List of female monarchs

This article is about queens regnant and other female monarchs organised geographically. For female hereditary monarchs organised alphabetically, see List of female hereditary monarchs. For non-reigning current queens, see List of current consorts of sovereigns. For female regents, see List of regents. For elected and appointed female heads of state and government, see List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government.

• Top left: Elizabeth II was the longest-reigning female monarch, ruling as Queen of the United Kingdom for 70 years, from 1952 to 2022.
• Top right: Victoria ruled as Queen of the United Kingdom for 63 years, from 1837 to 1901; the longest at the time.
• Bottom left: Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands for 58 years from 1890 to 1948, is the longest-reigning female monarch outside the United Kingdom.
• Bottom right: Margrethe II was Queen of Denmark for 52 years, from 1972 until her abdication in 2024; she is the most recent female monarch of a sovereign state.

This is a list of current and former female monarchs regardless of title, including queens regnant, empresses regnant, pharaohs and monarchs by other titles (grand duchess, princess, etc.). Consorts, such queens consort (i.e. spouses of male monarchs) are not included, see list of current consorts of sovereigns. Female regents are not included, see list of regents.

The following is an incomplete list of women monarchs who are well known from popular writings, although many ancient and poorly documented ruling monarchs (such as those from Africa and Oceania) are omitted. Section 1 lists monarchs who ruled in their own right, such as queens regnant. Section 2 lists legendary monarchs. Section 3 lists monarchs who ruled in their own right, but had no official legal recognition while in power. Section 4 lists various female rulers who were referred to with the title "Chieftainess." Regents, such as queens regent, are not monarchs and are not included in this page. Page does include claimants and anti-rulers whose recognition among their subjects and legitimacy as monarchs are disputed.

Monarchs

Africa

North Africa

Algeria

Monarch	Portrait	State	Reign dates	Length	Ref.
Cleopatra Selene II		Mauretania	25–5 BC	20 years
Tin Hinan		Hoggar	4th century AD	Unknown
Dihya		Kingdom of the Aurès	c. 668–703 AD	c. 35 years

Canary Islands

The Canary Islands are Spanish territories of North Africa.

Peraza family

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Reign dates	Length	Ref.
Inés Peraza [a]	–	Queen	Lordship of the Canary Islands	1452–1477	25 years	[1]

Kingdom of the Canary Islands
The title of "King/Queen of the Canary Islands" was included in the list of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown.

Monarch	Portrait	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Isabella I of Castile		4 September 1479	26 November 1504	25 years, 83 days
Joanna of Castile		26 November 1504	12 April 1555	50 years, 137 days
Isabella II of Spain		29 September 1833	30 November 1833	62 days

Egypt

The first verified female monarch of Egypt is Sobekneferu of the Twelfth dynasty. However, queens from earlier periods such as Neithhotep, Merneith and Khentkaus I held powerful positions and may have ruled Egypt in their own right, but the archaeological evidence is ambiguous. ^[2] Many of the Ptolemaic kings co-ruled with their queens. However, Arsinoe II, Berenice II, Arsinoe III and Cleopatra I are considered monarchs by Sally-Ann Ashton, but not by Tara Sewell-Lasater. ^{[3] [4]}

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Sobekneferu		Pharaoh	Middle Kingdom of Egypt	c. 1777 BC	c. 1773 BC	3 years, 10 months and 24 days	[5]
Hatshepsut		Pharaoh	New Kingdom of Egypt	c. 1479 BC	c. 1458 BC	c. 21 years
Neferneferuaten		Pharaoh	New Kingdom of Egypt	c. 1334 BC	c. 1332 BC	c. 2 years
Twosret		Pharaoh	New Kingdom of Egypt	c. 1191 BC	c. 1189 BC	2 years
Arsinoe II		Pharaoh (disputed)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	273 or 272 BC	270 or 268 BC	2 to 5 years	[6]
Berenice II		Pharaoh (disputed)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	246 BC	221 BC	25 years	[7]
Arsinoe III		Pharaoh (disputed)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	220 BC	204 BC	16 years	[8]
Cleopatra I		Pharaoh (disputed)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	193 BC	176 BC	17 years	[9]
Cleopatra II		Pharaoh	Ptolemaic Kingdom	170 BC	164 BC	51 years (Total)	[10]
				163 BC	127 BC
				124 BC	115 BC
Cleopatra III		Pharaoh	Ptolemaic Kingdom	c. 139 BC	130 BC	c. 35 years (Total)	[11]
				127 BC	101 BC
Berenice III		Pharaoh	Ptolemaic Kingdom	101 BC	88 BC	14 years (Total)	[12]
				81 BC	80 BC
Cleopatra V		Pharaoh	Ptolemaic Kingdom	79 BC	69 BC	11 years (Total)	[13]
Cleopatra VI				58 BC	57 BC		[14]
Berenice IV	–	Pharaoh	Ptolemaic Kingdom	58 BC	55 BC	3 years	[15]
Cleopatra VII		Pharaoh	Ptolemaic Kingdom	51 BC	12 August 30 BC	21 years	[16]
Arsinoe IV		Pharaoh (disputed)	Ptolemaic Kingdom	December 48 BC	January 47 BC	1 or 2 months	[17]
Zenobia		Queen (disputed)	Aegyptus	October 270	June 272	1 year and 9 months	[18]
Shajar al-Durr		Sultan	Mamluk Sultanate	2 May 1250	30 July 1250	3 months

Libya

Monarch	Portrait	State	Reign dates	Length	Ref.
Berenice II		Cyrenaica	258–246 BC	12 years
Cleopatra Selene II		Cyrenaica	34–30 BC	4 years

Sudan

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Reign dates	Length	Ref.
Nahirqo		Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	Mid-2nd century BC	–	[19]
Unknown Queen [b]	–	Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	End of 2nd–first half of 1st century BC	–	[20]
Amanirenas		Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	End of 1st century BC–Beginning of 1st century AD	–
Amanishakheto		Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	Early 1st century AD	–
Shanakdakhete	–	Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	First half of the 1st century AD	–
Nawidemak		Kandake	Kingdom of Kush		–
Amanitore		Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	Mid-1st century AD	–
Amanikhatashan		Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	Mid-2nd century AD	–	[21]
Amanikhalika		Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	Second half of the 2nd century AD	–	[22]
Patrapeamani  [ de ]		Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	First half of the 4th century AD	–	[21]
Amanipilade		Kandake	Kingdom of Kush	Mid-4th century AD	–
Gaua	–	Queen	Dotawo	c. 1520–1526	c. 6 years	[23]

West Africa

Benin

Monarch	State	Reign dates	Length	Ref.
Hude	Hogbonu	1746–1752	6 years	[24]

The Gambia

• Elizabeth II, Queen of the Gambia (reigned 1965–1970)

Ghana

Monarch	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Dode Akaabi	Gã Mantse	Gã	1610	1635	25 years	[25]
Afrakoma	Ohemmaa	Akwamu	1625	1640	15 years
Amoako Atta Yiadom	Denkyirahene	Denkyira	1770	1793	23 years
Nana Afia Dokuaa	Okyenhene	Akyem Abuakwa	1817	1835	18 years	[26]
Ama Serwah	Dwabenhene	Dwaben	1838	1846	8 years
Unknown Queen	Dwabenhene	Dwaben	1846	Unknown	–
Nana Juaben Serwah II	Dwabenhene	Dwaben	April 1959	1966	7 years
Elizabeth II	Queen	Dominion of Ghana	6 March 1957	1 July 1960	3 years

Guinea-Bissau

Orango

• Okinka Pampa (reigned 1910–1930)

Canhabaque

• Idiana Ibop, also known as Juliana (reigned ?–1925) ^{[27] [28]}

Côte d'Ivoire

Baoule

• Pokou (reigned c. 1750 – c. 1760) ^[29] – Queen and founder of the Baoule tribe.
• Akwa Boni (reigned c. 1760 – c. 1790) ^[29] – Pokou's niece who succeeded her to the throne.

Liberia

• Famata Bendu, queen of the Vai people (reigned ?–1892) ^[30]

Mali

Mali Empire

• Kassi (reigned ?–1352/1353), co-ruler with Mansa Sulayman

Nigeria

Akure Kingdom

• Èyé Àró (reigned 1393–1419)
• Èyémọ̀ị́n (reigned 1705–1735)
• Amọ́robíòjò (reigned 1850–1851)

Daura

Further information: Kabara (title)

The title "Kabara" was used by female monarchs who ruled over the Hausa people in the Middle Ages. A line of matriarchal monarchs is recorded in the Kano Chronicle that ends with the reign of Daurama in the 9th century. ^[31] These queens reigned from c. 700 to c. 1000. ^[32]

• Kufuru
• Ginu
• Yakumo
• Yakunya
• Wanzamu
• Yanbamu
• Gizir-gizir
• Inna-Gari
• Daurama
• Ga-Wata
• Shata
• Fatatuma
• Sai-Da-Mata
• Ja-Mata
• Ha-Mata
• Zama
• Sha-Wata
• Daurama II

Federation of Nigeria

• Elizabeth II, Queen of Nigeria (reigned 1960–1963)

Ifẹ

• Ooni Luwoo (reigned in the 10th century)

Igala Kingdom

• Ebulejonu, also known as Ebule (reigned in the 16th century) ^[33]

Igodomigodo

• Emose (reigned 584–600)
• Orrorro (reigned 600–618)

Kumbwada
Kumbwada has been ruled by women for at least six successive generations. ^[34]

• Magajiya Maimuna ^[34]
• Hajiya Maimuna (reignd –1998) – grandmother of Hajiya Haidzatu Ahmed
• Hajiya Haidzatu Ahmed (reignd 1998–2021)
• Idris (reignd 2021–) – daughter of Hajiya Haidzatu Ahmed

Ondo Kingdom

• Pupupu, founder and ruler of the Ondo Kingdom c. 1510.

Oyo Empire

• Orompoto (reigned c. 1555–1575) – Succeeded her brother Eguguojo to the throne.

Zazzau

• Bakwa Turunku (reigned 1536–1539) ^[35]
• Amina (reigned 1576–1610)

Senegal

Further information: Lingeer

Lingeer's leadership activities were carried out at the highest tier, as a co-monarch.

