Public Sector Undertakings in India

Last updated

Public Sector Undertakings (PSU) in India are government-owned entities in which atleast 51% of stake is under the ownership of the Government of India or state governments. Depending on the level of government ownership, they can be broadly categorised as Central PSUs or State PSUs.[ citation needed ] These entities perform commercial functions onbehalf of the government. [1] [2] PSUs are officially classified into two categories, which are Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs) owned by the central government or other CPSUs and State Public Sector Undertakings (SPSUs) owned by state governments. CPSU and SPSU is further classified into Strategic Sector and Non-Strategic Sector. Depending on their financial performance and progress, CPSUs are granted the status of Maharatna, Navaratna, and Miniratna (Category I and II).

Contents

Following India's independence in 1947, the limited pre-existing industries were insufficient for sustainable economic growth. The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, adopted during the Second Five-Year Plan, laid the framework for PSUs. The government initially prioritized strategic sectors, such as communication, irrigation, chemicals, and heavy industries, followed by the nationalisation of corporations. PSUs subsequently expanded into consumer goods production and service areas like contracting, consulting, and transportation. Their goals include increasing exports, reducing imports, fostering infrastructure development, driving economic growth, and generating job opportunities. Each PSU has its own recruitment rules and employment in PSUs is highly sought after in India due to high pay and its job security, with most preferring candidates with a GATE score. [3]

In 1951, there were five PSUs under the ownership of the government. By March 2021, the number of such government entities had increased to 365. [4] These government entities represented a total investment of about ₹16,410,000,000,000 as of 31 March 2019. Their total paid-up capital as of 31 March 2019 stood at about ₹200.76 lakh crore. CPSEs have earned a revenue of about ₹24,430,000,000,000 + ₹1,000,000,000,000 during the financial year 2018–19. [4]

History

When India achieved independence in 1947, it was primarily an agrarian entity, with a weak industrial base. There were only eighteen state-owned Indian Ordnance Factories, previously established to reduce the dependency of the British Indian Army on imported arms. [5]

The British Raj had previously elected to leave agricultural production to the Private sector, with tea processing firms, jute mills (such as the Acland Mill), railways, electricity utilities, banks, coal mines, and steel mills being just some of the economic entities largely owned by private individuals like the industrialist Jamsetji Tata. Other entities were listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange. [6]

Critics of private ownership of India's agricultural and industrial entities—most notably Mahatma Gandhi's independence movement—instead advocated for a self-sufficient, largely agrarian, communal village-based existence for India in the first half of the 20th century. [7] [8] Other contemporary criticisms of India's public sector targeted the lack of well-funded schools, public libraries, universities, hospitals and medical and engineering colleges; a lack seen as impeding an Indian replication of Britain's own industrialization in the previous century. [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

Post-Independence, the national consensus turned in favor of rapid industrialisation of the economy, a process seen as the key to economic development, improved living standards and economic sovereignty. [14] Building upon the Bombay Plan, which noted the necessity of government intervention and regulation in the economy, the first Industrial Policy Resolution announced in 1948 laid down in broad strokes such a strategy of industrial development. Later, the Planning Commission was formed by a cabinet resolution in March 1950 and the Industrial (Development and Regulation) Act was enacted in 1951 with the objective of empowering the government to take necessary steps to regulate industry. [15]

The first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, promoted an economic policy based on import substitution industrialisation and advocated a mixed economy. [16] He believed that the establishment of basic and heavy industry was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy. India's second five year plan (1956–60) and the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 emphasized the development of public sector enterprises to meet Nehru's national industrialisation policy. His vision was carried forward by V. Krishnamurthy, a figure known as the "Father of Public sector undertakings in India". Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis was instrumental to its formulation, which was later termed the Feldman–Mahalanobis model. [17] [18]

In 1969, Indira Gandhi's government nationalised fourteen of India's largest private banks, and an additional six in 1980. This government-led industrial policy, with corresponding restrictions on private enterprise, was the dominant pattern of Indian economic development until the 1991 Indian economic crisis. [15] After the crisis, the government began divesting its ownership of several PSUs to raise capital and privatize companies facing poor financial performance and low efficiency. [19] [20]

Management and classification

The public sector undertakings are headed by the head of board of directors also known as chairperson cum managing director cum chief executive officer and a vice chairperson cum deputy managing director cum co-chief executive officer along with the members of the board of directors also known as executive director cum c-level officer who are Group 'A' gazetted officers appointed by the President of India in case of central public sector undertakings, its subsidiaries & its divisions and appointed by the Governor of States of India in case of state public sector undertakings, its subsidiaries & its divisions. The officers and employees working for public sector undertakings, subsidiaries of public sector undertakings and divisions of public sector undertakings are also classified as gazetted officers and full-fledged government employees.

