruggencate, Kana Uchino, Alex Wegman, ʻAulani Wilhelm
ʻ Bay, Kauaʻi – Nihoa Island – Tern Island, French Frigate Shoals – Laysan Island – Lisianski Island – Pearl and Hermes Atoll – Green Island, Kure Atoll – Midway Atoll: 23 May2004 to 9 June2004
Navigator: Kaʻiulani Murphy; Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Sailing Master: Bruce Blankenfeld; Watch Captain: Russell Amimoto; Crew: Naʻalehu Anthony, Ann Bell; Leimomi Kekina Dierks, Randy Kosaki, Keoni Kuoha, Cherie Shehata, MD, "Tava" Taupu, Jan TenBruggencate, Kanako Uchino, Kaleo Wong[106][107][108]
The One Ocean, One People theme united two voyages in celebration of Pacific voyaging, Pacific Islands, and cultural ties,[111] in passages to Micronesia and Japan. These voyages were named Kū Holo Mau and Kū Holo Lā Komohana.[112]Kama Hele escorted the voyage.
Kū Holo Mau
Accompanied by the canoe Alingano Maisu and specialized escort boat Kama Hele, (photo below, in gallery)[113]Hōkūleʻa sailed from Hawaiʻi to the Federated States of Micronesia, 23 January to 7 April 2007.[112] This voyage is known as "Kū Holo Mau", or "Sail On, Sail Always, Sail Forever." While on the island of Satawal, the crew of the Hōkūleʻa presented the Alingano Maisu to Mau Piailug.[112] While at Satawal, some Hōkūleʻa navigators who had proven their mastery of non-instrument sailing and navigation over many ocean passages were inducted into Pwo, pronounced "poh." This was the first Pwo ceremony on Satawal in five decades,[24] and the first time Polynesians were inducted.[114]
Navigator and Captain: Bruce Blankenfeld; Watch Captains: Tim Gilliom, Attwood Makanani, Kaʻiulani Murphy; Medical Officer: Dr. Ben Tamura; Crew: Russell Amimoto, Bob Bee, Terry Hee, Nohea Kaiʻokamalie, Kaleo Wong, Palani Wright[115][112][116][117]
Navigator and Captain: Bruce Blankenfeld; Watch Captains: Tim Gilliom, Attwood Makanani, Kaʻiulani Murphy; Medical Officer: Dr. Gerald Akaka; Crew: Russell Amimoto, Terry Hee, Nohea Kaiʻokamalie, Gary Kubota, Kaleo Wong, Palani Wright[112][118]
Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Watch Captains: Tim Gilliom, Attwood Makanani, Kaʻiulani Murphy; Medical Officer: Dr. Marjorie Mau; Crew: Naʻalehu Anthony, Pomai Bertelmann, Gary Kubota, Keoni Kuoha, Nick Marr, "Billy" Richards, Ana Yarawamai, Max Yarawamai, Pauline Yourupi[119]
Chuuk – Satawal, Yap State: 11 March2007 to 21 March2007[112]
Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Watch Captains: Tim Gilliom, Attwood Makanani, Kaʻiulani Murphy; Medical Officer: Dr. Marjorie Mau; Crew: Naʻalehu Anthony, Chad Baybayan, "Shorty" Bertelmann, Pomai Bertelmann, Bruce Blankenfeld, "Snake" Ah Hee, John Kruse, Gary Kubota, Keoni Kuoha, Nick Marr, "Billy" Richards, Ana Yarawamai, Max Yarawamai, Pauline Yourupi[120]
Satawal – Woleai Atoll: 19 March2007 to 21 March2007
Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Watch Captains: Tim Gilliom, Attwood Makanani, Kaʻiulani Murphy; Medical Officer: Dr. Marjorie Mau; Crew: Naʻalehu Anthony, Chad Baybayan, "Shorty" Bertelmann, Pomai Bertelmann, Bruce Blankenfeld, "Snake" Ah Hee, John Kruse, Gary Kubota, Keoni Kuoha, Nick Marr, "Billy" Richards, Ana Yarawamai, Max Yarawamai, Pauline Yourupi[112][121]
Woleai – Ulithi Atoll: 21 March2007 to 23 March2007