• Lingeer Fatoumata Sall  [ fr ]
• Lingeer Fatim Beye (reigned c. 1335)
• Lingeer Ndoye Demba (reigned c. 1367) – she was the founder of the Serer Joos Maternal Dynasty
• Lingeer Ngoné Dièye
• Njembot Mbodj
• Ndaté Yalla Mbodj
• Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof

Floup people  [ fr ]

• Ayimpène (reigned c. 1907–c. 1931) ^{[36] [37]}
• Sibeth, also spelled Sibet (reigned late 1930s–1976) ^{[36] [37]}

Sierra Leone

Dominion of Sierra Leone

• Elizabeth II, Queen of Sierra Leone (reigned 1961–1971)

Koya Temne

• Fatima (reigned 1826–1840) ^[38]

Kpa Mende

• Madam Yoko (reigned 1878–1906)

Central Africa

Angola

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Mussasa	–	Queen	Imbangala	17th century	Unknown	–
Tembandumba		Queen	Imbangala	17th century	Unknown	–
Mwongo Matamba  [ sv ]	–	Queen	Matamba	Unknown	1631	–
Nzinga (Ana I)		Ngola	Ndongo	1624	1626	2 years
				1657	1663	6 years
		Queen	Matamba	1631	1663	32 years
Barbara	–	Ngola	Ndongo	1663	1666	3 years
		Queen	Matamba
Verónica I [c]	–	Queen	Matamba	1681	1721	40 years
Ana II [c]	–	Queen	Matamba	1742	1756	14 years
Verónica II [c]	–	Queen	Matamba	1756	1758	2 years
Ana III [c]	–	Queen	Matamba	1758	1767	9 years
Kamana	–	Queen	Jinga	1767	1810	43 years

Mbunda Kingdom

• Vamwene Naama
• Vamwene Yamvu
• Vamwene Mbaao ya Chinguli (reigned in the 1500s–early 1600s)
• Vamwene Kaamba ka Mbaao
• Vamwene Mukenge wa Lweembe, Livindamo

Kingdom of Kongo
There were two female monarchs during Kongo Civil War.

• Ana Afonso de Leão, queen of Kinlaza
• Suzana de Nóbrega  [ pt ], queen of Kimpanzu

Luvale
Nhakatolo  [ pt ] or Nyakatolo is the hereditary queen of Luvale.

• Nyakatolo Kuvango ^[39]
• Nyakatolo Ngambo ^[39]
• Nyakatolo Kutemba ^[39]
• Nyakatolo Chissengo ^[39]
• Lurdes Nhakatolo Tchilombo  [ pt ]

Cameroon

• Soukda, founder of the Mandara Kingdom (reigned c. 1500)
• Ngoungoure, queen of Bamum (reigned 1865) – her reign lasted 30 minutes ^[40]

Chad

Kanem–Bornu Empire

• Aissa Koli (reigned 1497–1504 or 1563–1570)

East Africa

Comoros

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Alimah I	–	Sultan	Ndzuwani	Unknown	c. 1590	–	[41]
Alimah II	–	Sultan		c. 1632	c. 1676	44 years	[41]
Alimah III	–	Sultan		c. 1676	c. 1711	35 years	[41]
Alimah IV	–	Sultan		1788	1792	4 years	[41]
Djoumbé Fatima		Sultan	Mwali	1842	September 1865	23 years	[42]
				1874	1878	4 years	[42]
Salima Machamba		Sultan		1888	1909	21 years	[42]

Other female sultans also ruled on the Comoros, but their reign dates are unknown:

Monarch	Title	State	Reign dates	Ref.
Nyau wa Faume	Sultan (Mfaume/Mfalme)	Bambao	Unknown	[42]
Fey Beja wa Wabeja		Itsandra	Unknown	[42]
Ja Mhaba		Bajini	c. 1880s	[42]
Hadija bint Ahmed			c. 1880s	[42]

Ethiopia

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Zewditu		Empress	Ethiopian Empire	27 September 1916	2 April 1930	13 years, 187 days

Kenya

• Elizabeth II, Queen of Kenya (reigned 1963–1964)
• Mwana Mkisi, founder of Mombasa, founded in c. 900 AD
• Mwana Inali, ruler of Kitao on Manda Island – she was the ruler of Kitao when the Pate Sultan Omar (d. 1392/3) conquered Kitao, according to the Pate Chronicle ^[43]
• Mwana Mimi, ruler of the Pate Sultanate (reigned 1763–1773) ^[44]

Madagascar

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Rangita	–	Queen	Vazimba	1520	1530	10 years
Rafohy	–	Queen	Vazimba	1530	1540	10 years
Bety	–	Queen	Betsimisaraka	1750	1762	12 years
Andrianaginarivo	–	Queen	Boina Kingdom	1777	1778	1 year	[45]
Tombola	–	Queen	Boina Kingdom	1778	1778	Less than 1 year	[45]
Ravahiny	–	Queen	Boina Kingdom	1778	1808	30 years	[45]
Ranavalona I		Queen	Merina Kingdom	11 August 1828	16 August 1861	33 years, 5 days
Oantitsy	–	Queen	Boina Kingdom	1832	1836	4 years	[45]
Tsiomeko	–	Queen	Boina Kingdom	1836	1840	4 years	[45]
Rasoherina		Queen	Merina Kingdom	12 May 1863	1 April 1868	4 years, 325 days
Ranavalona II		Queen	Merina Kingdom	2 April 1868	13 July 1883	15 years, 102 days
Ranavalona III		Queen	Merina Kingdom	30 July 1883	28 February 1897	13 years, 213 days

Ambohidratrimo

• Ravorombato ^[46]

Menabe

• Bibiasa ^[47]

Bemihisatra

• Safy Mozongo – Mother of Binao
• Binao – Daughter of Safy Mozongo

Bemazava

• Irana ^[48]
• Tsiresy I ^[48]
• Tsiresy II ^[48]

Antankarana

• Ambary ^[49]
• Soanaomby ^[49]

Mauritius

• Elizabeth II, Queen of Mauritius (reigned 1968–1992)

Mozambique

Angoche Sultanate

• Queen of Angoche, name unknown (reigned in the 16th century) – she succeeded her brother and was succeeded by her husband Molidi ^[50]

Somalia

• Asha Ngumi, ruler of Ngumi Island in the Bajuni Islands ^[51]

Somaliland

Sultanate of Ifat

• Māti Layla Abūd (reigned in the 14th century)

South Sudan

Shilluk Kingdom

• Abudok  [ fr ], the eighth ruler (and only queen) of the Shilluk. ^[52]

Tanzania

Tanganyika

• Elizabeth II, Queen of Tanganyika (reigned 1961–1962)

Unguja

• Mwana Mwema, queen of Unguja ^[53] (reigned ?–1653) ^[54]
• Fatuma binti Yusuf al-Alawi, queen of Unguja (reigned ?–1698 and 1709–1715)

Pemba Island

• Mwana Mize binti Muaba (reigned in the 17th century) ^[55]
• Mwana Fatuma binti Dathash (reigned in the 17th century) ^[55]
• Mwana Hadiya (reigned in the 17th century) ^[55]
• Mwana Aisha (reigned in the 17th century) ^[55]

Tumbatu Island

• Mwana wa Mwana ^[56]
• Fatima ^[56]
• Mwana Kazija bint Ngwale bin Kombo bin Ali ^[56]

Kua

• Mother of Mwanzuani ^[57]
• Mwanzuani – she succeeded her mother ^[57]

Mikindani

• Sabani binti Ngumi – she was succeeded by her daughter ^[57]
• Daughter of Sabani binti Ngumi ^[57]

Uganda

Monarch	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Nyabagabe	Queen	Busongora Kingdom	775	780	5 years	[58]
Kudidi	Empress	Busongora Kingdom	950	990	40 years	[58]
Nyakahongerwa	Empress	Busongora Kingdom	1000	1025	25 years	[58]
Kogyere I Rusija-Miryango	Empress	Busongora Kingdom	1075	1085	40 years	[58]
			1090	1120		[58]
Kogyere II	Empress	Busongora Kingdom	1120	1130	10 years	[58]
Njunaki Kamaranga	Empress	Busongora Kingdom	1250	1280	30 years	[58]
Nyakahuma	Queen	Busongora Kingdom	1330	1375	45 years	[58]
Kitami kya Nyawera	Queen	Busongora Kingdom	1685	1725	40 years	[58]
Kantunguru	Queen	Busongora Kingdom	1740	1750	10 years	[58]
Akech	Queen	Paroketu	1760	1787	27 years	[59]
Kogyere III Ikamiro	Queen	Busongora Kingdom	1886	1889	3 years	[58]
Elizabeth II	Queen	Dominion of Uganda	9 October 1962	9 October 1963	1 year

Southern Africa

Malawi

• Elizabeth II, Queen of Malawi (reigned 1964–1966)

Namibia

Monarch	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Kapango	Queen	Mbunza	c. 1750	–	–	[60]
Mate I	Hompa	Uukwangali	c. 1750	–	–	[61]
Nankali	Hompa	Uukwangali	c. 1770	–	–	[61]
Simbara	Hompa	Uukwangali	1785	1800	15 years	[61]
Mate II	Hompa	Uukwangali	1800	1818	18 years	[61]
Nakashwa	Queen	Ongandjera	1862	–	–	[61]
Mpande	Hompa	Uukwangali	1880	1886	6 years	[61]
Kanuni	Hompa	Uukwangali	1926	1941	28 years (Total)	[61]
			1958	1971
Maria Mwengere	Queen	Shambyu	1947	1987	40 years	[61]
Anna Katrina Christiaan	Kaptein	Bondelswarts	1977	2011	34 years	[62]
Angelina Matumbo Ribebe	Queen	Shambyu	1989	2015	26 years	[63]
Martha Nelumbu	Ohmaba	Oukwanyama	November 2005	Incumbent	19 years to date
Sofia Mundjembwe Kanyetu	Queen	Shambyu	2023	Incumbent	1 year to date	[64]

South Africa

AmaMpondomise

• Mamani kaPhahlo (reigned 1732–1758)

Lobedu people

Further information: Rain Queen

The Modjadji or Rain Queen is the hereditary queen of Lobedu, the people of the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The succession to the position of Rain Queen is matrilineal, meaning that the Queen's eldest daughter is the heir, and that males are not entitled to inherit the throne at all. The Rain Queen is believed to have special powers, including the ability to control the clouds and rainfall.