All of the public sector undertakings have been awarded additional financial autonomy. Public Sector Undertakings are government establishments that have comparative advantages", giving them greater autonomy to compete in the global market so as to "support [them] in their drive to become global giants". [21] Financial autonomy was initially awarded to nine PSUs as Navratna status in 1997. [22] Originally, the term Navaratna meant a talisman composed of nine precious gems. Later, this term was adopted in the courts of the Gupta emperor Vikramaditya and Mughal emperor Akbar, as the collective name for nine extraordinary courtiers at their respective courts.

In 2010, the central government established the higher Maharatna category, which raises a public sector unit's investment ceiling from ₹1,000 crore to ₹5,000 crores. [23] The Maharatna public sector units can now decide on investments of up to 15 per cent of their net worth in a project while the Navaratna companies could invest up to ₹1,000 crore without explicit government approval. Two categories of Miniratnas afford less extensive financial autonomy.

Guidelines for awarding Ratna [24] status are as follows:

CategoryEligibilityBenefits for investment
MaharatnaThree years with an average annual net profit of over ₹2,500 crores, OR

The average annual Net worth of ₹10,000 crores for three years, OR

Average annual Turnover of ₹20,000 crore for three years (against Rs 25,000 crore prescribed earlier) [25]

₹1,000 crore – ₹5,000 crores, or free to decide on investments up to 15% of their net worth in a project
NavaratnaA score of 60 (out of 100), based on six parameters which include net profit, net worth, total manpower cost, the total cost of production, cost of services,  PBDIT (Profit Before Depreciation, Interest, and Taxes), capital employed, etc., AND

A PSU must first be a Miniratna and have 4 independent directors on its board before it can be made a Navratna.

up to ₹1,000 crore or 15% of their net worth on a single project or 30% of their net worth in the whole year (not exceeding ₹1,000 crores).
Miniratna Category-IHave made profits continuously for the last three years or earned a net profit of ₹30 crores or more in one of the three yearsup to ₹500 crore or equal to their net worth, whichever is lower.
Miniratna Category-IIHave made profits continuously for the last three years and should have a positive net worth.up to ₹300 crores or up to 50% of their net worth, whichever is lower.

PSUs in India are also categorized based on their special non-financial objectives and are registered under Section 8 of Companies Act, 2013 (erstwhile Section 25 of Companies Act, 1956).

Top profit making CPSUs

Top Profit Making CPSUs in Financial Year 2021–22 [26]
S. No.CPSE NameNet Profit (₹ crore)Share (%)
1 Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC)40,30515.27
2 Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL)24,1849.16
3 Power Grid Corporation of India (PGCIL)17,0746.48
4 National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)16,1116.11
5 Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)12,0154.55
6 Coal India Limited (CIL)11,2024.24
7 Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL)10,3643.93
8 Rural Electrification Corporation (REC)10,0463.81
9 Power Finance Corporation Limited (PFCL)10,0223.80
10 National Mineral Development Corporation Limited (NMDC)9,3983.56
Total (1-10)1,60,74260.91
Other CPSEs1,03,15339.09
Aggregated profit of profit-making CPSEs2,63,895100

List of CPSUs

Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) can be classified as Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs) or State Public Sector Undertakings (SPSUs). CPSUs are administered by the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises. The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE), Ministry of Finance is the nodal department for all the Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs).

