Glycophorin A

GYPA
Available structures PDB Human UniProt search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1AFO, 2KPE, 2KPF, 5EH4, 5EH6
Identifiers
Aliases	GYPA , CD235a, GPA, GPErik, GPSAT, HGpMiV, HGpMiXI, HGpSta(C), MN, MNS, PAS-2, glycophorin A (MNS blood group)
External IDs	OMIM: 617922 HomoloGene: 48076 GeneCards: GYPA
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 4 (human) [1] Band 4q31.21 Start 144,109,303 bp [1] End 144,140,751 bp [1]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in cancellous bone bone marrow bone marrow cells monocyte blood Achilles tendon ganglionic eminence spleen corpus callosum kidney n/a More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function identical protein binding virus receptor activity protein binding Cellular component integral component of membrane plasma membrane membrane Biological process viral entry into host cell viral process leukocyte migration Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 2993 n/a Ensembl ENSG00000170180 n/a UniProt P02724 n/a RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001308187 NM_001308190 NM_002099 n/a RefSeq (protein) NP_001295116 NP_001295119 NP_002090 n/a Location (UCSC) Chr 4: 144.11 – 144.14 Mb n/a PubMed search [2] n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Glycophorin A (MNS blood group), also known as GYPA, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GYPA gene. ^[3] GYPA has also recently been designated CD235a (cluster of differentiation 235a).

Function

Glycophorins A (GYPA; this protein) and B (GYPB) are major sialoglycoproteins of the human erythrocyte membrane which bear the antigenic determinants for the MN and Ss blood groups. In addition to the M or N and S or s antigens, that commonly occur in all populations, about 40 related variant phenotypes have been identified. These variants include all the variants of the Miltenberger complex and several isoforms of Sta; also, Dantu, Sat, He, Mg, and deletion variants Ena, S-s-U- and Mk. Most of the variants are the result of gene recombinations between GYPA and GYPB. ^[3]

Genomics

GypA, GypB and GypE are members of the same family and are located on the long arm of chromosome 4 (chromosome 4q31). The family evolved via two separate gene duplication events. The initial duplication gave rise to two genes one of subsequently evolved into GypA and the other which give rise via a second duplication event to GypB and GypE. These events appear to have occurred within a relatively short time span. The second duplication appears to have occurred via an unequal crossing over event.

The GypA gene itself consists of 7 exons and has 97% sequence homology with GypB and GypE from the 5' untranslated transcription region (UTR) to the coding sequence encoding the first 45 amino acids. The exon at this point encodes the transmembrane domain. Within the intron downstream of this pint is an Alu repeat. The cross over event which created the genes ancestral to GypA and GypB/E occurred within this region.

GypA can be found in all primates. GypB can be found only in gorillas and some of the higher primates suggesting that the duplication events occurred only recently.

Molecular biology

There are about one million copies of this protein per erythrocyte. ^[4]

Blood groups

The MNS blood group was the second set of antigens discovered. M and N were identified in 1927 by Landsteiner and Levine. S and s in were described later in 1947.

The frequencies of these antigens are

• M: 78% Caucasoid; 74% Negroid
• N: 72% Caucasoid; 75% Negroid
• S: 55% Caucasoid; 31% Negroid
• s: 89% Caucasoid; 93% Negroid

Molecular medicine

Transfusion medicine

The M and N antigens differ at two amino acid residues: the M allele has serine at position 1 (C at nucleotide 2) and glycine at position 5 (G at nucleotide 14) while the N allele has leucine at position 1 (T at nucleotide 2) and glutamate at position 5 (A at nucleotide 14). Both glycophorin A and B bind the Vicia graminea anti-N lectin.

There are about 40 known variants in the MNS blood group system. These have arisen largely as a result of mutations within the 4 kb region coding for the extracellular domain. These include the antigens Mg, Dantu, Henshaw (He), Miltenberger, Ny^a, Os^a, Orriss (Or), Raddon (FR) and Stones (St^a). Chimpanzees also have an MN blood antigen system. ^[5] In chimpanzees M reacts strong but N only weakly.

Null mutants

In individuals who lack both glycophorin A and B the phenotype has been designated M^k. ^[6]

Dantu antigen

The Dantu antigen was described in 1984. ^[7] The Dantu antigen has an apparent molecular weight of 29 kilodaltons (kDa) and 99 amino acids. The first 39 amino acids of the Dantu antigen are derived from glycophorin B and residues 40-99 are derived from glycophorin A. Dantu is associated with very weak s antigen, a protease-resistant N antigen and either very weak or no U antigen. There are at least three variants: MD, NE and Ph. ^[8] The Dantu phenotype occurs with a frequency of Dantu phenotype is ~0.005 in American Blacks and < 0.001 in Germans. ^[9]

Henshaw antigen

The Henshaw (He) antigen is due to a mutation of the N terminal region. There are three differences in the first three amino acid residues: the usual form has Tryptophan ₁-Serine-Threonine-Serine-Glycine ₅ while Henshaw has Leucine ₁-Serine-Threonine-Threonine-Glutamate ₅. This antigen is rare in Caucasians but occurs at a frequency of 2.1% in US and UK of African origin. It occurs at the rate of 7.0% in blacks in Natal ^[10] and 2.7% in West Africans. ^[11] At least 3 variants of this antigen have been identified.