Navigator: Kaʻiulani Murphy; Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Watch Captains: Tim Gilliom, Attwood Makanani; Medical Officer: Dr. Marjorie Mau; Crew: Naʻalehu Anthony, Chad Baybayan, Pomai Bertelmann, Gary Kubota, Keoni Kuoha, Nick Marr, "Billy" Richards, Ana Yarawamai, Max Yarawamai, Pauline Yourupi[112][122][123]
Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Watch Captains: Tim Gilliom, Attwood Makanani, Kaʻiulani Murphy; Medical Officer: Dr. Marjorie Mau; Crew: Naʻalehu Anthony, Chad Baybayan, Pomai Bertelmann, Bruce Blankenfeld, Dr. Thane Hancock, "Snake" Ah Hee, John Kruse, Gary Kubota, Keoni Kuoha, Nick Marr, "Billy" Richards, Ana Yarawamai, Max Yarawamai, Pauline Yourupi[112][124]
Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Watch Captains: Tim Gilliom, Attwood Makanani, Kaʻiulani Murphy; Medical Officer: Dr. Vernon Andsell; Crew: Aaron Akina, Naʻalehu Anthony, Pomai Bertelmann, Dennis Eric Co, Emily Fielding, Keoni Kuoha, Waimea McKeague, Tommy Remengesau (President of Palau), Pauline Sato, Patti Ann Solomon,[112][125][126] Jennifer Yano[127]
Navigator: Kaʻiulani Murphy; Captain: Naʻalehu Anthony; Watch Captains: Tim Gilliom, Attwood Makanani, Nainoa Thompson; Medical Officer: Dr. Vernon Andsell; Crew: Aaron Akina, Pomai Bertelmann, Dennis Eric Co, Emily Fielding, Keoni Kuoha, Waimea McKeague, Pauline Sato, Patti Ann Solomon[125]
Kū Holo Lā Komohana
From Yap, the Hōkūleʻa sailed to Yokohama, Japan, from 11 April2007 to 8 June2007. Upon sighting Kyūshū, navigation of coastal and inland seas utilized landmarks and aids to navigation. From departure to landfall at Okinawa, Japan, Hōkūleʻa was guided by Nainoa Thompson. Chad Baybayan then guided the vessel to further stops at Amami, Uto, Nomozaki, Nagasaki, Fukuoka, Shinmoji marina in Moji-ku, Iwaishima and Suō-Ōshima (Ōshima). Nainoa Thompson resumed as captain for stops at Miyajima and Hiroshima (image). Bruce Blankenfeld took over for stops at Uwajima, Muroto, Miura and Kamakura before concluding the voyage in Yokohama.[128] This voyage is known as "Kū Holo Lā Komohana", or Sail on to the Western Sun. While Hōkūleʻa was shipped back to Honolulu, escort vessel Kama Hele sailed back to Oʻahu under German Captain Mike Weindl with six Japanese crewmembers.[129][130]
Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Crew: Takuji Araki (Japan), Pomai Bertelmann, Timi Gilliom, Kaina Holomalia, Attwood Makanani, Kaʻiulani Murphy, Maile Neff, Chadd Kaʻonohi Paishon, Dr. Pete Roney, Kanaka Uchino (Japan).[131]
Okinawa – Ōshima 28 April2007 to 19 May2007
Captain: Chad Baybayan; Crew: Imaikalani P. Aiu, Takuji Araki, Kalepa "Kala" Baybayan, Stephanie M. Beeby, Anela K. Benson, Dennis J. Chun, Monte Costa, Derek Ferrar, Timmy Gilliom, Heidi K. Guth, Kaimi C. Hermosura, Kiyoko Ikeda, William Keala Kai, Attwood Makanani, Chadd Kaʻonohi Paishon, Makaʻala Rawlins, Dr. Cherie L. Shehata, Van K. Warren[132]
Ōshima – Uwajima 26 May2007 to 27 May2007
Navigator and Captain: Nainoa Thompson; Watch Captain: Kaʻiulani Murphy; Crew: Imaikalani P. Aiu, Takuji Araki, Nanea Baird, Stephanie M. Beeby, Anela K. Benson, Pomai Bertelmann, Dennis J. Chun, Monte Costa, Heidi K. Guth, Kaimi C. Hermosura, Kiyoko Ikeda, William Keala Kai, Attwood Makanani, Chadd Kaʻonohi Paishon, Dr. Cherie L. Shehata, Sky Takemoto, Kanako Uchino, Van K. Warren[133]
Uwajima – Yokohama 3 June2007 to 9 June2007