As of October 2021, there are 13 Maharatnas, 14 Navratnas and 72 Miniratnas (divided into Category 1 and Category 2). [27] [28]

List of Maharatna

  1. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)
  2. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL)
  3. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL)
  4. Coal India Limited (CIL)
  5. Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL)
  6. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL)
  7. Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL)
  8. National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)
  9. Power Grid Corporation of India(PGCIL)
  10. Power Finance Corporation Limited (PFCL)
  11. Rural Electrification Corporation Limited (REC)
  12. Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) [29]
  13. Oil India Limited (OIL)

List of Navratna

  1. Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)
  2. Container Corporation of India (CONCOR)
  3. Engineers India Limited (EIL)
  4. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
  5. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL)
  6. National Aluminium Company (NALCO)
  7. National Buildings Construction Corporation (NBCC)
  8. National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC)
  9. NLC India Limited (Neyveli Lignite)
  10. Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited (RINL)
  11. Shipping Corporation of India (SCI)
  12. Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL)
  13. ONGC Videsh Limited
  14. Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited
  15. Ircon International
  16. RITES Limited
  17. National Fertilizers Limited(NFL)
  18. Housing And Urban Development Corporation Limited (HUDCO)
  19. Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA)

List of Miniratna

Miniratna Category-I
  1. Airports Authority of India (AAI)
  2. ONGC Videsh Limited
  3. Antrix Corporation (ANTRIX)
  4. Balmer Lawrie
  5. Braithwaite & Co.
  6. Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL)
  7. Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL)
  8. Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML)
  9. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)
  10. Bridge and Roof Company (India)
  11. Central Electronics Limited (CEL)
  12. Central Warehousing Corporation
  13. Central Coalfields Limited (CCL)
  14. Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited
  15. Chennai Petroleum Corporation (CPCL)
  16. Cochin Shipyard (CSL)
  17. Cotton Corporation of India Limited (CCIL)
  18. EdCIL (India) Limited (EdCIL)
  19. Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE)
  20. Goa Shipyard (GSL)
  21. Hindustan Copper (HCL)
  22. HLL Lifecare
  23. Hindustan Newsprint
  24. Hindustan Paper Corporation Limited
  25. Hindustan Steelworks Construction Ltd.
  26. Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO)
  27. HSCC India Limited
  28. Indian Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC)
  29. Indian Rare Earths (IRE)
  30. Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC)
  31. Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC)
  32. India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO)
  33. Kudremukh Iron Ore Company (KIOCL)
  34. Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL)
  35. Mahanadi Coalfields (MCL)
  36. MOIL Limited (MOIL)
  37. Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL)
  38. Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited (MECL)
  39. Mishra Dhatu Nigam
  40. MMTC Ltd. (MMTC)
  41. MSTC Limited
  42. National Fertilizers (NFL)
  43. National Projects Construction Corporation
  44. National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC)
  45. National Seed Corporation (NSC)
  46. NHPC Limited (NHPC)
  47. Northern Coalfields (NCL)
  48. North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited (NEEPCL)
  49. Numaligarh Refinery
  50. Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited
  51. Projects and Development India Limited (PDIL)
  52. RailTel Corporation of India (RailTel)
  53. Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers (RCF)
  54. SJVN Limited
  55. Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India
  56. Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) [30]
  57. South Eastern Coalfields (SECL)
  58. Telecommunications Consultants India (TCIL)
  59. THDC India Limited
  60. Western Coalfields (WCL)
  61. WAPCOS Limited
Miniratna Category-II (11)
  1. Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India
  2. Bharat Pumps & Compressors
  3. Broadcast Engineering Consultants India Limited
  5. Engineering Projects (India) Limited
  6. FCI Aravali Gypsum and Minerals (India) Limited
  7. Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited
  8. HMT International Limited
  9. Indian Medicines Pharmaceutical Corporation Limited
  10. MECON
  11. National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC)
  12. Rajasthan Electronics and Instruments Limited
  13. Agrinnovate India Ltd.
  14. AFC India Limited
  15. Amul (Anand Milk Union Limited)
  16. Anushakti Vidhyut Nigam Limited
  17. Aravali Power Company Private Limited (APCPL) Jharli, Jhajjar
  18. Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Limited
  19. Bengal Immunity Limited
  20. Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC)
  21. Bird Group of Companies
  22. Bharat Broadband Network (BBNL)
  23. Bharat Gold Mines Limited
  24. Bharat Wagon and Engineering
  25. Bharat Immunologicals and Biologicals Corporation
  26. Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer Corporation Ltd (BVFCL)
  27. Brahmaputra Cracker and Polymer Limited
  28. BrahMos Aerospace
  29. BHAVINI
  30. Biotech Consortium India Limited
  31. BHEL Electrical Machines Ltd. (EML)
  32. Bhor Sagar Port Limited
  33. BEML Midwest ltd.
  34. Convergence Energy Services Limited
  35. CSC e-Governance Services India Limited
  36. Cement Corporation of India