• Maselekwane Modjadji (reigned 1800–1854)
• Masalanabo I Modjadji (reigned 1854–1894)
• Khetoane Modjadji (reigned 1895–1959)
• Makoma Modjadji (reigned 1959–1980)
• Mokope Modjadji (reigned 1981–2001)
• Makobo Modjadji (reigned 2003–2005)
• Masalanabo II Modjadji

Union of South Africa

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–1961)

Zambia

• Mamochisane, queen of the Makololo (reigned c. 1851)

Zimbabwe

• Elizabeth II, Queen of Rhodesia (reigned 1965–1970)

Americas

North America

Canada

• Victoria (reigned 1867–1901) – Canada became a dominion by the Canadian Confederation in 1867
• Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–2022)

Mexico

Coba

• Che'enal  [ sv ] (reigned c. 565 – c. 574)
• Lady Yopaat  [ sv ] (reigned c. 600 – c. 640)
• Lady Kʼawiil Ajaw (reigned 640–682)

Ecatepec

• Tlapalizquixochtzin (reigned in the late 15th–early 16th century)

Palenque

Sak Kʼukʼ

• Ix Yohl Ikʼnal (reigned 583–604)
• Sak Kʼukʼ, also known as Muwaan Mat (reigned 612–615)

Tepetlaoztoc

• Azcasuch (reigned 1489–1498) ^[65]

Toltec Empire

• Xiuhtlaltzin (reigned 979–983)

Toniná

• Lady K'awiil Yopaat (reigned 762–774)

Tzacoalco

• Malinxalchitl (reigned ?–1524)

Mixtec

Further information: Mixtec § Mixtec rulers

• Lady 9 Wind Stone Quexquemitl
• Lady 6 Monkey War Quexquemitl
• Lady 1 Death
• Lady 13 Flower Precious Bird
• Lady 2 Flower Rising Jewel
• Lady 11 Monkey Jade Spiderweb
• Lady 11 Alligator Quetzal Jewel
• Lady 2 Jaguar Jade Spiderweb
• Lady 5 Rabbit Jewel
• Lady 3 Jaguar Precious Butterfly Sun
• Lady 6 Water Quetzal Jewel of Flower War
• Lady 3 Rabbit Divine Flame
• Lady 12 Flower Broken Mountain Butterfly
• Lady 11 Rabbit Jewel of the Rising Sun
• Lady 8 Deer Quetzal Spiderweb
• Lady 1 Flower Jaguar Quexquemitl

Central America

Belize

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1981–2022)

Pusilha

• Lady Ich’aak K’inich ^[66] (reigned c.710–731)

Guatemala

El Perú

• Lady K'abel (reigned 672–692)

La Florida

• Lady Chaak (reigned c. 731) ^[67]

Naranjo

• Wac Chanil Ahau, also known as Lady Six Sky

Tikal

• Unen Bahlam (reigned c. 317)
• Lady of Tikal (reigned 511–527?)

Caribbean

West Indies

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Elizabeth II		Queen	Antigua and Barbuda	1 November 1981	8 September 2022	40 years, 311 days
		Queen	Bahamas	10 July 1973	8 September 2022	49 years, 60 days
		Queen	Barbados	30 November 1966	30 November 2021	55 years, 0 days
		Queen	Grenada	7 February 1974	8 September 2022	48 years, 213 days
		Queen	Jamaica	6 August 1962	8 September 2022	60 years, 33 days
		Queen	Saint Kitts and Nevis	19 September 1983	8 September 2022	38 years, 354 days
		Queen	Saint Lucia	22 February 1979	8 September 2022	43 years, 198 days
		Queen	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	27 October 1979	8 September 2022	42 years, 316 days
		Queen	Trinidad and Tobago	31 August 1962	1 August 1976	13 years, 130 days

South America

Brazil

• Maria I (reigned as Queen of Brazil 1815–1816) – she was also Queen of Portugal in 1777–1816

Ecuador

• Quilago, queen of Cochasquí

Guyana

• Elizabeth II, Queen of Guyana (reigned 1966–1970)

Peru

• Lady of Cao, Moche ruler ^[68]

Asia

East Asia

China

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Daughter of Xiaoming	–	Empress (disputed)	Northern Wei	1 April 528	1 April 528	Less than 1 day
Wu Zetian		Empress	Wu Zhou	16 October 690	21 February 705	14 years, 128 days

Eastern Queendom
In Tibet, there was Nüguo (Chinese :女國, lit. "Kingdom of Women"), also known as Dong nüguo (Chinese :東女國, lit. "Eastern Kingdom of Women"), related to the tribe Sumpa. ^[69] Several queens regnant of there were recorded in Chinese history books.

• Supi Mojie (Chinese :蘇毗末羯) ^[70]
• Dajiawa (Chinese :达甲瓦) ^[71]
• Qibangsun (Chinese :弃邦孙) ^[71]
• Tangpangshi (Chinese :湯滂氏) ^[72]
• Lianbi (Chinese :斂臂) ^[72]
• Eyaner (Chinese :俄琰兒) ^[72]
• Zhaoyefu (Chinese :趙曳夫) ^[72]

Wuman

• Acha (Cuanman)  [ zh ] (Chinese :阿姹) – her son Cuan Shouyu  [ zh ] submitted to Geluofeng  [ zh ] of Nanzhao, and instead she declared herself " Wáng of the Wuman tribe (烏蠻部落王)" ^[73]

Japan

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Himiko	–	Queen	Yamatai	c. 180	c. 247 or 248	67 or 68 years	[74]
Toyo	–	Queen	Yamatai	c. 248	Unknown	–	[75]
Suiko		Empress	Yamato	15 January 593	15 April 628	35 years, 91 days	[76]
Kōgyoku		Empress	Yamato	19 February 642	12 July 645	3 years, 143 days	[77]
Saimei				14 February 655	24 August 661	6 years, 191 days
Jitō		Empress	Japan	686	697	11 years	[78]
Genmei		Empress	Japan	17 August 707	3 October 715	8 years, 47 days	[79]
Genshō		Empress	Japan	3 October 715	3 March 724	8 years, 152 days	[80]
Kōken		Empress	Japan	19 August 749	7 September 758	8 years, 324 days
Shōtoku				6 November 764	28 August 770	5 years, 295 days
Meishō		Empress	Japan	22 December 1629	14 November 1643	13 years, 327 days	[81]
Go-Sakuramachi		Empress	Japan	15 September 1762	9 January 1771	8 years, 116 days	[82]

Korea

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Seondeok		Queen	Silla	632	647	15 years
Jindeok	–	Queen	Silla	647	654	7 years
Jinseong	–	Queen	Silla	887	897	10 years

South Asia

Bangladesh

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Kalindi	–	Rani	Chakma Circle	1832	1873	41 years

India

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Tribhuvana Mahadevi I	–	Maharajadhiraja	Bhauma-Kara dynasty	845	850	5 years
Tribhuvana Mahadevi II	–	Maharajadhiraja	Bhauma-Kara dynasty	890	896	6 years	[83]
Tribhuvana Mahadevi III	–	Maharajadhiraja	Bhauma-Kara dynasty	896	905	9 years	[84]
Sugandha	–	Queen	Utpala dynasty	904	906	2 years
Gauri Mahadevi	–	Maharajadhiraja	Bhauma-Kara dynasty	c. 910	c. 916	c. 6 years
Dandi Mahadevi	–	Maharajadhiraja	Bhauma-Kara dynasty	c. 916	c. 936	c. 20 years
Vakula Mahadevi	–	Maharajadhiraja	Bhauma-Kara dynasty	c. 936	c. 940	c. 4 years
Dharma Mahadevi	–	Maharajadhiraja	Bhauma-Kara dynasty	c. 940	c. 950	c. 10 years
Didda	–	Queen	Utpala dynasty	980	1003	23 years
Razia Sultana		Sultana	Delhi Sultanate	19 November 1236	20 April 1240	3 years, 153 days
Rudrama Devi		Maharaja	Kakatiya dynasty	c. 1262	November 1289	c. 27 years
Ballamahadevi	–	Maharajadhiraja	Alupa dynasty	1275	1292	17 years
Kota Rani	–	Maharani	Lohara dynasty	1338	1339	1 year
Lakhima Devi	–	Maharani	Oiniwar dynasty	1416	1428	12 years	[85]
Visvasa Devi	–	Maharani	Oiniwar dynasty	1431	1443	12 years	[86]
Abbakka Chowta		Rani	Ullal	1525	1570	45 years
Chennabhairadevi	–	Rani	Gerusoppa	1552	1606	54 years	[87]
Keladi Chennamma	–	Rani	Keladi Nayaka Kingdom	1672	1697	25 years
Ali Raja Bibi Harrabichi Kadavube	–	Arakkal Beevi	Arakkal kingdom	1728	1732	4 years
Ali Raja Bibi Junumabe I	–	Arakkal Beevi	Arakkal kingdom	1732	1745	13 years
Sujana Bai		Rani	Thanjavur Maratha kingdom	1737	1738	1 year
Virammaji	–	Rani	Keladi Nayaka Kingdom	1757	1763	6 years
Ahilyabai Holkar		Maharani	Indore State	1 December 1767	13 August 1795	27 years, 255 days
Ali Raja Bibi Junumabe II	–	Arakkal Beevi	Arakkal kingdom	1777	1819	42 years
Velu Nachiyar		Rani	Sivaganga estate	c. 1780	c. 1790	c. 10 years
Daya Kaur	–	Rani	Nishanwalia Misl	1786	1808	22 years	[88]
				1809	1823	14 years
Vellacci	–	Rani	Sivaganga estate	c. 1790	c. 1793	c. 3 years
Devammaji	–	Rani	Kingdom of Coorg	1809	1811	2 years	[89]
Gowri Lakshmi Bayi		Maharani	Travancore kingdom	7 November 1810	1813	3 years
Qudsia Begum		Nawab Begum	Bhopal State	1819	1837	18 years	[90]
Mohan Kumari	–	Rani	Sambalpur State	1827	1833	6 years	[91]
Shah Jahan Begum		Nawab Begum	Bhopal State	1844	30 September 1860	14 years
				30 October 1868	16 June 1901	32 years, 229 days
Mukhyapan Devi	–	Rani	Sambalpur State	1849	1849	Less than 1 year	[91]
Bai Saheb Daphle	–	Rani	Daphlapur State	16 December 1885	13 January 1917	31 years, 28 days
Sikandar Begum		Nawab Begum	Bhopal State	30 September 1860	30 October 1868	8 years, 30 days
Victoria		Empress	British Raj	1 May 1876	22 January 1901	24 years, 266 days
Sultan Jahan		Nawab Begum	Bhopal State	16 June 1901	20 April 1926	24 years, 308 days
Prafulla Kumari Devi	–	Rani	Bastar State	23 November 1922	28 February 1936	13 years, 97 days

Quilon

• Queen of Quilon, name unknown (reigned in the early 16th century) – she concluded a treaty with the Portuguese in 1516 ^[92]
• Queen of Quilon, name unknown (reigned in the mid-17th century) – she concluded a treaty with the Dutch in 1659 ^[93]

Attingal
Attingal was an independent principality until 1729 when Marthanda Varma ascended the throne and incorporated Attingal in Travancore. ^[92]

• Makayiram Thirunal (reigned as junior queen ?–? and as senior queen ?–1678) ^[94]
• Umayamma Rani (reigned as junior queen ?–1678 and as senior queen 1678–1698)
• Pooruruttathi Thirunal from Kolathunadu, name unknown (reigned as junior queen ?–1698 and as senior queen 1698–1729) ^{[95] [92]}

Kottarakkara

• Queen of Elayadathu Swarupam, name unknown (reigned 1739–1742) ^[96] – she was installed on the throne by the Dutch during the Travancore–Dutch War

Maldives

Monarch	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Srimati Damahara	Queen	Kingdom of Dheeva Maari  [ bn ]	10th century	10th century	–
Khadijah	Sultana	Sultanate of Maldives	1347	1362	28 years (Total)
			1363	1373
			1376	1379
Raadhafathi	Sultana		1379	1380	1 year
Dhaain	Sultana		1384	1388	4 years
Kuda Kala Kamanafaanu	Sultana		1609	1613	4 years
Amina Kabafaanu	Sultana		1753	1754	1 year
Amina Rani Kilegefaanu	Sultana		1757	1759	2 years

Nepal

Monarch	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Ganga Rani	Rani	Kingdom of Bhaktapur	1560	Unknown	–

Pakistan

Assacani

• Cleophis (reigned 326 BC–?)

