A map of all tropical cyclone tracks, encompassing the period between the years 1985 and 2005.
This is a list of wettest tropical cyclones by country, using all known available sources. Data is most complete for Australia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Japan, Hong Kong, Mexico, Taiwan, Micronesia's Yap and Chuuk, and the United States, with fragmentary data available for other countries. The French region of Réunion holds several world records for tropical cyclone and worldwide rainfall, due to the rough topography and its location in the Indian Ocean.[1]
Christmas Island is an Australian territory located in the Indian Ocean located at the summit of a submarine mountain, which rises steeply to a central plateau that is dominated by stands of rainforest.[13] After rainfall and wind observations started on the island during 1972, only 13 tropical cyclones passed within 220km (135mi) of the territory between 1972 and 2005.[13]
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants on Christmas Island Highest-known totals
Although Tropical Low 11U in 2013 remained more than 120km (75mi) away from the Cocos Islands, wind shear displaced convection westward and over the islands for several days, resulting in record breaking rainfall.
The Cocos (Keeling) Islands are an Australian territory of 27 coral islands that are formed into two large coral atolls and cover an area of around 36km2 (14sqmi) of the Indian Ocean to the northwest of Perth, Australia.[13] Rainfall observations started on the islands during 1907, while temperature, wind and other records started in 1952.[13] Between 1952 and 2005 27 tropical cyclones caused storm force wind gusts of over 90km/h (55mph) on the islands, while only four caused hurricane-force gusts of over 125km/h (80mph).[13]
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in the Cocos Islands Highest-known totals
Cyclone Komen approaching Bangladesh on July 29, 2015
Bangladesh has been the scene of the greatest tropical cyclone casualties in recent times. The country is quite flat and generally lies near sea level.
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Bangladesh Highest-known totals
This country has terrain mainly across its southern sections, with elevations up to about 3,700 feet (1,100m).[51] The highest reported rainfall in what was formerly British Honduras occurred during Hurricane Keith in 2000 when 32.67 inches (830mm) of rain fell in a 24‑hour period at Phillip Goodson International Airport in Belize City.[52] Equally heavy rains could have fallen during Hurricane Hattie of 1961 and Hurricane Fifi of 1974.
Hurricane Keith (2000)
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Belize Highest-known totals
Tropical cyclones are usually in transition to extratropical cyclones by the time they reach Atlantic Canada, though occasionally they retain their tropical status. No tropical cyclone has ever hit Canada's Pacific coast.
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Canada Highest-known totals
China is a mountainous country, which leads to rapid dissipation of cyclones that move inland as well as significant amounts of rain from those dissipating cyclones. Typhoon Nina (1975) caused the collapse of two huge reservoirs and ten smaller dams when 1,062 millimetres (41.8in) fell in Henan during a 24‑hour period, which is the record for Mainland China. Typhoon Sam of the 1999 Pacific typhoon season became the wettest known tropical cyclone to impact Hong Kong since records began in 1884, breaking a 73‑year‑old record.[75] Precipitation associated with tropical cyclones and their remains can bring snow to Tibet. An early October 2004 tropical depression brought daily precipitation of 6 centimetres (2.4in) of liquid equivalent precipitation to Che-Ku county in the form of heavy snow, which was a new October daily precipitation record for both rain and snow. This led to a loss of 340,000kg of food, 230,000kg of forage grass, and 263 livestock in the snowstorm.[76]
Mainland
Typhoon In-fa
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Mainland China Highest-known totals
Hurricane Flora of October 1963 drifted across Cuba for four days, leading to extreme rainfall across the mountainous island country. During the heaviest 24‑hour period of rainfall, 735 millimetres (28.9in) of rain fell at Santiago de Cuba. Total amounts of 2,033 millimetres (80.0in) over 4days and 2,550 millimetres (100in) over 5days produced staggering loss of life in Cuba, where over 2000 perished.[93]
Hurricane Dennis
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Cuba Highest-known totals
The islands of the eastern Caribbean are constantly threatened by tropical storms and hurricanes, mainly between August and October. Dominica is a rugged island, with spots of elevation as high as nearly 4,750 feet (1,450m).[94] As Hurricane Jeanne moved through the region, 422.3 millimetres (16.63in) of rain fell during the 24‑hour period ending on the morning of September 15, 2004.[95]
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Dominica Highest-known totals
The Dominican Republic, has some of the highest terrain surrounding the Caribbean Sea, with Pico Duarte peaking at 10,700 feet (3,300m) above sea level.[100] Most of the tropical cyclone rainfall totals on the list below are 24‑hour maxima, which likely underrepresent the storm total.