Navigator and Captain: Bruce Blankenfeld; Senior Officers: Norman Piʻianaiʻa, "Tava" Taupu; Watch Captain: Naʻalehu Anthony; Crew: Takuji Araki, Chris Baird, Dennis Kawaharada, Attwood Makanani, Dr. Cherie L. Shehata, Patti-Ann Solomon; Watch Captain: Kaʻiulani Murphy; Crew: Pomai Bertelmann, Dean Nikaido, Chadd Kaʻonohi Paishon, Leighton Tseu (representing the Royal Order of Kamehameha), Kanako Uchino, Kiyotsugu Yoshida (Sunset Films)[134]
Homecoming, Magic Island, Oʻahu, 17 June 2017.[138]
Moananuiakea, a Voyage for Earth (2023–2027)
This article is missing information about this voyage. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page.(September 2023)
a.^Derek Ferrar (October–November 2007). "In the Land of the Western Sun". Hana Hou! Vol. 10 No. 5 (Article includes a travel diary from 14 May in Fukuoka through 25 May in Hiroshima). After the new canoe was presented to Mau in March, Hōkūle'a continued on a second mission, dubbed "Kū Holo Lā Komohana" (Sail on to the Western Sun), crossing 1,200 miles from the Micronesian island of Yap to Okinawa and then hopscotching through the islands of southern Japan to Yokohama. The journey was conceived to honor the cultural ties between Japan and Hawaiʻi, which began with the visit of King Kalākaua to the Emperor Meiji in 1881 and were strengthened by the subsequent emigration of thousands of Japanese contract laborers to the Islands' sugarcaneplantations, many of whom remained in Hawaiʻi, forever weaving their heritage into the fabric of Island life.
* Shown at first mention of the crew person's name, denotes this person has died.[145][146]
For voyages across the International Date Line, dates shown below are standardized on Hawai‘i time.
↑ Finney & Among (1994), p. xiii, offers pronunciation guidance for the boat's name, "The macrons ["kahakō" in Hawaiian] over vowels indicate that they are longer than unmarked vowels and are stressed. The ʻ [character, called "okina",] indicates a consonant called a glottal stop. It is similar to the sound between oh's in the English oh-oh."
↑ Chun, Naomi N.Y.; with illustrations by Robin Y. Burningham (1995) [1988]. "Chapter 10: Types of Canoes". Hawaiian Canoe-Building Traditions. E. Nuʻulani Atkins (Reviseded.). Honolulu, HI: Kamehameha Schools Press and HDL: Hawaiʻi Digital Library. pp.57–62. ISBN0-87336-043-5. This is available online, or archived by WebCite.
↑ Unattributed. "Canoe Parts--Hōkūle'a". Polynesian Voyaging Society Visuals (in Hawaiian and American English). Polynesian Voyaging Society. Archived from the original on 18 September 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2012. A line drawing with vessel specifications, configuration, and parts named.
↑ Evenari, Gail. "Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey". PBS. Retrieved 5 August 2008. Gail Evenari, crew on the Tonga-Samoa leg of the "Voyage of Rediscovery," produced a documentary film on ancient Polynesian voyaging which was broadcast by PBS. The Heyerdahl and Sharp section of the related PBS website summarizes theories of Polynesian settlement which the Hōkūle‘a voyages empirically undercut.
↑ Finney & Among 1994, p.71 Though Finney's Voyage of Rediscovery is primarily about the nearly two-year voyage of that name, 1985–1987, here Finney speaks about the canoe's original construction and 1976 voyage.