  37. Central Inland Water Transport Corporation Limited (CIWTC)
  38. Certification Engineers International Limited
  39. City and Industrial Development Corporation
  40. Chenab Valley Power Projects
  41. Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC)
  42. Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India
  43. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC)
  44. Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation
  45. Digital India Corporation
  46. Dredging Corporation of India
  47. Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL)
  48. Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC)
  49. Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL)
  50. Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India
  51. Fresh & Healthy Enterprises Limited
  52. Fertilizer Corporation of India
  53. Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Limited
  54. Food Corporation of India (FCI)
  55. Green Gas Limited
  56. Government e Marketplace
  57. Hemisphere Properties India Limited
  58. Hindustan Antibiotics Limited
  59. Hindustan Insecticides Limited
  60. Hindustan Organic Chemicals Limited (HOCL)
  61. Hindustan Fertilizers Corporation Limited (HFCL)
  62. Hindustan Prefab Limited
  63. Hindustan Shipyard Limited(HSL)
  64. Hindustan Salts Limited
  65. Hindustan Urvarak & Rasayan Limited(HURL)
  66. Hindustan Vegetable Oils Corporation
  67. Hindustan Teleprinters Limited (HTL)
  68. HSCC (India) Limited
  69. Hotel Corporation of India Limited (HCIL)
  70. Jal Power Corporation Ltd.
  71. Jute Corporation of India
  72. Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Limited
  73. Khadi Natural
  74. Khanij Bidesh India Ltd.
  75. Life Spring Hospitals (P) Ltd.
  76. Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation
  77. Konkan Railway Corporation
  78. Konkan LNG
  79. Krishnapatnam Railway Company Limited
  80. Karnataka Vijayanagar Steel Limited, NMDC Steel
  81. Madras Fertilizers
  82. Mahanagar Gas
  83. Millennium Telecom Ltd.
  84. Metal & Steel Factory
  85. Meja Urja Nigam Private Limited (MUNPL)
  86. Mudra Bank
  87. National Capital Region Transport Corporation
  88. National Dairy Development Board
  89. National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL)
  90. National Highways Logistics Management Company
  91. National Projects Construction Corporation Ltd (NPCC)
  92. National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI)
  93. National Land Monetisation Corporation (NLMC)
  94. National Informatics Centre Services Inc. (NIC)
  95. National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation Limited
  96. Narmada Hydroelectric Development Corporation
  97. National High Power Test Laboratory(NHTPL)
  98. National Textile Corporation
  99. NIIF Infrastructure Finance Limited
  100. Orissa Drugs & Chemicals Ltd.(ODCL)
  101. Bharat Refractories Limited, Bokaro
  102. NewSpace India Limited
  103. NEPA Mills Ltd.
  104. NSEIT
  105. NSPCL (NTPC-
  106. SAIL #Power Company Limited)
  107. Open Network for Digital Commerce
  108. IndiaFirst Life Insurance Company
  109. Infrastructure Development Finance Company (IDFC Limited)
  110. Industrial Finance Corporation of India Limited
  111. Indian Dairy Machinery Company Ltd. (IDMC)
  112. India Debt Resolution Company Limited (IDRCL)
  113. IHB Limited (a joint venture of IOCL, HPCL & BPCL)
  114. Indian Financial Technology and Allied Services
  115. Indian Highway Management Company Limited (IHMCL)
  116. Indian Vaccine Corporation Limited
  117. Indian Medicine Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd.
  118. Indian Immunologicals Limited
  119. India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited (IIFCL)
  120. Indian Port Rail Corporation Limited(IPRCL)
  121. India Ports Global Limited
  122. Indraprastha Gas Limited
  123. Indradhanush Gas Grid Limited (IGGL)
  124. Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services
  125. India SME Asset Reconstruction Company Limited
  126. Indian Potash Limited
  127. Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd
  128. Inland & Coastal Shipping Ltd.
  129. Inland Waterways Authority of India
  130. Instrumentation Limited
  131. Intelligent Communication Systems India Limited (ICSIL)
  132. Irrigation and Water Resources Finance Corporation Limited
  133. Petronet LNG
  134. Pipavav Railway Corporation Ltd. (PRCL)
  135. Power System Operation Corporation (Grid-India)
  136. Prize Petroleum Company Limited
  137. Protean eGov Technologies Ltd. (Formerly NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited)
  138. PTC India (formerly Power Trading Corporation India Limited)
  139. Punjab Logistics Infrastructure Limited
  140. Railway Energy Management Company Limited (REMCL)
  141. Rajasthan Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Limited(RDPL)
  142. Ramagundam Fertilizers and Chemicals Limited
  143. Ratnagiri Gas and Power
  144. Receivables Exchange of India Ltd (RXIL)
  145. Ropeways and Rapid Transport System Development Corporation
  146. Sagarmala Development Company
  147. SIDCUL CONCOR Infra Company Limited
  148. Semiconductor Complex Limited
  149. Smith Stanisteet Pharmaceuticals Limited
  150. sethusamudram corporation limited
  151. Sponge Iron India Ltd (SIIL)
  152. STCI Finance Limited
  153. State Farms Corporation of India
  154. Tourism Finance Corporation Of India Ltd.
  155. Tusco Limited.
  156. Talcher Fertilizers Limited.
  157. Urban Mass Transit Company
  158. UTI Infrastructure Technology and Services Limited (UTIITSL)
  159. Triveni Structurals Limited
  160. Utkarsha Aluminium Dhatu Nigam Limited
  161. UV Asset Reconstruction Company Limited
  162. Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited
  163. Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited
  164. Gliders India Limited
  165. India Optel Limited
  166. Munitions India Limited
  167. Troop Comforts Limited
  168. Yantra India Limited
  169. Indo-Russia Rifles (IRRPL)