Dominion of Pakistan

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–1956)

Gilgit

• Dadi Jawari (reigned 1642—1667 and 1689—1705) — also known as Malika Jawahir Khatun
• Malika Sahibnuma, also spelled as Sahebnuma ^[97] (reigned 1825–1828) ^[98]

Kanhaiya Misl

• Sada Kaur (reigned 1789–1821)

Soomra dynasty

• Hamoon (reigned 1107) – she occupied the throne after her husband Sanghar's death, but was soon crushed by the nobles ^[99]

Sri Lanka

Further information: List of Sinhalese female monarchs

Monarch	Picture	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Anula	–	Queen	Anuradhapura Kingdom	47 BCE	42 BCE	5 years
Sivali	–	Queen	Anuradhapura Kingdom	35 CE	35 CE	4 months
Sugala Devi	–	Queen	Principality of Ruhuna	Unknown	1158	–
Lilavati	–	Queen	Kingdom of Polonnaruwa	1197	1200	5 years (Total)
				1209	1210
				1211	1212
Kalyanavati	–	Queen	Kingdom of Polonnaruwa	1202	1208	6 years
Kusumasana Devi		Queen	Kingdom of Kandy	1581	1581	Less than 1 year
Elizabeth II		Queen	Dominion of Ceylon	6 February 1952	22 May 1972	20 years, 106 days

Southeast Asia

Cambodia

Monarch	Picture	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Soma	–	Queen	Funan	68 CE	Unknown	–
Kulaprabhavati	–	Queen	Funan	514	517	3 years
Kambuja-raja-lakshmi	–	Queen	Chenla	575	580	5 years
Jayadevi	–	Queen	Chenla	c. 681	c. 713	32 years
Indrani	–	Queen	Sambhupura	8th century	–	–
Nṛpatendradevī	–	Queen	Sambhupura	8th century	–	–
Jayendrabhā	–	Queen	Sambhupura	8th century	–	–
Jyeṣṭhāryā	–	Queen	Sambhupura	c. 803	Unknown	–
Tey	–	Queen	Kingdom of Cambodia	1687	1687	Few months
Ang Mey		Queen	Kingdom of Cambodia	May 1835	1840	5 years
				March 1844	October 1846	2 years, 7 months
Sisowath Kossamak		Queen	Kingdom of Cambodia	20 June 1960	9 October 1970	10 years, 111 days

Indonesia

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Shima	–	Queen	Kalingga Kingdom	c. 674	c. 695	21 years
Sri Isyana Tunggawijaya	–	Maharani	Mataram Kingdom	947	c. 958	11 years
Śri Wijaya Mahadewi	–	Queen	Bali Kingdom	983	989	6 years
Mahendradatta	–	Queen	Bali Kingdom	989	1007	17 years
Śri Ajñadewi	–	Queen	Bali Kingdom	c. 1016	Unknown	–
Śri Maharaja Sakalendukirana Laksmidhara Wijayottunggadewi	–	Queen	Bali Kingdom	1088	1101	13 years
Arjayadengjayaketana	–	Queen	Bali Kingdom	1181	1200	19 years
Unknown Queen [d]	–	Queen	Bali Kingdom	Unknown	1284	–	[100]
Permaisuri Iskandar Syah [e]	–	Queen	Kingdom of Bentan	c. 1290	Unknown	–	[101]
Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi		Maharani	Majapahit Empire	1328	1350	22 years
Wa Kaa Kaa	–	Queen	Buton	1332	Unknown	–	[102]
Bulawambona	–	Queen	Buton	14th century	14th century	–	[102]
Tumanurung Baine	–	Queen	Gowa	c. 14th century	c. 14th century	–
Nur Ilah  [ id ]	–	Sultana	Samudera Pasai Sultanate	1360/69	1380/89	20 years
Nahrasiyah  [ id ]		Sultana	Samudera Pasai Sultanate	1406	1428	22 years
Tekkawanua	–	Datu	Kingdom of Soppeng  [ id ]	1408	1438	30 years	[103]
Suhita		Maharani	Majapahit Empire	1429	1447	18 years
Benrigau'	–	Arumpone	Bone State	1470	1490	20 years	[104]
Ratu Kalinyamat		Sultana	Kalinyamat Sultanate	c. 1549	c. 1579	30 years
Tenri-Rawe	–	Datu	Kingdom of Luwu	1571	1587	16 years	[105]
Sambo	–	Queen	Kingdom of Tallo	1576	1590	14 years
Tenri-Tuppu	–	Arumpone	Bone State	1602	1611	9 years	[104]
Ratu Sukadana	–	Queen	Kingdom of Matan	1608	1622	14 years
Taj ul-Alam Safiatuddin Syah		Sultana	Aceh Sultanate	18 February 1641	23 October 1675	34 years, 247 days
Nyai Cili	–	Queen	Solor	1646	1664	18 years	[106]
Adang	–	Datu	Kingdom of Soppeng  [ id ]	1654	1666	12 years	[107]
Nyai Cili Muda	–	Queen	Solor	1664	1686	22 years	[106]
Bi Sonbai	–	Keizerin	Sonbai Kecil	1672	1717	45 years	[108]
Nurul Alam Naqiatuddin Syah	–	Sultana	Aceh Sultanate	23 October 1675	23 January 1678	2 years, 92 days
Inayat Zakiatuddin Syah	–	Sultana	Aceh Sultanate	23 January 1678	3 February 1688	10 years, 11 days
Aji Ragi	–	Queen	Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate  [ id ]	1686	1700	14 years	[109]
Zainatuddin Kamalat Syah	–	Sultana	Aceh Sultanate	3 October 1688	October 1699	11 years
Pattekke-Tana I	–	Datu	Tanette	1690	1733	43 years	[110]
Batari Tungke	–	Datu	Kingdom of Luwu	1706	1715	9 years	[105]
Batari Toja	–	Sultana	Bone State	1714	1715	1 year	[104]
				1724	1738	14 years
				1741	1749	8 years
		Datu	Kingdom of Luwu	1715	1748	33 years	[105]
		Datu	Kingdom of Soppeng  [ id ]	1727	1737	10 years	[111]
				1742	1744	2 years
Unknown Queen	–	Liurai	Wehali	c. 1732	Unknown	–	[112]
Tenri-Leleang	–	Datu	Tanette	1744	1750	6 years	[110]
		Datu	Kingdom of Luwu	1748	1760	12 years	[105]
				1765	1778	13 years
Kamalat Syah	–	Sultana	Bima Sultanate	1748	1751	3 years
Raden Ayu Rasmana Tirtanegara [f]	–	Adipati	Duchy of Sumenep	1750	1762	12 years	[113]
Siti Aisyah  [ id ]	–	Sultana	Sumbawa Sultanate  [ id ]	1759	1761	2 years	[114]
Sitti Saleh I	–	Sultana	Kingdom of Tallo	1767	1777	10 years
Shafiyatuddin  [ id ]	–	Sultana	Sumbawa Sultanate  [ id ]	1791	1795	4 years	[114]
Tenri-Awaru I	–	Datu	Kingdom of Luwu	1810	1825	15 years	[105]
		Datu	Kingdom of Soppeng  [ id ]	1820	1840	20 years	[115]
Sitti Saleh II	–	Sultana	Kingdom of Tallo	1814	1824	10 years
Istri Kanya  [ id ]	–	Dewa Agung	Kingdom of Klungkung  [ id ]	1814	1850	36 years
Unknown Queen	–	Liurai	Wehali	c. 1814	Unknown	–	[112]
Maniratu	–	Sultana	Bone State	1823	1835	12 years	[104]
Tanisanga	–	Datu	Tanette	1824	1829	5 years	[110]
Aisyah	–	Sultana	Kingdom of Tallo	1845	1850	5 years
Tenri-Olle		Datu	Tanette	1855	1910	55 years	[110]
Tenri-Awaru II	–	Sultana	Bone State	1857	1860	3 years	[104]
Banrigau'	–	Sultana	Bone State	1871	1895	24 years	[104]
Sitti Zaenab	–	Datu	Kingdom of Soppeng  [ id ]	1895	1940	45 years	[103]
Kambo		Datu	Kingdom of Luwu	1901	1935	34 years	[105]
Pancaitana	–	Datu	Tanette	1910	1926	16 years	[110]
Pattekke-Tana II	–	Datu	Tanette	1926	1927	1 year	[110]

Laos

Monarch	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Nang Keo Phimpha	Queen	Lan Xang	1438	1438	Few months

Myanmar

Monarch	Picture	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Kuverami	–	Queen	Waithali	334	341	7 years	[116]
Saw Yin Mi	–	Queen	Sandoway	1420s	1437
Shin Sawbu		Queen	Hanthawaddy	1454	1471	17 years
Wife of Sao Ne Ya	–	Saopha	Laihka State	1680	1683	3 years	[117]
Youngest Sister of Hkun Hkawt	–	Saopha		1866	1868	2 years	[118]

Philippines

Pasig

• Dayang Kalangitan (reigned c. 1450–c. 1500)

Kingdom of Maynila

• Queen of Maynila, name unknown (reigned c. 1521) – she succeeded her husband Salalila and was succeeded by her son Matanda; according to oral traditions, her name is "Ysmeria"

Sultanate of Sulu

• Nur ul-Azam (reigned c. 1685) ^[119]

Thailand

Hariphunchai

• Jamadevi (reigned in the 6th–7th century) — first ruler of the Mon kingdom of Hariphunchai

