Institute of Naval Medicine

Last updated

Institute of Naval Medicine
INM
Hampshire UK location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Location within Hampshire
General information
TypeMilitary medical training facility
AddressCrescent Road, Gosport, Hampshire, PO12 2DL
Coordinates 50°46′48″N1°08′31″W / 50.78°N 1.142°W / 50.78; -1.142
Elevation10 m (33 ft)
Current tenantsRoyal Navy Medical Service
Construction started1969
Completed1969
Inaugurated26 September 1969
Client Ministry of Defence
OwnerNaval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg  Royal Navy
Technical details
Floor count2
Website
Institute of Naval Medicine - Royal Navy

The Institute of Naval Medicine is the main research centre and training facility of the Royal Navy Medical Service. The Institute was established in Alverstoke, Gosport, in 1969.

Contents

The Institute today offers 'specialist medical training, guidance and support from service entry to resettlement', and provides 'extensive research, laboratory and clinical facilities' for use across the armed services. [1]

History

Royal Naval Medical School

First established at Royal Naval College, Greenwich in 1912, the Royal Naval Medical School provided induction training for new-entry medical officers, and promotion training for the rank of Fleet Surgeon (later Surgeon Lieutenant Commander). [2] The initial course provided prospective naval surgeons with the skills to function as a sole practitioner at sea; subjects taught included naval hygiene, dentistry, radiography, anaesthetics and tropical medicine. It was from the start a research-focused institution, which in its early decades played a key role in the production of vaccines and sera. Clinical training took place initially at the Dreadnought Seamen's Hospital, then (after the First World War) at the London Hospital; courses prior to the Second World War were validated by the University of London.

In the early 1930s induction training moved to Haslar, but other teaching and research work continued to be based at Greenwich; by that time the RMNS was engaged in 'a very large amount of highly technical work of the greatest importance to the health of the Navy', including research, analytics, pathological examinations, tropical disease investigations and vaccine making. [3]

The Royal Naval Medical School was removed from Greenwich to Clevedon at the start of World War II, where it remained until 1948. During the war its work continued: in the back garden of a house on Elton Road, Clevedon, in 1942 the RNMS constructed the world's first fully functional factory for the mass production of penicillin. [4]

In 1948 the Royal Naval Medical School was relocated to Monckton House, Alverstoke. [5] The Royal Naval Physiological Laboratory had been established here in 1942, a joint project of the RN Scientific Service and the RN Medical Service.

In the 1960s short courses were offered in atomic, underwater and tropical medicine. At the same time, the RNMS began to undertake increasingly specialised medical research in support of the Polaris submarine-launched nuclear weapons programme. [6] Specialised research, training and radiological protection facilities were built in the grounds of Monckton House, and in 1969 the establishment was renamed the Institute of Naval Medicine.

Institute of Naval Medicine

Surgeon Captain Beth Crowson, CO of the Institute of Naval Medicine 2019-2022. Surgeon Captain Elizabeth Crowson.jpg
Surgeon Captain Beth Crowson, CO of the Institute of Naval Medicine 2019-2022.

At a safety conference on Saturday 25 March 1972 at the University of Birmingham, organised by the National Council of British Mountaineering, with around five hundred climbing experts present, Surgeon Commander Duncan Walters (August 1927 - August 2021) showed a film entitled Give Him Air, [7] [8] about a swimmer in Malta that was accidentally speared in the lung by a harpoon gun. The film showed the gruesome after-effects of the harpoon incident, which caused eight conference attendees to faint, and had to be carried outside. [9]

In November 1973 a £200,000 environmental medical centre opened, which simulated life inside a submarine. [10] From 12 November 1973, four sailors (medical ratings) were shut inside this for thirty days, to test atmospheric pollution. [11]

J and P Engineering Reading Ltd developed a photo-sensitive radiation detector for the institute, later sold to the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) in Oxfordshire and for CERN. [12]