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants the Dominican Republic Highest-known totals
Hurricane Marilyn moved directly across the island in mid-September 1995,[128] bringing the highest known rainfall totals to the island from a tropical cyclone.
Hurricane Luis
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Guadeloupe Highest-known totals
The mountainous island of Réunion has experienced several of the highest rainfall totals on record from tropical cyclones and holds the rainfall world records for 12, 24, 48, 72hours, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine and ten days as a result.[146][147][148] The 12 and 24 hourly rainfall records were set at Foc-Foc by Cyclone Denise in 1966, while an Unnamed Tropical Cyclone between April 8–10, 1958 set the record for 48 hours at Aurere. Tropical Cyclone Gamede between February 24–28, 2007 came close to beating the records for 12, 24 and 48 hours before setting the records for three, four, five, six, seven, eight and ninedays that were held by Tropical Cyclone Hyacinthe 1980.[147][148] Hyacinthe 1980 currently holds the world records for ten and fifteen days with rainfall totals of 5,678 millimetres (223.5in) and 6,083 millimetres (239.5in) respectively recorded at Commerson Crater.[148][149]
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants on Reunion island Highest-known totals
Tropical Storm Agatha in May 2010 became the second-wettest tropical cyclone in the nation's history when it slowly developed while remaining nearly stationary to the southwest of Guatemala, before turning northeast and dissipating across inland Central America.[163]
Tropical Storm Agatha (2010)
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants Guatemala Highest-known totals
Haiti that makes up three-eighths of Hispaniola,[169][170] is a mountainous country that has experienced some of the most powerful hurricanes on record, including Hurricane David. Its three mountain ranges have peaks as high as 8793feet/2680meters above sea level.[171]
Hurricane Flora
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Haiti Highest-known totals
The precursor tropical disturbance of Tropical Cyclone Inigo in April 2003 dropped heavy rainfall in eastern Indonesia. The rainfall caused flash flooding and mudslides, primarily in Flores but also on West Timor[198] and Sumba.[199] In some locations, the depth of the floodwaters reached 5 metres (16ft). The Oessao River in West Timor exceeded its banks, which flooded seven villages. In Kupang in West Timor, the system destroyed hundreds of homes and large fields of corn, bean, and rice crop. Heavy damage was reported near Ende, where flooding and mudslides destroyed 20houses and destroyed the roads connecting to East Flores. The city airport was flooded with one meter (3ft) of water, preventing aerial transportation and which left the city temporarily isolated. In East Flores Regency in eastern Flores Island, the system left 75destroyed houses, along with 77 severely damaged and a further 56 receiving light damage.[198]
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Indonesia Highest-known totals
This mountainous island country of Jamaica can get lashed with rainfall by slow-moving tropical cyclones in the western Caribbean Sea. Its interior, the Blue Mountains, reach a height of 7,400 feet (2,300m) above sea level.[204]
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Jamaica Highest-known totals
Typhoon Namtheun approaching Japan on July 30, 2004
The mountainous island archipelago is constantly struck by typhoons recurving out of the tropics, which are normally in extratropical transition as they pass through Japan. Typhoon Namtheun of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season holds the national 24-hour precipitation record with 1,317 millimetres (51.9in) observed in Kisawa village,[212] surpassing the previous record of 1,140mm (45in) set during Typhoon Fran in 1976.[213]
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Japan Highest-known totals