List of CPSUs privatized

List of Central PSUs (Financial Services)

Nationalised banks

Currently there are 12 Nationalised Banks in India (Government Shareholding power is denoted in %, as of 30 October 2022):

Regional rural banks

Currently there are 43 Regional Rural Banks in India, as of 1 April 2020: [36]

Andhra Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh

  • Arunachal Pradesh Rural Bank

Assam

Bihar

Chhattisgarh

  • Chhattisgarh Rajya Gramin Bank

Gujarat

  • Baroda Gujarat Gramin Bank
  • Saurashtra Gramin Bank

Haryana

  • Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank

Himachal Pradesh

  • Himachal Pradesh Gramin Bank

Jammu and Kashmir

  • J&K Grameen Bank
  • Ellaquai Dehati Bank

Jharkhand

Karnataka

Kerala

Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

Manipur

  • Manipur Rural Bank

Meghalaya

  • Meghalaya Rural Bank

Mizoram

Nagaland

  • Nagaland Rural Bank

Odisha

Puducherry

Punjab

  • Punjab Gramin Bank

Rajasthan

  • Baroda Rajasthan Kshetriya Gramin Bank
  • Rajasthan Marudhara Gramin Bank

Tamil Nadu

  • Tamil Nadu Grama Bank

Telangana

  • Telangana Grameena Bank

Tripura

Uttar Pradesh

Uttarakhand

West Bengal

Nationalized insurance companies

Currently there are 7 Nationalized Insurance Companies (Government Shareholding power denoted in %, as of 1 April 2020):

Nationalized Market exchanges

Currently there are 7 Nationalized Financial Market Exchanges in India: [39]

List of State PSUs

Andhra Pradesh

Gujarat

Kerala

Maharashtra

Tamil Nadu

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Engineers India</span> Indian public sector engineering company

Engineers India Limited (EIL) is an Indian public sector industrial technology, engineering consultancy and technology licensing company. It was set up in 1965 with the mandate of providing indigenous technology solutions across hydrocarbon projects. Over the years, it has also diversified into synergic sectors like non-ferrous metallurgy, infrastructure, water and wastewater management and fertilizers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ranipur, Uttarakhand</span> City in Uttarakhand, India