Pattani

• Ratu Hijau, 'the Green Queen' (reigned 1584–1616)
• Ratu Biru, 'the Blue Queen' (reigned 1616–1624)
• Ratu Ungu, 'the Purple Queen' (reigned 1624–1635)
• Ratu Kuning, 'the Yellow Queen' (reigned 1635–1651) ^[120]
• Raja Mas Kelantan (reigned 1670–1698) ^[120]
• Raja Mas Chayam (reigned 1698–1702 and 1716–1718) ^[120]
• Raja Dewi (reigned 1702–1711) ^[120]

Lanna

• Chiraprapha (reigned 1545–1546)
• Wisutthi Thewi (reigned 1564–1578)

Timor-Leste

There were many chiefdoms on Timor, but according to the hierarchy among the Timorese domains, the ruler of Sonbai of West Timor, the ruler of Wehali of Central Timor, and the ruler of Likusaen (today: Liquiçá) of East Timor were three paramount rulers of Timor. ^[121]

Liquiçá

• Ursula da Costa (reigned c. 1818) ^[122]
• Dona Gracia da Costa Rodrigues Pereira (reigned c. 1881 – c. 1883) ^[122]
• Dona Engracia da Costa Delgado (reigned c. 1890 – c. 1892) ^[122]

Vietnam

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Trưng Trắc		Queen	Jiaozhi	40	43	3 years
Trưng Nhị
Triệu Ẩu		Lady	Jiaozhou	248	248	Less than 1 year
Daughter of Kandarpadharma	–	Queen	Champa	Unknown	653	–
Lý Chiêu Hoàng	–	Empress	Đại Việt	1224	1225	1 year

West Asia

Iran

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Anzaze		Basilissa	Elymais	c. 82 or 81 BCE	c. 75 BCE	c. 6 or 7 years
Musa		Basilissa	Parthian Empire	2 BCE	4 CE	6 years
Ulfan	–	Basilissa	Elymais	2nd century CE	2nd century CE	–
Boran		Banbishn	Sasanian Empire	630	630	Less than 1 year
				June 631	June 632	1 year
Azarmidokht	–	Banbishn	Sasanian Empire	630	631	1 year
Sulafa Khatun	–	Atabeg	Ahmadilis	1209	1225	16 years
Kutlugh Turkan	–	Khatun	Qutlugh-Khanids	1257	1282	25 years
Abish Khatun	–	Atabeg	Salghurids	1264	1284	20 years
Padishah Khatun		Khatun	Qutlugh-Khanids	1292	1295	3 years
Kurdujin Khatun	–	Khatun	Qutlugh-Khanids	June or July 1295	November 1295	4 or 5 months
			Shiraz	1319	1338	19 years
Dawlat Khatun	–	Atabeg	Khorshidi dynasty	1316	1316	–
Sati Beg	–	Il khan	Ilkhanate	July or August 1338	May 1339	9 or 10 months

Iraq

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Puabi		Nin	First Dynasty of Ur	c. 2600 BC	–	–
Tandu Khatun	–	Sultan	Jalayirid Sultanate	1411	1419	8 years
Mir Xanzad	–	Mir	Soran Emirate	c. 1590 or c. 1620	–	7 years

Israel and Palestine

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Lady of the Lions	–	Nin	Beit Shemesh	c. 1350 BC	–	–	[123]
Athaliah		Queen	Kingdom of Judah	c. 841 BC	c. 835 BC	6 years
Salome Alexandra		Queen	Hasmonean dynasty	c. 76 BC	c. 67 BC	9 years
Salome I	–	Toparch	Herodian dynasty	4 BC	10 AD	14 years
Berenice		Queen	Herodian dynasty	48	–	–
Melisende		Queen	Kingdom of Jerusalem	1131	1153	22 years
Sibylla		Queen	Kingdom of Jerusalem	1186	1190	4 years
Isabella I		Queen	Kingdom of Jerusalem	1190	1205	15 years
Maria		Queen	Kingdom of Jerusalem	1205	1212	7 years
Isabella II		Queen	Kingdom of Jerusalem	1212	1228	16 years

Jordan

Gileadite

• Laodice of the Sameans (reigned c. 92 BC) – in the Codex Leidensis, the people of Laodice is Gileadites.

Nabatea

• Chuldu (reigned 9 BC–16 AD) – she ruled with her husband Aretas IV Philopatris
• Shaqilath (reigned 16–40 AD) – she ruled with her husband Aretas IV Philopatris
• Shaqilath II – she ruled with her husband Malichus II; after his death she was regent for her son Rabbel II Soter
• Gāmilat – she ruled with Rabbel II Soter
• Hagaru – she ruled with Rabbel II Soter

Lebanon

Tripoli
The County of Tripoli was an autonomous state. ^[124]

• Lucia of Tripoli (reigned 1287–1289)

Saudi Arabia

Bāzu

• Iapa, queen of the city Dihrani – Esarhaddon conquered eight kings and queens of the land Bāzu ^[125]
• Baslu, queen of the city Ihilum – Esarhaddon conquered eight kings and queens of the land Bāzu ^[125]

Qedarite

• Zabibe (reigned c. 750–735 BC)
• Samsi (reigned c. 735–710 BC)
• Yatie (reigned c. 710–695 BC)
• Te'el-hunu (reigned c. 695–690 BC)
• Tabua (reigned c. 678–675 BC)

Syria

Tanukhids

• Mavia (reigned 375–425) – "The Queen of the Arabs"

Seleucid Empire

• Cleopatra Thea (reigned 126–121 BC) – she ruled with her sons Seleucus V and Antiochus VIII
• Cleopatra Selene I (reigned 82–69 BC) – she ruled with her son Antiochus XIII

Palmyrene Empire

• Zenobia (reigned 272) – she ruled mostly as regent for her son but reigned briefly under the regnal name Septimia Zenobia Augusta in 272.

Turkey

Antioch
The Principality of Antioch was an autonomous state. ^[124]

• Constance (reigned 1130–1163)

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

Isabella of Armenia

• Isabella (reigned 1219–1252) – she co-ruled with her husband Hethum I from 1226

Caria

• Artemisia I (reigned c. 480 BC)
• Artemisia II (reigned 353–351 BC)
• Ada (reigned 344–340 and 334–326 BC)

Dardania

• Mania (reigned after 399 BC) – queen of ancient Dardania according to Polyaenus and Xenophon

Heraclea Pontica

• Amastris (reigned c. 300–284 BC)

Pontus

• Laodice, co-ruler of Mithridates IV
• Pythodorida (reigned 8 BC–38 AD)

Olba Kingdom

• Queen Aba (reigned in the 1st century BC)

Prusias ad Mare

• Orodaltis (reigned after 30 BC)

Saltukid dynasty

• Melike Mama Hatun (reigned 1191–1200)

Trebizond

• Theodora Megale Komnene (reigned 1284–1285)
• Eirene Palaiologina (reigned 1340–1341)
• Anna Megale Komnene (reigned 1341–1342)

Yemen

Monarch	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Asma bint Shihab	Queen	Sulayhid dynasty	1047	1087	40 years
Arwa al-Sulayhi	Queen		1067	1138	71 years

Central Asia

Afghanistan

• Queen of Greater Yuezhi, name unknown (reigned in the 2nd century BC) – after the king of the Greater Yuezhi was killed by the Xiongnu, his wife became the new monarch of Greater Yuezhi ^{[126] [127]}

Uzbekistan

• Tomyris (reigned c. 570–520 BC) — queen of Massagetae

North Asia

Siberia

• Botohui-Tarhun (reigned in the 13th century) — queen of Khori-Tumed  [ ru ]

Europe

Central Europe

Austria, Hungary, Croatia, and Czechia

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Fritigil		Queen	Marcomanni	Late 4th century	–	–
Mary [g]		Queen	Hungary	10 September 1382	December 1385	3 years and 4 months
			Croatia
			Hungary	24 February 1386	17 May 1395	9 years, 82 days
			Croatia
Maria Theresa		Archduchess	Austria	20 October 1740	29 November 1780	40 years, 40 days
		Queen	Hungary
			Croatia
			Bohemia		19 December 1741	1 year, 60 days
				12 May 1743	29 November 1780	37 years, 201 days

Poland and Lithuania

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Jadwiga [g]		Queen	Poland	16 October 1384	17 July 1399	14 years, 274 days
Anna		Queen	Poland	15 December 1575	19 August 1587	11 years, 247 days
		Grand Duchess	Lithuania

Eastern Europe

Armenia

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Erato		Queen	Kingdom of Armenia	8 BC	5 BC	3 years
				2 BC	2 AD	4 years
				6 AD	12 AD	6 years

Azerbaijan

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Reign dates	Ref.
Dinar		Queen	Kingdom of Hereti	c. 1010s

Georgia

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Tamar I		Mepe	Kingdom of Georgia	27 March 1184	18 January 1213	28 years, 297 days
Rusudan		Mepe	Kingdom of Georgia	18 January 1223	1245	22 years
Tamar II	–	Queen	Kingdom of Kartli	1744	12 April 1746	2 years

Russia

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Camasarye Philotecnus	–	Queen	Bosporan Kingdom	c. 180 BC	c. 150 BC	c. 30 years
Dynamis		Queen	Bosporan Kingdom	47 BC	47 BC	Less than 1 year
				44 BC	13 BC	31 years
				8 BC	8 AD	16 years
Gepaepyris	–	Queen	Bosporan Kingdom	37 or 38	39	1 or 2 years
Boa	–	Queen	Sabir people	520s	–	–	[128]
Tulun Beg	–	Khanum	Blue Horde	1370	1371	1 year
Fatima Soltan	–	Khanbika	Qasim Khanate	1679	1681	2 years
Irina Godunova		Tsaritsa (disputed)	Tsardom of Russia	26 January 1598	3 March 1598	36 days
Catherine I		Empress	Russian Empire	8 February 1725	17 May 1727	2 years, 98 days
Anna		Empress	Russian Empire	26 February 1730	28 October 1740	10 years, 245 days
Elizabeth		Empress	Russian Empire	6 December 1741	5 January 1762	20 years, 30 days
Catherine II		Empress	Russian Empire	9 July 1762	17 November 1796	34 years, 131 days

Northern Europe

Denmark, Norway and Sweden

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length of reign	Ref.
Åsa	–	Queen	Agder	c. 814	c. 834	20 years
Margaret I		Queen	Denmark	10 August 1387	28 October 1412	25 years, 79 days
			Norway	2 February 1388		24 years, 269 days
			Sweden	24 February 1389		23 years, 247 days
Christina		Queen	Sweden	16 November 1632	16 June 1654	21 years, 212 days
Ulrika Eleonora		Queen	Sweden	5 December 1718	29 February 1720	1 year, 86 days
Margrethe II		Queen	Denmark	14 January 1972	14 January 2024	52 years, 0 days