At a conference in Aberdeen in September 1988, Surgeon Captain Ramsay Pearson, head of undersea medicine, said that recreational diving in the UK had too many accidents, due to decompression computers, which he claimed did not have built-in safety factors. The National Hyperbaric Centre in Aberdeen (built by the government in 1987) agreed with him. [13]

The Channel 5 documentary Survivor featured the institute, and surviving cold temperatures on the Cascade Range, on Wednesday 28 January 1998. [14] Sir Ranulph Fiennes visited on Monday 11 October 1999, when he was put in an immersion tank. [15]

In August 2000 the site sent four doctors and two staff to the Kursk submarine disaster in a team of twenty-seven from the UK. [16]

As of 2005 the Institute's mission statement was 'to improve the operational capability of the Royal Navy by promoting good health and safety and maximising the effectiveness of personnel'. Its five 'principal business areas' were:

Activity

Training

It trained medical staff for the Naval Emergency Monitoring Team at three sites at Gare Loch, Portsmouth and Plymouth, which worked with the Nuclear Accident Response Organisation (NARO) at the Clyde Submarine Base (HMNB Clyde) [17]

In 1970s, nurses in the navy trained at the navy hospitals in Gosport and Plymouth; the Royal Naval School of Nursing began around 1962, in Gosport. [18] There is longer a navy site at Plymouth, but there is a Ministry of Defence Hospital Unit - MODHU at Plymouth hospital; all medical assistants would complete 22 weeks of training at the RN Hospital in Gosport, followed by another 32 weeks at the RN hospitals at Gosport or Plymouth for naval (ship) medical assistants. Submarine medical assistants (MASM) would be trained at the institute, such as in radiation decontamination.

Medical assistants are trained at the Defence Medical Academy in Whittington, Staffordshire, with nuclear training at the Nuclear Department at HMS Sultan in Gosport, which will move to Scotland. The Department of Nuclear Science and Technology moved from London in October 1998. [19]

Research

Drowning

The site has done much research into drowning, which kills 700–1000 a year in the UK, with a third being males aged 15–35. Surgeon Commander Frank Golden, Director of Research in the 1980s did much important investigations. Many able swimmers died, no more than 10 yards from refuge, from effects of cold water. [20] Frank Golden later worked with Professor Mike Tipton at the University of Surrey Robens Institute. [21]

So-called 'dry drowning' is caused by the shock of cold water. A possible cause is cold water causing the larynx to spasm. Animals have a 'diving response', but humans hyperventilate, and the heart beats too quickly due to a chemical imbalance. [22]

Drowning is the third most common form of accidental death in the UK after road accidents and home injuries. It is often competent swimmers in canals, rivers or flooded quarries in spring or early summer, and there has not been much research on this form of drowning. Most deaths occur in the first three minutes, and those who last 15 minutes mostly last to 30 minutes. Admiral Frank Golden in the 1990s thought that the deaths were linked to the gasp reflex as found in cold showers. There is a big increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Uncontrolled rate breathing makes swimming impossible due to the cold shock response. Work had neen carried out with the University of Leeds on 'immersion hypothermia'. [23]

Diving

In the 1990s, Surgeon Commander James Francis found 'nitrogen narcosis' below 30m of water depth. [24] James Francis became Head of Undersea Medicine and left the Navy in 1996.

The INM works with The Physiological Society, and staff have given lectures at the Society in London.

Seasickness

In November 1979 the site tested a new seasickness pill on HMS Broadsword, called cinnarizine, with reference to the previous medication hyoscine (scopolamine), and worked with the MRC [25]

Women submariners

In 2010 the USA allowed women on its submarines but women submariners were not allowed in the UK as carbon dioxide in a submarine's atmosphere could damage a foetus. [26]

In December 2011 women were allowed on submarines, with officers first then all women from 2015. All women would serve on the Astute class submarines from 2016. Women had been on surface ships since 1990. There are around 3420 females in the Royal Navy, about 9%. [27]

Structure

It is situated in the south of Gosport. The Medical Officer-in-Charge is also the Dean of Naval Medicine.