Typhoon Rusa caused 409 millimetres (16.1in) of rain to fall at Naze on August 29–30, 2002.[229]Typhoon Aere dropped 314.5 millimetres (12.38in) of rain in the 65‑hour period ending at 1400 UTC on August 25, 2004, at Ishigakihima.[230]Typhoon Agnes in August 1957 dropped 586.2 millimetres (23.08in) of rainfall on Marcus Island.[36] In 1972, Typhoon Rita dumped 31.87in (809mm) on Okinoerabu Shima.[231]
Johnston Atoll
Tropical cyclones occasionally threaten this central Pacific island. Hurricane Celeste of 1972 brought 6.21 inches (158mm) to the isle around August 19.[232]
Korea
The Korean Peninsula experiences typhoons regularly. Tropical cyclones which impact southern China also lead to, on average, five heavy rainfall events per year across the Korean peninsula.[233]
North Korea
Very heavy rains fell across Tongchon and Kosong counties during Typhoon Rusa in 2002, where up to 510 millimetres (20in) of precipitation fell in a 5- to 10-hour period.[229]
South Korea
Severe Tropical Storm Nakri
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in South Korea Highest-known totals
Hurricane Wilma of 2005 drifted over the northeast portion of the Yucatán peninsula for a couple of days, dropping significant rains. A report of 1,576 millimetres (62.0in) was reported by the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional in Mexico,[259] which is the wettest known 24-hour rainfall amount ever measured in Mexico. Second on the list is from Tropical Storm Frances in 1998, which accumulated up to 1,019 millimetres (40.1in) of rain at Independencia in southern Chiapas.[260] Below is a list of the highest known storm total rainfall amounts from individual tropical cyclones across Mexico. Most of the rainfall information was provided by the Mexico's National Weather Service, Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, which is a part of the National Water Commission, Comisión Nacional del Agua.
Hurricane Wilma
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants Mexico (Overall) Highest-known totals
Elevations of the islands surrounding Chuuk lagoon reach a height of about 1,450 feet (440m).[271]Typhoon Chataan led to excessive rainfall on this island from June 23– July 3, 2002, when a total of 939mm (37.0in) fell. During the time frame when Chataan was declared a tropical cyclone from July 1–3, 622mm (24.5in) fell, with 506mm (19.9in) falling on the 2nd alone at the international airport.[272]
Typhoon Chataan
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants on Chuuk Highest-known totals
The wettest known tropical cyclone for the state was Ruby in 1982, which drifted in the island's vicinity for several days during its initial development phase.[276]
Typhoon Ruby (1982)
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Yap state Highest-known totals
Some of the highest elevations on the planet lie in Nepal. Eight out of fourteen highest peaks in the world lie in the Nepalese Himalaya including the highest peak of the World, Mt. Everest (8848 m).[285] During a tropical depression that affected the Indian Subcontinent in 2004, 51.3 millimetres (2.02in) of rain fell at Kathmandu airport in the 24‑hour period ending at 1200 UTC on October 7.[76]
Netherlands Antilles
Saba
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants on Saba Highest-known totals
Most tropical cyclones which pass near New Zealand are in extratropical transition (ET) or have become extratropical, which can enhance their heavy rainfall threat.
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in New Zealand Highest-known totals
During the passage of Tropical Cyclone Heta in January 2004, the Niue Meteorological Station reported a record 24-hour rainfall of 999.2 millimetres (39.34in).[312]
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants on Niue Highest-known totals
Cyclone Phet, a cyclone making landfall in Pakistan in June 2010 as a deep depression
Tropical cyclones for the Arabian Sea usually affect Pakistan. Tropical cyclones from the Bay of Bengal can affect Pakistan, though they usually weaken by the time they reach the Pakistani coastline.[321]
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Pakistan Highest-known totals
Inflow to the south of Hurricane Mitch brought impressive rainfalls to Panama. Veledero de Tole recorded 695 millimetres (27.4in) of rainfall between October 22 and 31, 1998.