Western Europe

Luxembourg and Belgium

Burgundian Netherlands

• Mary of Burgundy (reigned 1477–1482) – according to E. William Monter  [ de ]'s book, Mary of Burgundy and Isabella Clara Eugenia are included in the list of thirty women sovereigns over European states between 1300 and 1800 ^[129]

Spanish Netherlands

• Isabella Clara Eugenia (reigned as independent sovereign 1598–1621) – during her and Albert's co-reign period, the Spanish Netherlands temporarily had formal independence from Spain

Austrian Netherlands

• Maria Theresa (reigned 1740–1780) – she was also the sovereign of many other states as ruler of the Habsburg monarchy

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

• Marie-Adélaïde (reigned 1912–1919)
• Charlotte (reigned 1919–1964)

Netherlands

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length of reign	Ref.
Wilhelmina		Queen	Netherlands	23 November 1890	4 September 1948	57 years, 286 days
Juliana		Queen	Netherlands	4 September 1948	30 April 1980	31 years, 239 days
Beatrix		Queen	Netherlands	30 April 1980	30 April 2013	33 years, 0 days

Monaco

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length of reign	Ref.
Claudine		Lady	Monaco	July 1457	16 March 1458	c. 8 months
Louise Hippolyte		Princess	Monaco	20 February 1731	29 December 1731	312 days

United Kingdom and Ireland

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Cartimandua		Queen	Brigantes	c. 43	c. 69	c. 25 years
Boudica		Queen	Iceni	c. 60	c. 61	c. 1 year
Seaxburh	–	Queen	Wessex	c. 672	c. 674	c. 2 years
Æthelflæd		Lady	Mercia	911	918	c. 7 years
Ælfwynn	–	Lady	Mercia	12 June 918	4 December 918	175 days
Matilda		Lady (disputed)	England	8 April 1141	1148	c. 7 years	[130]
Margaret		Queen (disputed)	Scotland	19 March 1286	September 1290	4 years, 6 months
Mary		Queen	Scotland	14 December 1542	24 July 1567	24 years, 222 days
Jane		Queen (disputed)	England	10 July 1553	19 July 1553	9 days	[131]
			Ireland
Mary I		Queen	England	24 July 1553	17 November 1558	5 years, 116 days
			Ireland
Elizabeth I		Queen	England	17 November 1558	24 March 1603	44 years, 127 days
			Ireland
Mary II		Queen	England	13 February 1689	28 December 1694	5 years, 318 days
			Ireland
			Scotland	11 April 1689		5 years, 261 days
Anne		Queen	England	8 March 1702	1 May 1707	5 years, 54 days
			Scotland
			Ireland		1 August 1714	12 years, 146 days
			Great Britain	1 May 1707		7 years, 92 days
Victoria		Queen	United Kingdom	20 June 1837	22 January 1901	63 years, 216 days
Elizabeth II		Queen	United Kingdom	6 February 1952	8 September 2022	70 years, 214 days

Picts

• Pictish Queen, name unknown (reigned c. 617) – in 617, she summoned pirates to massacre Donnán and his companions on the island of Eigg; she is the only woman ruler mentioned in early Scottish history ^[132]

Southern Europe

Albania

With the fall of the Serbian Empire after 1355, for a period Albania were ruled by local chieftains. In the 14th and 15th centuries Ottoman Empire conquered the sovereign Albanian principalities. ^[133]

Monarch	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Joanna	Duchess	Duchy of Durrës	1348	1368	20 years
			1376	1383	7 years
Helena Thopia	Lady	Principality of Albania	1388	1392	4 years
			1394	1403	9 years
Comita Muzaka	Lady	Principality of Vlorë	1385	1396	11 years
Rugjina Balsha	Lady	Principality of Vlorë	1414	1417	3 years

Illyria

• Caeria (reigned ?–344/343 BC)

Bosnia

• Jelena Gruba (reigned 1395–1398)

Bulgaria

Odrysian kingdom

• Antonia Tryphaena (reigned 18–38) – she ruled with her son Rhoemetalces II
• Pythodoris II (reigned 38–46) – she ruled with Rhoemetalces III

Cyprus

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Charlotte		Queen	Kingdom of Cyprus	28 July 1458	1464	6 years
Catherine Cornaro		Queen	Kingdom of Cyprus	26 August 1474	26 February 1489	14 years, 184 days

Greece

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Irene of Athens		Empress	Byzantine Empire	15 January 792	31 October 802	10 years, 289 days
Thekla		Empress	Byzantine Empire	842	856	14 years
Zoe Porphyrogenita		Empress	Byzantine Empire	21 April 1042	11 June 1042	51 days
Theodora Porphyrogenita		Empress	Byzantine Empire	21 April 1042	31 August 1056	14 years, 132 days
Eudokia Makrembolitissa		Empress (disputed)	Byzantine Empire	22/23 May 1067	31 December 1067	223 days

Kingdom of Epirus

• Deidamia II (reigned c. 233 BC)

Despotate of Epirus

• Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina (reigned 1384–1385)

Latin Empire

• Yolanda (reigned 1217–1219, disputed)

Frankokratia
Latin Empire was disestablished in 1261, but Latin states in Greece, also known as Frankokratia, continued to recognize Latin emperors in exile as their overlords until 1383.

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length of reign	Ref.
Catherine I		Empress	Latin states in Greece	15 December 1283	11 October 1307	23 years, 300 days
Catherine II		Empress	Latin states in Greece	11 October 1307	October 1346	c. 39 years

Thessalonica
Two Byzantine empresses reigned with autonomy in Thessalonica.

• Irene of Montferrat (reigned 1303–1317)
• Anna of Savoy (reigned 1351–1365)

Principality of Serres  [ bg ]

• Helena of Bulgaria (reigned 1355–1365) – she built up her own autonomous principality ^[134]

Polis

• Cratesipolis (reigned c. 314 BC – c. 306 BC) — ruler of Sicyon and Corinth
• Nicaea, ruler of Corinth

Italy

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length of reign	Ref.
Amalasuintha		Queen	Ostrogothic Kingdom	2 October 534	30 April 535	210 days
Elena of Gallura		Judge	Judicate of Gallura	1203	1218	approx. 15 years
Benedetta of Cagliari		Judge	Judicate of Cagliari	1214	1233	approx. 9 years
Adelasia of Torres		Judge	Judicate of Logudoro	1236	1259	approx. 23 years
Joanna of Gallura [h]		Judge	Judicate of Gallura	1296	1308	approx. 12 years
Eleanor of Arborea		Judge	Judicate of Arborea	1383	June 1404	approx. 21 years
Constance I of Sicily		Queen	Kingdom of Sicily	25 December 1194	27 November 1198	3 years, 337 days
Constance II of Sicily		Queen	Kingdom of Sicily	1282	1285	approx. 3 years	[135]
Joanna I of Naples		Queen	Kingdom of Naples	20 January 1343	25 August 1381	38 years, 217 days
Maria of Sicily		Queen	Kingdom of Sicily	27 July 1377	25 May 1401	23 years, 302 days
Joanna II of Naples		Queen	Kingdom of Naples	6 August 1414	2 February 1435	20 years, 180 days
Joanna of Castile		Queen	Kingdom of Sicily	23 January 1516	12 April 1555	39 years, 79 days
			Kingdom of Naples
			Kingdom of Sardinia
Elisa Bonaparte [i]		Princess	Principality of Lucca and Piombino	19 March 1805	18 March 1814	8 years, 364 days
		Grand Duchess	Grand Duchy of Tuscany	3 March 1809	1 February 1814	4 years, 335 days
Pauline Bonaparte [i]		Duchess	Duchy of Guastalla	30 March 1806	14 August 1806	137 days
Marie Louise [j]		Duchess	Duchy of Parma and Piacenza	11 April 1814	17 December 1847	33 years, 250 days
			Duchy of Guastalla
Maria Luisa of Spain [j]		Duchess	Duchy of Lucca	9 June 1815	13 March 1824	8 years, 278 days
Maria Beatrice d'Este [k]		Duchess	Duchy of Massa	1815	14 November 1829	approx 14 years
		Princess	Principality of Carrara

Portugal

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Theresa		Queen (disputed)	Portugal	1116	24 June 1128	approx. 12 years
Beatrice		Queen ( disputed )	Portugal	1383	1385	approx. 2 years
Maria I		Queen	Portugal	24 February 1777	20 March 1816	39 years, 25 days
Maria II		Queen	Portugal	2 May 1826	23 June 1828	2 years, 52 days
				26 May 1834	15 November 1853	19 years, 173 days

Romania

Transylvania
The Principality of Transylvania was an autonomous state. ^[136]

• Catherine of Brandenburg (reigned 1629–1630)

Spain and Andorra

• Toda of Pamplona (reigned c. 958) — queen of Deio and Lizarrara ^[137]
• Andregoto Galíndez (reigned c. 971) — queen of Lumbier
• Tota of Ribagorza (reigned 1003–1010) — independent countess of Ribagorza
• Mayor García of Castile (reigned 1010–1025) — independent countess of Ribagorza

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Jimena Díaz		Princess	Principality of Valencia	1099	1102
Urraca		Empress	Hispania	30 June 1109	8 March 1126	16 years, 251 days
		Queen	León
		Queen	Castile
		Queen	Galicia		1111
Petronilla		Queen	Aragon	13 November 1137	18 July 1164	26 years, 248 days
Urraca the Asturian		Queen	Kingdom of Artajona  [ eu ]	1144	1153
Berengaria		Queen	Castile	6 June 1217	31 August 1217	86 days
		Queen	Toledo
Sancha		Queen	León	24 September 1230	11 December 1230	78 days
		Queen	Galicia
Dulce		Queen	León	24 September 1230	11 December 1230	78 days
		Queen	Galicia
Joan I		Queen	Navarre	22 July 1284	2 April 1305	20 years, 254 days
Joan II		Queen	Navarre	1 April 1328	6 October 1349	21 years, 188 days
Isabella of Foix-Castelbon		Co-Princess	Andorra	1398	1412
Blanche I		Queen	Navarre	8 September 1425	1 April 1441	15 years, 205 days
Blanche II		Queen	Navarre	23 September 1461	2 December 1464	3 years, 70 days
Isabella I		Queen	Castile	11 December 1474	26 November 1504	29 years, 351 days
		Queen	León
Eleanor		Queen	Navarre	28 January 1479	12 February 1479	15 days
Catherine		Queen	Navarre	7 January 1483	12 February 1517	34 years, 36 days
		Co-Princess	Andorra
Joanna the Mad		Queen	Castile	26 November 1504	12 April 1555	50 years, 137 days
		Queen	Aragon	23 January 1516		39 years, 79 days
		Queen	Upper Navarre
Jeanne d'Albret		Queen	Lower Navarre	25 May 1555	9 June 1572	17 years, 15 days
		Co-Princess	Andorra
Isabella II		Queen	Spain	29 September 1833	30 September 1868	35 years, 1 day
		Queen	Upper Navarre		30 November 1833	62 days

Malta

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Elizabeth II		Queen	Malta	21 September 1964	13 December 1974	10 years, 83 days

Montenegro

Duklja

• Neda (reigned 1043–1046)

Oceania

Australasia

Australia

• Victoria (reigned 1901) – Australia became a dominion by the Federation of Australia in 1901
• Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–2022)

New Zealand

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–2022)

Rarotonga

Makea Takau Ariki

• Makea Takau Ariki, Queen/Supreme High Chiefess of the Cook Islands (reigned 1871–1911) – was the last monarch and only queen regnant of the Kingdom of Rarotonga established in 1858, she ceased to be sovereign after 1888

Melanesia

Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Elizabeth II		Tui Viti	Fiji	1970	1987
		Queen	Papua New Guinea	1975	2022
		Queen	Solomon Islands	1978	2022

Polynesia

American Samoa

Tui Manuʻa Matelita.