1 2 Kubota, Gary (18 March 2007). "Navigators' Journey of Spirit, Skill Ends: Five Polynesians are Recognized as Select Master Wayfinders". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Oahu Publications, Inc. Retrieved 6 August 2008. Describes the 2007 induction of Nainoa Thompson, Milton "Shorty" Bertelmann, Bruce Blankenfeld, Chadd Kaʻonohi Paishon, and Chad Kalepa Baybayan into Pwo, 32 years after Hōkūle‘a's launching, in recognition of their mastery of Micronesian non-instrument navigation as taught by Mau Piailug. This reference adds that the Pwo ceremony had not been conducted in fifty years, whereas Pwo suggests this was the first Pwo in fifty-six years
↑ Gordon, Mike (14 November 2006). "New Canoe a Tribute to Piailug". Honolulu Advertiser. Gannett Company. Retrieved 6 August 2008. Mentions the 1969 death of the last recognized Polynesian navigator and existence of only six Micronesian non-instrument navigators due to younger seafarers' adoption of GPS and outboard motors over the rigors of learning ancestral non-instrument means of navigating sailing canoes.
↑ Adamski, Mary. Sea Captain Promoted Merchant Fleet CareersStar Bulletin, Honolulu, 31 January2006, retrieved 23 July2008. Notes Dave Lyman's untimely death in 2006 unrelated to sailing on Hōkūleʻa
↑ Kubota, Gary T. (7 July 2006). "The First Voyage: Commemorating Hokuleas Historic 1976 Journey"(PDF). Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Gannett Company. Retrieved 25 June 2009. This source (p.2) cites inaugural voyage's ending when Hōkūleʻa returned to Hawaiʻi on 26 July1976; for return voyage's date of commencement, note the citation immediately following.
↑ Bakutis, Bunky (8 April 1977). "Hōkūleʻa Test Voyage Backs Channel Theory". The Honolulu Advertiser. Persis Corporation. pp.A–6. Retrieved 6 September 2012. The article appears alongside others on the same topic on a scanned page which aggregates them.
↑ Unattributed. "1977 – Kealaikahiki". Polynesian Voyaging Society Archives – Secondary Source Information – Crew List. Kamehameha Schools Archives. Retrieved 20 August 2008. This document includes Bret Berber and Boogie Kalama as crew on the Kealaikahiki Project, whereas Kyselka does not.
↑ Nainoa explains in Wayfinding that Mau had not previously shared this detail. The delicacy of Mau's signal reading demonstrates the navigator's intimate connection to his environment.
↑ In Wayfinding, Dennis Kawaharada quotes Nainoa Thompson sharing knowledge of how to read birds for navigation, learned from Mau.
↑ Unattributed (1979). "Syllabus materials"(PDF). Hokule‘a Training Program. The Kamehameha Schools Archives and the Polynesian Voyaging Society. Retrieved 20 August 2008.
↑ Finney, Ben (1992). Voyaging into Polynesia's Past. From Sea to Space (The Macmillan Brown Memorial Lectures 1989). Palmerston North, New Zealand: Massey University. pp.5–65. ISBN0-908665-59-8. Dr. Finney gives a short account of the Voyage of Rediscovery.
↑ Finney & Among 1994, pp.327–329This is the authoritative printed crew list for these legs of the voyage.
↑ Unattributed. "Voyage of Rediscovery: 1985–87". Voyage of Rediscovery. Polynesian Voyaging Society. Retrieved 22 July 2010. This page lists crew for all legs of the Voyage of Rediscovery and directs readers to further resources. Raukete Tuiravakai and Reo Tuiravakai, both of Aitutaki, are omitted from this web list but shown in Finney & Among 1994, p.328
↑ Kubota, Gary T. (7 July 2006). "Hokule'a 30th Anniversary"(PDF). Honolulu Star-Bulletin; Hokule'a 30th Anniversary Special Section. Oahu Publications, Inc. Retrieved 28 August 2008. On p.2, the section on the 1992 voyage notes the Honaunau departure.
↑ Louvat, Marc. "Meeting at Taputapuatea, 1995". A Fano Ra – Navigation Ancestrale (in French and American English). Institut de la Communication Audiovisuelle – Polynésie française. Archived from the original on 24 September 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2008. This is 20MB Flash video of the 1995 ceremony at Taputapuatea marae.
↑ Unattributed. "Crew List 1995 Nuku Hiva". The Polynesian Voyaging Society Archives. The Kamehameha Schools and the Polynesian Voyaging Society. Retrieved 26 August 2008. This source shows Kainoa Lee as crew on Hōkūleʻa while the PVS website shows him as a watch captain, not on Hōkūleʻa, but rather, on Hawai‘iloa.