Tropical Cyclone Eline in February 2000 dropped significant rains on portions of South Africa. The highest amount noted was 480mm (19in) at Thohoyandou.[356]
Spain
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Saint Kitts and Nevis Highest-known totals
A tropical depression in early October 2004 led to heavy rains across Sri Lanka. The maximum was measured at Galle where 117.2mm (4.61in) fell in the 24‑hour period ending at 0600 UTC on the 2nd.[76]
St. Brandon, South Indian Ocean
Tropical Cyclone Darius of New Year's Eve/Day of 2003/2004 passed about 45 miles (72km) west-northwest of the island. Rainfall over the 24‑hour period of closest approach was 135mm (5.3in).[358]
St. Kitts and Nevis
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Saint Kitts and Nevis Highest-known totals
The mountainous island of Taiwan experiences an average of 1.8tropical cyclone landfalls each year.[citation needed] Due to its rugged topography, Taiwan sees extreme rains from tropical cyclones, particularly in its central mountain range.
Typhoon Morakot
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Taiwan Highest-known totals
Bermuda has not historically received overwhelming rains out of tropical cyclones. This could be because of the rapid pace storms usually pass the island and the lack of mountains on the island.
Hurricane Nicole (2016)
Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Bermuda Highest-known totals
A few tropical cyclones have skimmed the northern coast of South America over recent decades. Tropical Storm Bret (1993) dropped 339 millimetres (13.3in) of rain in ten hours at Guanare, Portuguesa, Venezuela.[410]
The 2005–06 Australian region cyclone season was an above average tropical cyclone season. It began on 1 November 2005 and ended on 30 April 2006. The regional tropical cyclone operational plan also defines a tropical cyclone year separately from a tropical cyclone season, which runs from 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2006.
The 2005–06 South Pacific cyclone season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. It began on November 1, 2005, and ended on April 30, 2006. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the southern Pacific Ocean east of 160°E. Additionally, the regional tropical cyclone operational plan defines a tropical cyclone year separately from a tropical cyclone season, and the "tropical cyclone year" runs from July 1, 2005, to June 30, 2006.
The 2003–04 South Pacific cyclone season was a below-average season with only three tropical cyclones occurring within the South Pacific to the east of 160°E. The season officially ran from November 1, 2003 to April 30, 2004 with the first disturbance of the season forming on December 4 and the last disturbance dissipating on April 23. This is the period of the year when most tropical cyclones form within the South Pacific Ocean.
The 2002–03 South Pacific cyclone season was the most active and longest tropical cyclone season since 1997–98, with ten tropical cyclones occurring within the South Pacific basin between 160°E and 120°W. The season started earlier than normal, with two systems developing before the official start of the season on November 1, 2002, while the final system dissipated on June 9, 2003, after the season had officially ended on April 30. During the season, tropical cyclones were officially monitored by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) in Nadi, Fiji and the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres in Brisbane, Australia and Wellington, New Zealand. The United States Armed Forces through the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), also monitored the basin and issued unofficial warnings for American interests. RSMC Nadi attaches a number and an F suffix to tropical disturbances that occur within the basin, while the JTWC designates significant tropical cyclones with a number and a P suffix. RSMC Nadi, TCWC Wellington and TCWC Brisbane all use the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale and estimate windspeeds over a ten-minute period, while the JTWC estimates sustained winds over a one-minute period, which are subsequently compared to the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale (SSHS).
The practice of using names to identify tropical cyclones goes back several centuries, with storms named after places, saints or things they hit before the formal start of naming in each basin. Examples of such names are the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane and the 1938 New England hurricane. The system currently in place provides identification of tropical cyclones in a brief form that is easily understood and recognized by the public. The credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is given to the Queensland Government Meteorologist Clement Wragge, who named tropical cyclones and anticyclones between 1887 and 1907. This system of naming fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired, until it was revived in the latter part of World War II for the Western Pacific. Over the following decades, formal naming schemes were introduced for several tropical cyclone basins, including the North and South Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Western and Southern Pacific basins as well as the Australian region and Indian Ocean.
During 2015, tropical cyclones formed in seven major bodies of water, commonly known as tropical cyclone basins. Tropical cyclones will be assigned names by various weather agencies if they attain maximum sustained winds of 35 knots. During the year, one hundred thirty-four systems have formed and ninety-two were named. The most intense storm of the year was Hurricane Patricia, with maximum 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 345 km/h (215 mph) and a minimum pressure of 872 hPa (25.75 inHg). The deadliest tropical cyclone was Cyclone Komen, which caused 280 fatalities in Southeast India and Bangladesh, while the costliest was Typhoon Mujigae, which caused an estimated $4.25 billion USD in damage after striking China. Forty Category 3 tropical cyclones formed, including nine Category 5 tropical cyclones in the year. The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for the 2015, as calculated by Colorado State University (CSU) was 1047 units.