• Tuimanufili (reigned as 20th Tui Manu'a)
• Siliave (reigned as 23rd Tui Manu'a)
• Seuea (reigned as 27th Tui Manu'a)
• Matelita (reigned 1891–1895, as 39th Tui Manu'a)

French Polynesia

Bora Bora

• Teriimaevarua II (reigned 1860–1873)
• Teriimaevarua III (reigned 1873–1895)

Huahine

Tehaapapa II and Tehaapapa III

• Teha'apapa I (reigned 1760–1790)
• Teri'itaria II (reigned 1815–1852)
• Teha'apapa II (reigned 1868–1893)
• Teuhe (reigned 1888–1890) – she reigned under a rebellion government against her mother Queen Tehaapapa II
• Teha'apapa III (reigned 1893–1895)

Raiatea

• Tehauroarii (reigned 1881–1884)
• Tuarii (reigned till 1897) – she reigned under a rebellion government against the French with the support of Teraupo'o after Tamatoa VI abdicated.

Rapa Iti

• Daughter of Parima (reigned ?–1887) ^[138]

Rimatara

• Tamaeva IV (reigned 1876–1892)
• Tamaeva V (reigned 1892–1901)

Tahiti

• Purea (reigned in the 18th century), queen of the Teva clan on the southern part of the island before unification
• Pōmare IV (reigned 1827–1877)

Nuku Hiva

• Vaekehu – her husband died in 1863, but Vaekehu continued to reign on her own as Queen

Hawaii

Hilo

• Ululani, 7th Chiefess of Hilo

Ko'olau

• Hinakaimauli'awa, 2nd Chiefess of Ko'olau
• Mualani, 3rd Chiefess of Ko'olau
• Kaimihauoku, 7th Chiefess of Ko'olau
• Holaulani (Kauaohalaulani), 16th Chiefess of Ko'olau
• Ipuwai-o-Hoalani, 19th Chiefess of Ko'olau

Molokai

• Kapau-a-Nuʻakea, 3rd Chiefess of Molokai
• Kamauliwahine, 4th Chiefess of Molokai
• Hualani, 5th Chiefess of Molokai
• Kanealai, Chiefess of Molokai (reigned during the 18th century)

Oʻahu

• Kūkaniloko, 11th Moʻi of Oʻahu
• Kalaimanuia, 12th Moʻi of Oʻahu (reigned 1600–1665)

Hawaiʻi Island

• Kaikilani, 17th Moʻi of Hawaiʻi Island (reigned 1575–1605)
• Keakamahana, 19th Moʻi of Hawaiʻi Island (reigned 1635–1665)
• Keakealaniwahine, 20th Moʻi of Hawaiʻi Island (reigned 1665–1695)
• Kalanikauleleiaiwi, 21st Moʻi of Hawaiʻi Island (reigned 1695–1725) — co-ruler with her brother Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku

Kauaʻi

• Kamakahelei, 22nd Moʻi of Kauaʻi (reigned 1770–1794)

Kingdom of Hawaii

Liliʻuokalani

• Liliʻuokalani (reigned 1891–1893 and claimed status as queen until her death in 1917) – the only queen regnant of the Kingdom of Hawaii established by Kamehameha I

Tonga

• Tupoumahe'ofo (reigned 1777–1781, as Tu'i Kanokupolu)
• Salote Tupou III (reigned 1918–1965)

Tuvalu

• Elizabeth II (reigned 1978–2022)

Wallis and Futuna

Uvea

• Toifale (reigned 1825)
• Falakika Seilala (reigned 1858–1869)
• Amelia Tokagahahau Aliki (reigned 1869–1895)
• Aloisia Brial (reigned 1953–1958)

Legendary and mythological monarchs

Chad

• Hu of Kanem

Chile

• Gaboimilla

China

• Nüwa, the only female among Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
• Queen Mother of the West
• Queen of the Aini people (爱尼人), a branch of the Hani people ^[139]

Congo

Kuba Kingdom

Women written in italics in the list of Kuba Kingdom rulers: ^[140]

• Lobamba
• Gokare
• Sanga Motunu
• Pelama Pena
• Boeke
• Sanga Lenga
• Bosh Akama
• Kele Kama
• Bolueme

Czechia

• Libuše, female ruler of Bohemia
• Valasca

Denmark

• Asa – she was described in Chronicon Lethrense
• Hethae – she was described in Chronicon Lethrense

Easter Island

• Vakai, queen of Kingdom of Rapa Nui

Ecuador

• Paccha Duchicela, queen of the Kingdom of Quito  [ es ]

Egypt

• Nitocris of the Sixth Dynasty – Nitocris is mentioned within Herodotus' book Histories as being the last Pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt.
• Charoba – A queen mentioned in a history of Egypt written by 12th-century Arab writer Murtada ibn al-'Afif. ^[141]
• Daluka of the Soleyman Dynasty – An Antediluvian monarch from medieval Coptic and Arabic texts who supposedly built a wall around Egypt to protect the country from invasion and also was said to have built a pyramid and a nilometer at Memphis. Sometimes claimed to be a cousin of Charoba and her immediate successor. ^[141]
• Borsa of the Soleyman Dynasty – Mentioned in medieval Coptic and Arabic texts as a ruler of Egypt in the Antediluvian era. ^[142] Sometimes described as a "priestess". ^[141]

Ethiopia

Further information: 1922 regnal list of Ethiopia

The following names all come from a regnal list written in 1922, which is partially based on native traditions and older regnal lists, but also contains additional names of Coptic and Nubian origin, the latter due to its association with the word " Aethiopia " in ancient and Biblical texts. Claimed dates follow the Ethiopian calendar. ^[143]

• Borsa (reigned 4321–4254 BC) – Originated from Coptic tradition. ^[142]
• Eylouka (reigned 3776–3731 BC) – Originated from Coptic tradition. ^[142]
• Nehasset Nais (reigned 2434–2404 BC)
• Kasiyope (reigned 1890–1871 BC) – Originated from Greek mythology.
• Mumazes reigned (1675–1671 BC) – Daughter of king Bonu I. ^[144]
• Aruas (reigned 1671 BC) – Daughter of Mumazes. ^[143]
• Helena (reigned 1358–1347 BC)
• Makeda (reigned 1013–982 BC) – The Biblical queen of Sheba in Ethiopian tradition and mother of Menelik I. She succeeded to the throne after the death of her father king Kawnasya. ^[145]
• Nicauta Kandake I (reigned 740–730 BC)
• Hadina (reigned 372–362 BC) – Most regnal lists of Ethiopia claim this monarch reigned for 9 years. ^[146]
• Nikawla Kandake II (reigned 342–332 BC) – An alternate name for the Queen of Sheba ^[147]
• Akawsis Kandake III (reigned 325–315 BC)
• Nikosis Kandake IV (reigned 242–232 BC)
• Awsena (reigned 99–88 BC) – Most regnal lists of Ethiopia claim this monarch reigned for 1 year. ^[146]
• Nicotnis Kandake V (reigned 35–25 BC)
• Garsemot Kandake VI (reigned 40–50 AD) – Supposedly the Kandake from the Biblical story of the Ethiopian Eunuch. ^[143]
• Wakana (reigned 230 AD) – Reigned for 2 days. ^[143]
• Ahywa Sofya (reigned 299–332 AD) – Likely based on Sofya of Axum, mother of Ezana.
• Adhana I (reigned 369–374 AD) – Some regnal lists of Ethiopia claim this monarch reigned for 14 years. ^[148]
• Adhana II (reigned 412–418 AD) – Some regnal lists claim this monarch co-ruled with king Abreha III. ^[148]

Kingdom of Simien

• Gudit (reigned c. 960 – c. 1000)

Sidama people

• Furra

French Polynesia

• Queen Mamea

Greece

• Omphale of Lydia, wife of Heracles
• Gerana, queen of Pygmy
• Callidice of Thesprotia

Amazons

• Otrera, the daughter of Eurus (the east wind)
• Hippolyta, the Amazonian queen who possessed a magical girdle
• Penthesilea, the daughter of Ares and Otrera and the sister of Hippolyta, Antiope and Melanippe
• Antianara, the daughter of Ares and Otrera and the sister of Hippolyta, Antiope and Melanippe
• Eurypyle
• Lampedo
• Marpesia
• Aegea
• Myrina
• Orithyia
• Antiope
• Thalestris

Iceland

• Brunhild – in the  Nibelungenlied , she is first presented as the ruling queen of Iceland

India

• Yashovati  [ sv ], ruler of Kashmir – she was described in Rajatarangini
• Pandaie

Indonesia

• Mahisa Suramardini Warmandewi, queen of Salakanagara (reigned 276–289 AD) ^[149]
• Sphatikarnawa Warmandewi, queen of Salakanagara (reigned 340–348 AD) ^[149]

Iran

• Humay Chehrzad

Iraq

• Kubaba of Kish, the only queen on the Sumerian King List (reigned in the 25th century BC)
• Semiramis of Assyria, claimed to be Shammuramat
• Nitocris of Babylon, the ruling queen of Babylon described by Herodotus in his Histories
• Queen Zidam – according to the legend of Bayajidda, she conquered Baghdad ^[150]