Miltenberger subsystem

The Miltenberger (Mi) subsystem originally consisting of five phenotypes (Mi^a, V^w, Mur, Hil and Hut) ^[12] now has 11 recognised phenotypes numbered I to XI (The antigen 'Mur' is named after to the patient the original serum was isolated from - a Mrs Murrel.) The name originally given to this complex refers to the reaction erythrocytes gave to the standard Miltenberger antisera used to test them. The subclasses were based on additional reactions with other standard antisera.

Mi-I (Mi^a), Mi-II(V^w), Mi-VII and Mi-VIII are carried on glycophorin A. Mi-I is due to a mutation at amino acid 28 (threonine to methionine: C→T at nucleotide 83) resulting in a loss of the glycosylation at the asparagine₂₆ residue. ^{[13] [14]} Mi-II is due to a mutation at amino acid 28 (threonine to lysine:C->A at nucleotide 83). ^[14] Similar to the case of Mi-I this mutation results in a loss of the glycosylation at the asparagine ₂₆ residue. This alteration in glycoslation is detectable by the presence of a new 32kDa glycoprotein stainable with PAS. ^[15] Mi-VII is due to a double mutation in glycophorin A converting an arginine residue into a threonine residue and a tyrosine residue into a serine at the positions 49 and 52 respectively. ^[16] The threonine-49 residue is glycosylated. This appears to be the origin of one of the Mi-VII specific antigens (Anek) which is known to lie between residues 40-61 of glycophorin A and comprises sialic acid residue(s) attached to O-glycosidically linked oligosaccharide(s). This also explains the loss of a high frequency antigen ((EnaKT)) found in normal glycophorin A which is located within the residues 46–56. Mi-VIII is due to a mutation at amino acid residue 49 (arginine->threonine). ^[17] M-VIII shares the Anek determinant with MiVII. ^[18] Mi-III, Mi-VI and Mi-X are due to rearrangements of glycophorin A and B in the order GlyA (alpha)-GlyB (delta)-GlyA (alpha). ^[19] Mil-IX in contrast is a reverse alpha-delta-alpha hybrid gene. ^[20] Mi-V, MiV(J.L.) and St^a are due to unequal but homologous crossing-over between alpha and delta glycophorin genes. ^[21] The MiV and MiV(J.L.) genes are arranged in the same 5' alpha-delta 3' frame whereas St^a gene is in a reciprocal 5'delta-alpha 3' configuration.

The incidence of Mi-I in Thailand is 9.7%. ^[22]

Peptide constructs representative of Mi^a mutations MUT and MUR have been attached onto red blood cells (known as kodecytes) and are able to detect antibodies against these Miltenberger antigens ^{[23] [24] [25]}

Although uncommon in Caucasians (0.0098%) and Japanese (0.006%), the frequency of Mi-III is exceptionally high in several Taiwanese aboriginal tribes (up to 90%). In contrast its frequency is 2-3% in Han Taiwanese (Minnan). The Mi-III phenotype occurs in 6.28% of Hong Kong Chinese. ^[26]

Mi-IX (MNS32) occurs with a frequency of 0.43% in Denmark. ^[27]

Stone's antigen

Stones (St^a) has been shown to be the product of a hybrid gene of which the 5'-half is derived from the glycophorin B whereas the 3'-half is derived from the glycophorin A. Several isoforms are known. This antigen is now considered to be part of the Miltenberger complex.

Sat antigen

A related antigen is Sat. This gene has six exons of which exon I to exon IV are identical to the N allele of glycophorin A whereas its 3' portion, including exon V and exon VI, are derived from the glycophorin B gene. The mature protein SAT protein contains 104 amino acid residues.