Ranipur Or BHEL, Ranipur is a town in Haridwar district in the state of Uttarakhand, India. It is the township developed by Public sector Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oil and Natural Gas Corporation</span> Central Public Sector Undertaking

The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) is an Indian central public sector undertaking under the ownership of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India. The company is headquartered in Delhi. ONGC was founded on 14 August 1956 by the Government of India. It is the largest government-owned-oil and gas explorer and producer in the country and produces around 70 percent of India's domestic production of crude oil and around 84 percent of natural gas. ONGC is vertically integrated across the entire oil and gas industry. In November 2010, the Government of India conferred the Maharatna status to ONGC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bharat Petroleum</span> Indian central public sector undertaking

Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) is an Indian public sector undertaking (PSU) under the ownership of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India. It operates three refineries in Bina, Kochi and Mumbai. BPCL is India's second-largest government-owned downstream oil producer, whose operations are overseen by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. BPCL was ranked 309th on the Fortune list of the world's biggest PSUs in 2020, and 1052nd on Forbes's "Global 2000" list in 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hindustan Petroleum</span> Subsidiary of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) is an Indian public sector undertaking in petroleum and natural gas industry, headquartered in Mumbai, and a subsidiary of the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), which is owned by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ministry of Finance (India)</span> Finance ministry of India

The Ministry of Finance is a ministry within the Government of India concerned with the economy of India, serving as the Treasury of India. In particular, it concerns itself with taxation, financial legislation, financial institutions, capital markets, centre and state finances, and the Union Budget.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GAIL</span> Central Public Sector Undertaking

GAIL (India) Limited is an Indian state-owned energy corporation with primary interests in the trade, transmission and production distribution of natural gas. GAIL also has interests in the exploration and production solar and wind power, telecom and telemetry services (GAILTEL) and electricity generation. GAIL was founded as the Gas Authority of India Ltd. in August 1984 under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas to build, operate and maintain the HVJ Gas Pipeline. On 1 February 2013, the Indian government conferred GAIL with Maharatna status along with 11 other Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company</span> PSU of the Government of India

The Braithwaite Burn & Jessop Construction Company Limited is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) of the Government of India under Department of Heavy Industries. Established on 26 January 1935, BBJ Construction Company has been involved in the construction & repairing of Rail Bridges & Rail-cum-Road Bridges, Industrial structural works, Large building foundation, Civil engineering works, Refinery piping works, Railway gauge conversion etc. The company is registered and headquartered in Kolkata.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rail Vikas Nigam</span> Indian rail development undertaking

Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL) is an Indian central public sector enterprise (PSU) which works as the construction arm of the Ministry of Railways for project implementation and transportation infrastructure development. It was incorporated in 2003 to meet the country's surging infrastructural requirements and to implement projects on a fast-track basis as well as for creating a Railway equipment construction company. RVNL is a Navratna PSU in India under the administrative control of the Ministry of Railways, Government of India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Power Finance Corporation</span> Central Public Sector Undertaking

Power Finance Corporation Ltd. is an Indian central public sector undertaking under the ownership of the Ministry of Power, Government of India. Established in 1986, it is the financial backbone of Indian power sector. PFC's net worth as on 30 June 2023 is INR 1,184 billion. PFC is the 8th highest profit making Central Public Sector Undertaking (CPSU) as per the Department of Public Enterprises Survey for FY 2017–18. PFC is India's largest NBFC and also India's largest infrastructure finance psu. Government has raised status of PFC from ' Navratna' to 'Maharatna' psu on 12 October 2021.  No comment with respect to IP address(es)

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MMTC Ltd</span> Foreign exchange company of primary and non-primary products based in India