↑ Hawai‘iloa was built of traditional materials, with the sponsorship of the Bishop Museum's Native Hawaiian Culture and Arts Program in response to the Hōkūleʻa voyages' revival of interest in Native Hawaiian culture. But no healthy koa trees large enough for its hulls could be found in Hawaiʻi's forests. This dilemma led to action to help Hawaiʻ's environment including planting koa seedlings for future generations, because traditional Hawaiian culture and Hawaiʻi's environment interdepend. (See Sam Low, Sacred Forests on Polynesian Voyaging Society web site, retrieved 7 August2008 quoting Nainoa Thompson about "Mālama Hawaiʻi") So, to build Hawai‘iloa without having to wait several centuries for the koa to grow, the Polynesian Voyaging Society accepted a gift of two enormous 400-year-old Sitka spruce logs from the forests of the Tsimshian, Haida, and Tlingit Native Alaskans. Hawai‘iloa's voyage through Southeast Alaska was to thank these people for their kindness and to recognize their contribution to Hawaiian native culture (See Northwest-Alaska 1995 Home on Polynesian Voyaging Society web site, retrieved 7 August 2008)
↑ Saurer, Beth (Fall 1995). "Sailing and Practicing Law the Hawaiian Way". California Western Alumni News. San Diego: California Western School of Law: 1, 4. Beth Atuatasi was aboard from San Diego to San Pedro
↑ Atuatasi (née Saurer), Beth; Mario Borja; Dewey Slough (1995). Pacific Islander Festival program booklet (Firsted.). San Diego: Hōkūleʻa Steering Committee. Documents Gil Ane, Chad Baybayan, Moana Doi, Laulima Lyman, Leon Sterling, Matthew Tongg, Michael Tongg
↑ Brookman, David Y. (2007). "Mata Hoe Vaka Kahu Kahu O Hera Rapa Nui". [www.netaxs.com/~trance/rapanui.html Easter Island Home Page]. David Y. Brookman. Archived from the original on 25 September 2008. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
↑ Unattributed (15 June 2006). "Navigating Change". Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 27 June 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
↑ O'Conner, Maura; Lise Martel (June 2008). "A Teacher's Guide to Navigating Change"(PDF). HawaiianAtolls.org. Bishop Museum, Co-Trustees of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, Polynesian Voyaging Society. Archived from the original on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
1 2 3 4 5 TenBruggencate, Jan (23 June 2004). "Hokule'a prepares for passage into future". Honolulu Advertiser. Gannett Corporation. Retrieved 2 September 2008. Cites date of return to Kauaʻi; note that the contemplated September 2004 trip to Palmyra Atoll, Christmas Island, and return to Hawaiʻi under navigator Kaʻiulani Murphy and captain Russell Amimoto did not take place.
↑ TenBruggencate, Jan (3 May 2004). "Recovering the seafaring tradition of Hawaiʻi". Honolulu Advertiser. Gannett Corporation. Retrieved 2 September 2008. Navigation to Nihoa and Mokumanamana (Necker Island) was done using traditional methods. Reefs circling islands further northwest are too low to spot from a safe distance, so positions for the remaining part of the journey are cross-checked against gps for safety.
↑ TenBruggencate, Jan (12 June 2004). "Hokule'a begins trip home". Honolulu Advertiser. Gannett Corporation. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
↑ TenBruggencate, Jan (2004). "Main page". The Honolulu Advertiser Special Report: The Other Hawai‘i, A Journey to the Northwest Hawaiian Islands with Hokuleʻa. Gannett Co. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
The Polynesian Voyaging Society (PVS) is a non-profit research and educational corporation based in Honolulu, Hawaiʻi. PVS was established to research and perpetuate traditional Polynesian voyaging methods. Using replicas of traditional double-hulled canoes, PVS undertakes voyages throughout Polynesia navigating without modern instruments.
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Kyselka, Will; Thompson, Nainoa. Lindo, Cecilia Kapua; Mower, Nancy Alpert (eds.). "Kealaikahiki: A New Look at Old Routes"(PDF). Polynesian Seafaring Heritage. Map by Ray Lanterman. The Kamehameha Schools and the Polynesian Voyaging Society. Retrieved 20 August 2008.
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