Departments

Medical Officers in Charge

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laurel Clark</span> American astronaut (1961–2003)

Laurel Blair Clark was an American NASA astronaut, medical doctor, United States Navy captain, and Space Shuttle mission specialist. She died along with her six fellow crew members in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. Clark was posthumously awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fort Blockhouse</span> Former military establishment in Gosport, Hampshire, England

Fort Blockhouse is a former military establishment in Gosport, Hampshire, England, and the final version of a complicated site. At its greatest extent in the 19th century, the structure was part of a set of fortifications which encircled much of Gosport. It is surrounded on three sides by water and provides the best view of the entrance to Portsmouth Harbour. As HMS Dolphin, the fort was for most of the 20th century the home of the Royal Navy Submarine Service. It is unique in that it was built over five centuries from its original construction as a blockhouse in 1431 to the final addition of submarine base structures in the mid-1960s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HMS Dolphin (shore establishment)</span> Former shore establishment of the Royal Navy

The seventeenth Royal Navy vessel to be named HMS Dolphin was the Royal Naval shore establishment sited at Fort Blockhouse in Gosport. Dolphin was the home of the Royal Navy Submarine Service from 1904 to 1999, and location of the Royal Navy Submarine School.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medical Assistant (Royal Navy)</span>

The Medical Assistant is a Royal Navy medical rating in the United Kingdom. Medical Assistants serve on all types of ships in the surface fleet, submarine fleet, Royal Marines, Fleet Air Arm or ashore in a sick bay, hospitals, or other establishment. The equivalent rate in the United States Navy (USN) is hospital corpsman.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haslar</span> Human settlement in Hampshire, England

Haslar is on the south coast of England, at the southern tip of Alverstoke, on the Gosport peninsula, Hampshire. It takes its name from the Old English hæsel-ōra, meaning "hazel-landing place". It may have been named after a bank of hazel strewn on marshy grounds around Haslar Creek to make it passable and habitable in old times, or merely because hazel grew there.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory</span> U.S. Navy research unit for submarine and diving medicine

The Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory (NSMRL) is located on the New London Submarine Base in Groton, Connecticut. It is a subordinate command of the Naval Medical Research Command.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Naval Hospital</span>

A Royal Naval Hospital (RNH) was a hospital operated by the British Royal Navy for the care and treatment of sick and injured naval personnel. A network of these establishments were situated across the globe to suit British interests. They were part of the Royal Naval Medical Service. The British Army equivalent was a Military Hospital, and in the 20th century a number of RAF Hospitals were also established.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Hospital Haslar</span> Military hospital in Hampshire, England

The Royal Hospital Haslar in Gosport, Hampshire, which was also known as the Royal Naval Hospital Haslar, was one of Britain's leading Royal Naval Hospitals for over 250 years. Built in the 1740s, it was reputedly the largest hospital in the world when it opened, and the largest brick-built building in Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Military medicine</span> A medical specialty attending to soldiers, sailors and other service members

The term military medicine has a number of potential connotations. It may mean:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HMNB Devonport</span> Operating base in the United Kingdom for the Royal Navy

His Majesty's Naval Base, Devonport is one of three operating bases in the United Kingdom for the Royal Navy and is the sole nuclear repair and refuelling facility for the Royal Navy. The largest naval base in Western Europe, HMNB Devonport is located in Devonport, in the west of the city of Plymouth, England.

John Morley Holford, CB, OBE was a medical officer in the Royal Navy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Submarine escape training facility</span> Facility used for training submariners in methods of escape from a sunken submarine

A Submarine Escape Training Tower is a facility used for training submariners in methods of emergency escape from a disabled submarine underwater. It is a deep tank filled with water with at least one underwater entrance at depth simulating an airlock in a submarine. Since the 1930s, towers have been built for use by the Royal Navy, US Navy, Royal Australian Navy and in several other countries.

The Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine (RANSUM) is an instructor-led training course based at Sydney, Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Albert R. Behnke</span> US Navy physician and diving medicine researcher

Captain Albert Richard Behnke Jr. USN (ret.) was an American physician, who was principally responsible for developing the U.S. Naval Medical Research Institute. Behnke separated the symptoms of Arterial Gas Embolism (AGE) from those of decompression sickness and suggested the use of oxygen in recompression therapy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Wesley Shilling</span> U.S. Navy physician, researcher, and educator

Captain Charles Wesley Shilling was an American physician who was known as a leader in the field of undersea and hyperbaric medicine, research, and education. Shilling was widely recognized as an expert on deep sea diving, naval medicine, radiation biology, and submarine capabilities. In 1939, he was Senior Medical Officer in the rescue of the submarine U.S.S. Squalus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Navy Medical Service</span> Medical Service for the Royal Navy

The Royal Navy Medical Service (RNMS), also termed the Royal Naval Medical Service and branded as Navy Healthcare, is the branch of the Royal Navy responsible for providing 'comprehensive healthcare to ships, submarines and Royal Marine personnel at sea and on land'. It includes within its remit of responsibility Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service.

Surgeon Vice Admiral Sir John Stuart Pepys Rawlins, was a Royal Navy officer and pioneer in the field of diving medicine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John H. Ebersole</span> American pioneer in submarine medicine and radiation oncology, Captain US Navy

Captain John Henry Ebersole, M.D., United States Navy Medical Corps was a pioneer in submarine medicine and radiation oncology, selected by Admiral Hyman G. Rickover to serve as medical officer aboard the US Navy's first two nuclear powered submarines, the USS Nautilus and the USS Seawolf. He was the radiologist for NASA that screened the Mercury Seven astronauts for Project Mercury. Ebersole was the radiologist responsible for the x-rays taken during the autopsy of John F. Kennedy on 22 November 1963 at Bethesda Naval Medical Center.

In 1989 the Royal Navy was under the direction of the Navy Department in the UK Ministry of Defence. It had two main commands, CINCFLEET and Naval Home Command.

References

  1. "Institute of Naval Medicine". Royal Navy. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  2. Dickinson, Harry (2016). Wisdom and War: The Royal Naval College Greenwich 1873–1998. Abingdon, Oxon.: Routledge. pp. 151–152.
  3. Charles Ammon, Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty (15 April 1930). "Medical School, Greenwich". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . Vol. 237. UK: House of Commons. col. 2754.
  4. Campbell, Rob (2010). Clevedon: Places and Faces. Leicester: Matador. pp. 63–74.
  5. Burton LA, Peacey BF, McMillan GHG, "Monckton House at the Institute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke", Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 1998; 84:3 164-174
  6. "Military Affiliations". The Barbers' Company. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  7. IMDb 1971
  8. BFI
  9. Birmingham Daily Post Monday 27 March 1972, page 14
  10. Times Tuesday 6 November 1973, page 3
  11. Birmingham Daily Post Monday 05 November 1973, page 7
  12. Reading Evening Post Tuesday 17 October 1978, page 9
  13. Aberdeen Evening Express Wednesday 7 September 1988, page 9
  14. Birmingham Daily Post Wednesday 28 January 1998, page 2
  15. Aberdeen Press and Journal Tuesday 12 October 1999, page 9
  16. Times Thursday August 17 2000
  17. Lennox Herald Friday 19 March 1993, page 10
  18. Navy News February 2002
  19. Navy News June 2016, page 20
  20. 'Findings' Times Thursday June 7, 1984, page 8
  21. Navy News June 1994, page 3
  22. Times 'Medical Briefing' Thursday 22 June 1989, page 13
  23. Times Thursday April 28, 1994, page 17
  24. Times Tuesday 26 July 1994, page 13
  25. Navy News November 1979, page 1
  26. Times Monday April 26, 2010, page 32
  27. Times Friday 9 December 2011, page 3
  28. Navy News June 1990, page 11
  29. Navy News February 2007, page 40