Orriss antigen

Orriss (Or) appears to be a mutant of glycophorin A but its precise nature has not yet been determined. ^[28]

Mg antigen

The Mg antigen is carried on glycophorin A and lacks three O-glycolated side chains. ^[29]

Os antigen

Os^a (MNS38) is due to a mutation at nucleotide 273 (C->T) lying within exon 3 resulting in the replacement of a proline residue with a serine. ^[30]

Ny antigen

Ny^a (MNS18) is due to a mutation at nucleotide 194 (T->A) which results in the substitution of an aspartate residue with a glutamate. ^[30]

Reactions

Anti-M although occurring naturally has rarely been implicated in transfusion reactions. Anti-N is not considered to cause transfusion reactions. Severe reactions have been reported with anti-Miltenberger. Anti Mi-I (Vw) and Mi-III has been recognised as a cause of haemolytic disease of the newborn. ^[31] Raddon has been associated with severe transfusion reactions. ^[32]

Relevance for infection

The Wright b antigen (Wrb) is located on glycophorin A and acts as a receptor for the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum . ^[33] Cells lacking glycophorins A (En^a) are resistant to invasion by this parasite. ^[34] The erythrocyte binding antigen 175 of P. falciparum recognises the terminal Neu5Ac(alpha 2-3)Gal-sequences of glycophorin A. ^[35]

Several viruses bind to glycophorin A including hepatitis A virus (via its capsid), ^[36] bovine parvovirus, ^[37] Sendai virus, ^[38] influenza A and B, ^[39] group C rotavirus, ^[40] encephalomyocarditis virus ^[41] and reoviruses. ^[42]

See also

• Glycophorin

References

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19. Huang CH, Blumenfeld OO (April 1991). "Molecular genetics of human erythrocyte MiIII and MiVI glycophorins. Use of a pseudoexon in construction of two delta-alpha-delta hybrid genes resulting in antigenic diversification". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (11): 7248–55. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(20)89637-9 . PMID   2016325.
20. Huang CH, Skov F, Daniels G, Tippett P, Blumenfeld OO (November 1992). "Molecular analysis of human glycophorin MiIX gene shows a silent segment transfer and untemplated mutation resulting from gene conversion via sequence repeats". Blood. 80 (9): 2379–87. doi: 10.1182/blood.V80.9.2379.2379 . PMID   1421409.
21. Huang CH, Blumenfeld OO (April 1991). "Identification of recombination events resulting in three hybrid genes encoding human MiV, MiV(J.L.), and Sta glycophorins". Blood. 77 (8): 1813–20. doi: 10.1182/blood.V77.8.1813.1813 . PMID   2015404.
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23. Heathcote D, Flower R, Henry S (2008). "Development of novel alloantibody screening cells – the first example of the addition of peptide antigens to human red cells using KODE technology. ISBT Regional Congress, Macao SAR China, 2008". (P-303)". Vox Sanguinis. 95 (Suppl 1): 174.
24. Heathcote D, Carroll T, Wang JJ, Flower R, Rodionov I, Tuzikov A, Bovin N, Henry S (2010). "Novel antibody screening cells, MUT+Mur kodecytes, created by attaching peptides onto erythrocytes". Transfusion. 50 (3): 635–641. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02480.x. PMID   19912581. S2CID   20952307.
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26. Mak KH, Banks JA, Lubenko A, Chua KM, Torres de Jardine AL, Yan KF (March 1994). "A survey of the incidence of Miltenberger antibodies among Hong Kong Chinese blood donors". Transfusion. 34 (3): 238–41. doi:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1994.34394196622.x. PMID   8146897. S2CID   38287351.
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28. Bacon JM, Macdonald EB, Young SG, Connell T (1987). "Evidence that the low frequency antigen Orriss is part of the MN blood group system". Vox Sang. 52 (4): 330–4. doi:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1987.tb04902.x. PMID   2442891. S2CID   36810910.
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32. Baldwin ML, Barrasso C, Gavin J (1981). "The first example of a Raddon-like antibody as a cause of a transfusion reaction". Transfusion. 21 (1): 86–9. doi:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1981.21181127491.x. PMID   7466911. S2CID   39840648.
33. Ridgwell K, Tanner MJ, Anstee DJ (January 1983). "The Wrb antigen, a receptor for Plasmodium falciparum malaria, is located on a helical region of the major membrane sialoglycoprotein of human red blood cells". Biochem. J. 209 (1): 273–6. doi:10.1042/bj2090273. PMC   1154085 . PMID   6342608.
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36. Sánchez G, Aragonès L, Costafreda MI, Ribes E, Bosch A, Pintó RM (September 2004). "Capsid region involved in hepatitis A virus binding to glycophorin A of the erythrocyte membrane". J. Virol. 78 (18): 9807–13. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.18.9807-9813.2004. PMC   514964 . PMID   15331714.
37. Thacker TC, Johnson FB (September 1998). "Binding of bovine parvovirus to erythrocyte membrane sialylglycoproteins". J. Gen. Virol. 79. 79 ( Pt 9) (9): 2163–9. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-79-9-2163 . PMID   9747725.
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40. Svensson L (September 1992). "Group C rotavirus requires sialic acid for erythrocyte and cell receptor binding". J. Virol. 66 (9): 5582–5. doi:10.1128/JVI.66.9.5582-5585.1992. PMC   289118 . PMID   1380096.
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Further reading