Tropical cyclones in 2002 were spread out across seven different areas called basins. To date, 123 tropical cyclones formed in 2002. 80 tropical cyclones had been named by either a Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) or a Tropical Cyclone Warning Center (TCWC). The strongest system was Cyclone Zoe, with a central pressure of 890 hectopascals (26 inHg). The costliest and deadliest tropical cyclone of the year was Typhoon Rusa, killing 233 in South Korea and causing $4.2 billion in damages. 26 Category 3 tropical cyclones, including eight Category 5 tropical cyclones formed in 2002. The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for the 2002, as calculated by Colorado State University was 812 units.
During 2003, tropical cyclones formed within seven different tropical cyclone basins, located within various parts of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. During the year, a total of 129 systems formed with 85 of these developing further and were named by the responsible warning centre. The strongest tropical cyclone of the year was Cyclone Inigo, which was estimated to have a minimum barometric pressure of 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) and was tied with Cyclone Gwenda for being the most intense recorded cyclone in the Australian region in terms of pressure, with the possible exception of Cyclone Mahina. So far, 26 Category 3 tropical cyclones formed, including six Category 5 tropical cyclones formed in 2003, tying 2021. The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for the 2003, as calculated by Colorado State University was 833 units.
During 1999, tropical cyclones formed within seven different bodies of water called basins. To date, 142 tropical cyclones formed in bodies of water known as tropical cyclone basins, of which 72 were given names by various weather agencies. The strongest tropical cyclone of the year was Gwenda, attaining maximum sustained winds of 120 knots and a pressure of 900 hPa (26.58 inHg), later tied with Inigo in 2003. Floyd was the costliest tropical cyclone of the year, with around $6.5 billion worth of damages as it affected the Bahamas, the East Coast of the United States, and the Atlantic Canada. The deadliest cyclone of this year was the 1999 Odisha cyclone, which was blamed for over 9,667 deaths as it devastated India. It was also the strongest Northern Hemisphere cyclone of the year with the pressure of 912 hPa (26.93 inHg) and third most intense tropical cyclone worldwide next to Cyclone Gwenda and Cyclone Vance. Three Category 5 tropical cyclones were formed in 1999. The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for the 1999, as calculated by Colorado State University was 606.4 units.
During 1998, tropical cyclones formed within seven different tropical cyclone basins, located within various parts of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. A total of 125 tropical cyclones formed, with 72 of them being named by various weather agencies when they attained maximum sustained winds of 35 knots. The strongest tropical cyclones were Zeb, Ron and Susan which peaked with a pressure of 900 hPa (26.58 inHg). Hurricane Mitch of late October was the deadliest tropical cyclone, killing 11,000 people as it catastrophically affected Central America, and Mexico as a Category 5 major hurricane. Meanwhile, Georges became the costliest, with the damages amounting to $9.37 billion, which also became the costliest in the history of the Dominican Republic and the country of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Throughout the year, four Category 5 tropical cyclones formed. The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for the 1998, as calculated by Colorado State University was 773.1 units.
Throughout 2008, 124 tropical cyclones have formed in bodies of water known as tropical cyclone basins. Of these, 83 have been named, by various weather agencies when they attained maximum sustained winds of 35 knots. The strongest storm of the year was Typhoon Jangmi in the Western Pacific Ocean. The deadliest storm of the year was Cyclone Nargis, which caused devastating and castatrophic destruction in Myanmar with 138,373 fatalities. The costliest storm of the year was Hurricane Ike, which wreaked havoc thorough Cuba and Texas, with $38 billion in damage. Throughout the year, 24 Category 3 tropical cyclones formed, including one Category 5 tropical cyclone in the year. The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for the 2008, as calculated by Colorado State University was 613.9 units.
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