MMTC Ltd. is one of the two highest earners of foreign exchange for India and India's largest public sector trading body. Not only handling the export and import of primary products such as coal, iron ore, agro and industrial products, MMTC also exports and imports important commodities such as ferrous and nonferrous metals for industry, and agricultural fertilizers. MMTC's diverse trade activities cover third country trade, joint ventures and link deals and all modern forms of international trading. The company has a vast international trade network, spanning almost in all countries in Asia, Europe, Africa, Oceania, and in the United States and also includes a wholly owned international subsidiary in Singapore, MTPL. It is one of the Miniratnas companies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NTPC Limited</span> National Thermal Power Corporation, Central Public Sector Undertaking coal mining

NTPC Limited, formerly known as National Thermal Power Corporation, is an Indian central Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the ownership of the Ministry of Power and the Government of India, who is engaged in the generation of electricity and other activities. The headquarters of the PSU are situated at New Delhi. NTPC's core function is the generation and distribution of electricity to State Electricity Boards in India. The body also undertakes consultancy and turnkey project contracts that involve engineering, project management, construction management, and operation and management of power plants.

Fertilizer Corporation of India Limited (FCIL) is a public sector undertaking in India under the ownership of Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NBCC (India) Limited</span> Central Public Sector Undertaking

NBCC (India) Limited, formerly known as National Buildings Construction Corporation is a public sector undertaking (PSU) company under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian Railway Finance Corporation</span> Indian public sector undertaking

Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC) is an Indian public sector undertaking engaged in raising financial resources for expansion and running through capital markets and other borrowings. The Government of India owns a majority stake in the company, while the Ministry of Railways has administrative control.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arup Roy Choudhury</span> Indian businessman

Prof. (Dr.) Arup Roy Choudhury is a business executive and professor. He worked as the Chairman & MD of NBCC, a Navaratna Central Public Sector Company from 3 April 2001 to 31 August 2010, and as Chairman and MD of NTPC, a Maharatna Central Public Sector Company from 1 September 2010 to 31 August 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Housing and Urban Development Corporation</span> Indian public sector body

The Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited, abbreviated as HUDCO, is an Indian public sector undertaking engaged in housing finance and infrastructure project finance. The Govt Grants Navratna Status to PSU on April 18,2024.

Disinvestment in Public sector undertakings in India is a process of public asset sales done by the President of India on behalf of the Government of India. It can be directly offered for sale to the private sector or indirectly done through a bidding process. The Public Enterprises Survey (2015–16), brought out by the Department of Public Enterprises, Ministry of Heavy Industries, & Government of India on the performance of Central Public Sector Enterprises was placed in both the Houses of Parliament on 21 March 2017. There were 331 CPSEs in 2017-18, out of which 257 were in operation. The remaining 74 of the CPSEs were being established.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ministry of Heavy Industries</span> Union ministry of Government of India

The Ministry of Heavy Industries is an executive agency of the Government of India. The Ministry entails for promoting the engineering industry viz. machine tools, heavy electrical, industrial machinery, and auto industry and administration of 40 operating Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) and 4 autonomous organizations.