• Blumenfeld OO, Huang CH (1996). "Molecular genetics of the glycophorin gene family, the antigens for MNSs blood groups: multiple gene rearrangements and modulation of splice site usage result in extensive diversification". Hum. Mutat. 6 (3): 199–209. doi: 10.1002/humu.1380060302 . PMID   8535438. S2CID   34245274.
• Blumenfeld OO, Huang CH (1997). "Molecular genetics of glycophorin MNS variants". Transfusion Clinique et Biologique. 4 (4): 357–65. doi:10.1016/s1246-7820(97)80041-9. PMID   9269716.
• Johnson ST, McFarland JG, Kelly KJ, et al. (2002). "Transfusion support with RBCs from an Mk homozygote in a case of autoimmune hemolytic anemia following diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccination". Transfusion. 42 (5): 567–71. doi:10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00093.x. PMID   12084164. S2CID   34052803.
• Tomita M, Marchesi VT (1976). "Amino-acid sequence and oligosaccharide attachment sites of human erythrocyte glycophorin". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72 (8): 2964–8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.8.2964 . PMC   432899 . PMID   1059087.
• Lemmon MA, Flanagan JM, Hunt JF, et al. (1992). "Glycophorin A dimerization is driven by specific interactions between transmembrane alpha-helices". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (11): 7683–9. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42569-0 . PMID   1560003.
• Huang CH, Spruell P, Moulds JJ, Blumenfeld OO (1992). "Molecular basis for the human erythrocyte glycophorin specifying the Miltenberger class I (MiI) phenotype". Blood. 80 (1): 257–63. doi: 10.1182/blood.V80.1.257.257 . PMID   1611092.
• Huang CH, Kikuchi M, McCreary J, Blumenfeld OO (1992). "Gene conversion confined to a direct repeat of the acceptor splice site generates allelic diversity at human glycophorin (GYP) locus". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (5): 3336–42. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50736-0 . PMID   1737789.
• Barton P, Collins A, Hoogenraad N (1991). "A variant of glycophorin A resulting from the deletion of exon 4". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1090 (2): 265–6. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(91)90115-3. PMID   1932122.
• Huang CH, Blumenfeld OO (1991). "Identification of recombination events resulting in three hybrid genes encoding human MiV, MiV(J.L.), and Sta glycophorins". Blood. 77 (8): 1813–20. doi: 10.1182/blood.V77.8.1813.1813 . PMID   2015404.
• Huang CH, Blumenfeld OO (1991). "Molecular genetics of human erythrocyte MiIII and MiVI glycophorins. Use of a pseudoexon in construction of two delta-alpha-delta hybrid genes resulting in antigenic diversification". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (11): 7248–55. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(20)89637-9 . PMID   2016325.
• Hamid J, Burness AT (1990). "The mechanism of production of multiple mRNAs for human glycophorin A." Nucleic Acids Res. 18 (19): 5829–36. doi:10.1093/nar/18.19.5829. PMC   332322 . PMID   2216775.
• Dill K, Hu SH, Berman E, et al. (1990). "One- and two-dimensional NMR studies of the N-terminal portion of glycophorin A at 11.7 Tesla". J. Protein Chem. 9 (2): 129–36. doi:10.1007/BF01025303. PMID   2386609. S2CID   2911581.
• Kudo S, Fukuda M (1989). "Structural organization of glycophorin A and B genes: glycophorin B gene evolved by homologous recombination at Alu repeat sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 (12): 4619–23. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86.4619K. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.12.4619 . PMC   287322 . PMID   2734312.
• Matsui Y, Natori S, Obinata M (1989). "Isolation of the cDNA clone for mouse glycophorin, erythroid-specific membrane protein". Gene. 77 (2): 325–32. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(89)90080-2. PMID   2753361.
• Vignal A, Rahuel C, el Maliki B, et al. (1989). "Molecular analysis of glycophorin A and B gene structure and expression in homozygous Miltenberger class V (Mi. V) human erythrocytes". Eur. J. Biochem. 184 (2): 337–44. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15024.x . PMID   2792104.
• Tate CG, Tanner MJ (1988). "Isolation of cDNA clones for human erythrocyte membrane sialoglycoproteins alpha and delta". Biochem. J. 254 (3): 743–50. doi:10.1042/bj2540743. PMC   1135146 . PMID   3196288.
• Huang CH, Puglia KV, Bigbee WL, et al. (1989). "A family study of multiple mutations of alpha and delta glycophorins (glycophorins A and B)". Hum. Genet. 81 (1): 26–30. doi:10.1007/BF00283724. PMID   3198123. S2CID   23151179.
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External links

• Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt : P02724 (Glycophorin-A) at the PDBe-KB .
• GYPA+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• Cartoon of glycophorin A - https://web.archive.org/web/20161008211618/http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/G/Glycoproteins.html

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.