References

  1. ↑ Kaushik, Kshama V.; Dutta, Kaushik. "State-owned Enterprises or Public Sector Undertakings". Oxford University Press. pp. 86–106. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  2. ↑ "STATUTORY CORPORATIONS, COMPANIES AND OTHER BODIES IN WHICH THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA HAVE FINANCIAL OR CONTROLLING INTEREST LOK SABHA SECRETARIAT" (PDF). Parliament of India, Lok Sabha. 1 September 2021.
  3. ↑ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/careers/govt/psu-services/is-psu-a-government-job-public-sector-company-jobs-salary-more-/articleshow/94787399.cms
  4. 1 2 "Public Enterprises Survey 2019–20 | Department of Public Enterprises | MoHI&PE | GoI Page No. 1" (PDF). dpe.gov.in. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  5. ↑ "Home | Ordnance Factory Board | Government of India".
  6. ↑ "[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Early Days - 1". www.irfca.org. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  7. ↑ "Mahatma Gandhi believed in a self-sufficient village economy". www.newsonair.com. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  8. ↑ Gosalia, Sushila (1 March 1979). "The Gandhian model of self-reliance in the Indian economy". Intereconomics. 14 (2): 80–83. doi:10.1007/BF02930202. hdl: 10419/139599 . ISSN   1613-964X. S2CID   56358907.
  9. ↑ Mushtaq, Muhammad Umair (January 2009). "Public Health in British India: A Brief Account of the History of Medical Services and Disease Prevention in Colonial India". Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 34 (1): 6–14. doi: 10.4103/0970-0218.45369 . ISSN   0970-0218. PMC   2763662 . PMID   19876448.
  10. ↑ Amrith, Sunil S. (February 2009). "Health in India Since Independence" (PDF).
  11. ↑ Chaudhary, Latika (March 2009). "Determinants of Primary Schooling in British India". The Journal of Economic History. 69 (1): 269–302. doi:10.1017/S0022050709000400. ISSN   0022-0507.
  12. ↑ Chaudhary, Latika (1 May 2012). "Caste, Colonialism and Schooling: Education in British India". SSRN   2087140.
  13. ↑ Odgers, George Allen (October 1925). "Education in British India". The Phi Delta Kappan. 8 (2): 1–6. JSTOR   20257440 .
  14. ↑ "Chapter 1, Industrial Policy Handbook" (PDF). Industrial Policy Handbook. Office of the Economic Adviser, Ministry of Commerce and Industry. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  15. 1 2 Jadhav, Narendra. "Industrial Policy since 1956" (PDF). Dr. Narendra Jadhav. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  16. ↑ Ghose, Shankar (1993). Jawaharlal Nehru. Allied Publishers. p. 243. ISBN   978-81-7023-369-5.
  17. ↑ Ahluwalia, Isher J. (1993). Productivity and Growth in Indian Manufacturing, part of Recent Developments in Indian Economy: With Special Reference to Structural Reforms, Part 2. New Delhi: Academic Foundation. p. 25. ISBN   978-81-7188-094-2.
  18. ↑ Baldev Raj Nayar, Globalization And Nationalism: The Changing Balance Of India's Economic Policy, 1950–2000 (New Delhi: Sage, 2001)
  19. ↑ "Disinvestments-A Historical Perspective". Bombay Stock Exchange . Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  20. ↑ Sankar, T.L.; Mishra, R.K.; Lateef Syed Mohammed, A. (1994). "Divestments in Public Enterprises: The Indian Experience". International Journal of Public Sector Management. 7 (2): 69–88. doi:10.1108/09513559410055242.
  21. ↑ Original govt. announcement about the Navratnas 1997 Archived 9 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ "Maharatnas, Navratnas: India's best PSUs!". Rediff.
  23. ↑ "Maharatna status for mega PSUs gets nod". The Times of India. 25 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
  24. ↑ "bsepsu.com". www.bsepsu.com. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  25. ↑ http://www.archive.india.gov.in/spotlight/spotlight_archive.php?id=78 [ dead link ]
  26. ↑ "Public Enterprises Survey 2020–21 Volume 1" (PDF). Department of Public Enterprises | Ministry of Finance.
  27. ↑ "List of Maharatna and Navratna companies in India". Dainik Jagran. 8 April 2021.
  28. ↑ "List of Maharatna, Navratna and Miniratna CPSEs". Ministry of Finance. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  29. ↑ "PFC is 11th firm to join Maharatna CPSE club". Livemint. 12 October 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  30. ↑ "Solar Energy Corporation of India gets 'Miniratna Category-I' status". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  31. ↑ "Axis Bank's original promoter fully exits after three decades". The Times of India. May 2023.
  32. ↑ "Winners and losers of HZL privatisation". The Times of India . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013.
  33. ↑ "Jessop and Co, one of India's oldest companies, faces closure".
  34. ↑ Tiwari, Dheeraj (22 April 2015). "Government may sell stakes in IDFC, Tata Communications via ETF route". The Economic Times.
  35. ↑ https://www.businessworld.in/article/HDFC-Bank-To-Sell-2-Stake-In-NSDL-IPO/10-07-2023-483676
  36. ↑ "list of SCB".
  37. 1 2 Kumar, N. Ravi (10 May 2019). "Rural banks to be merged in TS, AP". The Hindu.
  38. ↑ दैनिक जागरण: बैंकों का विलय: एक हुए UP के तीन बैंक, अब बड़ौदा यूपी बैंक नाम से जाने जाएंगे.
  39. ↑ "SEBI | Details of Stock Exchanges".
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.