Ireland

• Macha, (reigned 661–654 BC)
• Medb, Queen of Connacht

Japan

• Empress Jingū (reigned 201–269)
• Princess Iitoyo (reigned 484; disputed)
• Kamu-nashi-hime (神夏磯媛), female Tsuchigumo of Hōfu-shi (防府市) ^[151]
• Hayatsuhime (速津媛), female Tsuchigumo of Hayami-gun (速見郡) ^[151]
• Taburatsuhime  [ ja ] (田油津媛), female Tsuchigumo of Yamato-gun (山門郡)
• Sanai Isoba  [ ja ], ruler of Yonaguni

Korea

• Lady Saso, honorary queen regnant of Silla
• Queen of Jeoknyeo-guk – Talhae's mother was the princess of Jeoknyeo-guk (Korean : 적녀국; Hanja : 積女國), an island country where only women lived ^[152]
• Queen of Tamna – she is mentioned in the legend of Mountain Shrine and Lady Shring in the Bongnae Mountain (봉래산 산제당과 아씨당) ^[153]
• Hongranyeo (Korean : 홍라녀; Hanja : 紅羅女) – according to the legend of Yeowangjwagangsanhyeong (Korean : 여왕좌강산형; Hanja : 女王坐江山型), she became the monarch of Balhae ^[154]

Libya

• Cyrene, queen of the city Cyrene
• Lamia, queen of Libya

Malaysia

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Siti Wan Kembang		Queen	Kelantan	1610	1667	57 years
Puteri Saadong		Queen	Kelantan	1667	1671	4 years

Mexico

Tenochtitlan

• Ilancueitl (disputed)
• Atotoztli II (reigned 1466–1472, disputed)

Myanmar

• Panhtwar

Norway

• Lagertha

Pakistan

• Nur Bakht Khatun of Trakhan Dynasty
• the Dareli queen of Trakhan Dynasty

Peru

• Catalina Huanca  [ es ]

Poland

• Wanda

Russia

• Narchat

Somaliland

• Arawelo
• Kola, queen of Abasa ^[155]

South Africa

• Majaji (reigned c. 350 AD)

Spain

• Queen Lupa

Sri Lanka

• Kuveni, queen of Yakkha people of Sri Lanka before the founding of Kingdom of Tambapanni
• Alli Raani

Sudan

• Pelekh Candace of Meroë (reigned c. 345 – c. 332 BC)

Syria

• al-Zabba', ^[156] claimed to be Zenobia

Tunisia

• Dido (reigned 814–c. 760 BC) – also known as Alyssa. Founder of Carthage, according to tradition

Turkey

• Onomaris, Queen of the Galatians
• Queen of Kanesh ^[157]

Turkmenistan

• Zarinaea, legendary Sacae woman ruler of the Dahae

United Kingdom

• Queen Gwendolen (reigned in the 11th century BC)
• Queen Cordelia (reigned in the 8th century BC)
• Queen Marcia (reigned in the 4th century BC)
• Hermuthruda

Vatican City

• Pope Joan, legendary monarch of the Papal States

Vietnam

• Lady Po Nagar of Champa, According to Cham legend, was the founder of the Cham nation

Yemen

• Bilkis in Yemen, claimed to be Queen of Sheba

Self-proclaimed monarchs

China

• Chen Shuozhen (reigned 653) – She led a peasant uprising in 653. During the rebellion, she declared herself huangdi . Jian Bozan recognized her as a female huangdi . ^[158]
• Mǐlǔ (Chinese :米魯), also known as "Invincible Tian Wang (無敵 天王)" – female rebel leader to assume the title of Tian Wang (天王) ^[159]

Easter Island

• Koreto, reigning queen of Easter Island (reigned ?–1876) ^[160] – Dutrou-Bornier married Koreto and appointed her as Queen
• Caroline, reigning queen of Easter Island (reigned 1877) ^[160] – after the death of Dutrou-Bornier, his widow Koreto briefly installed their daughter Caroline as Queen

Guinea

• Niara Bely

Guinea-Bissau

• Aurelia Correia

Haiti

• Ti Memenne of La Gonâve (reigned c. 1920s) – she was the tribal ruler of La Gonâve

India

• Rani Gaidinliu, leader of the Naga people

Italy

• Nina Menegatto

Jamaica

• Queen Nanny, leader of the Jamaican Maroons

Korea

• Yi Hae-won, titular empress regnant of Korean Empire

New Zealand

• Te Atairangikaahu, Māori queen (reigned 1966–2006)
• Nga wai hono i te po, Māori queen (reigned 2024–present)

Panama

• Rufina Santana, queen of Naso people (reigned 1982–1988)

Senegal

• Aline Sitoe Diatta, Queen of Kabrousse

Trinidad and Tobago

Further information: Carib Queen

The list of Carib Queens were:

• Delores MacDavid
• Maria Fuentes Werges Ojea
• Edith Martinez
• Justa Werges
• Valentina Medina
• Jennifer Cassar
• Nona Aquan

United States of America

• Verdiacee Goston, empress of the Washitaw Nation

United States Virgin Islands

The leaders of the 1878 St. Croix labor riot were:

• "Queen Mary" Thomas
• "Queen Agnes" Salomon
• "Queen Mathilda" McBean

Chieftainesses

Argentina

• Juana Koslay (princess)  [ es ]

Botswana

• Kgosi Basadi Seipone III
• Kgosi Rebecca Banika
• Mosadi Muriel Seboko (reigned 2002–present), the kgosikgolo of the Balete people

Brazil

• Juma Xipaia of the Xipaya people ^[161] (reigned 2015–present)
• Mandei Juma of the Juma people ^[162]
• Borea Juma of the Juma people ^[162]
• Ajareaty Waiapi of Waiapi ^[163]

Burundi

• Nandabunga

Canada

• Marilyn Baptiste
• Elsie Knott
• Gwendolyn Lucy O'Soup Crane
• Sacha Labillois-Kennedy
• Bev Sellars
• Marie-Anne Day Walker-Pelletier
• Viola Wyse
• Victoria Young of Giluts'aaw ^[164]

Chile

• María la Grande
• Janequeo
• Elvira de Talagante  [ es ]

China

• Bǐtóngqián  [ zh ] (Chinese :比铜钳)
• Lady Xian ^{[165] [166]}
• Jiāo-jī (Chinese :椒箕), female chieftain of the Màn-zhē (蔓遮) tribe of the Jianzhou Jurchens (reigned c. 1596) ^{[167] [168]}
• Siji zhuoma (Chinese :斯吉卓玛), Golok Queen of the Hongmaocang (红毛仓) tribe of the Golok people (reigned c. 1893) ^[169]
• Lude (Chinese :鲁德), Golok Queen of the Hongmaocang (红毛仓) tribe of the Golok people (reigned c. 1922) ^[169]
• Maliya Suo  [ zh ]

Cameroon

• Marie-Thérèse Assiga Ahanda

Colombia

• Gaitana

Congo

• Diambi Kabatusuila

Dominican Republic

• Higuanamá, also spelled Hiquanama, Cacica of Higüey, one of the Chiefdoms of Hispaniola (reigned ?–1502) – she was described by Las Casas in his A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies ; ^[170] Juan de Esquivel hanged Higuanamá in 1502 ^[171]
• doña María de Higüey, Cacica of Higüey (reigned c. 1514) ^[172]
• Isabel de Iguanama, Cacica of Higüey (reigned c. 1514) ^[172]

Ecuador

• Juana Guare

Ethiopia

• Diso Obo Warqe, ruler of the Nonno Jebat ^[173]

Fiji

• Lala Mara, the Roko Tui Dreketi of Rewa (reigned 1957–2004)
• Teimumu Kepa, the Roko Tui Dreketi of Rewa (reigned 2004–present)

Ghana

• Gundonaa Samata Abudu
• Nana Kofi Abuna V
• Nana Oye Mansa Yeboaa
• Peggielene Bartels

Haiti

• Anacaona, Cacica of Jaragua, one of the Chiefdoms of Hispaniola

India

• Ganapama, ruler of the Yenamadala branch of the Kotas ^[174]
• Pandambika, ruler of the Tadikonda branch of the Kotas ^[174]
• Vennaladevi, ruler of the Tadikonda branch of the Kotas ^[174]
• Banaitangi, ruler of the western Lushai Sailo family ^[175]
• Ropuiliani, ruler of the southern Lushai Hills ^[175]

Ireland

• Grace O'Malley, also known as "the Pirate Queen", chieftainess of the Ó Máille clan in Umaill

Israel

• Deborah, the only female judge of Israelite tribes in Biblical judges

Kenya

• Wangu wa Makeri

Korea

• Chieftainess buried in Jeongchon Tomb  [ ko ] (정촌고분) ^[176]

Kyrgyzstan

• Kurmanjan Datka, tribal leader of the Alay Kyrgyz (reigned 1862–1895)

Liberia

• Mary Larteh
• Suah Koko

Malawi

• Theresa Kachindamoto

Malaysia

• Datuk Puteri Siti Awan I, female Undang of Johol ^[177]
• Datuk Rambut Panjang, female Undang of Johol ^[177]
• Datuk Puteri Siti Awan II, female Undang of Johol ^[177]

Marshall Islands

• Tarjikit ^[178]
• Atama Zedkaia

New Zealand

Māori people

• Hine-i-paketia
• Hinematioro

Rarotonga

• Makea Te Vaerua Ariki, High Chiefess of Te Au O Tonga (reigned 1845–1857)
• Pa Upoko Takau Ariki, High Chiefess of Takitumu (reigned 1855–1890)
• Tinomana Mereana Ariki, High Chiefess of Puaikura (reigned 1881–1908)

Niger

• Sarraounia

Nigeria

• Abibatu Mogaji, Ìyál'ọ́jà of Lagos
• Abiola Dosunmu, Erelu Kuti of Lagos
• Agbani Darego, Oloye of Lagos
• Ahebi Ugbabe, Eze of Enugu-Ezike
• Alaba Lawson, Iyalode of Yorubaland
• Aminatu Abiodun, Iyalode of Ibadan
• Efunroye Tinubu, Iyalode of Egbaland
• Efunsetan Aniwura, Iyalode of Ibadan
• Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, Oloye of Yorubaland
• Laduntan Oyekanmi, Iyalode of Ibadan
• Wuraola Esan, Iyalode of Ibadan

Palau

• Gloria Salii

Panama

• Silvia Carrera

Papua New Guinea

• Koloka of Naara ^[179] (reigned c. 1884 – c. 1910) ^[180]

Peru

• Capillana, Capullana  [ es ]
• Tomasa Tito Condemayta

Puerto Rico

• Luisa, also known as Yuisa, Cacica of Loíza (reigned ?–1513) ^[181]

Sierra Leone

• Nyarroh of the Barri Chiefdom
• Daughter of Nyarroh of the Barri Chiefdom ^[182]
• Madam Nenge of the Baoma Chiefdom ^[183]
• Madam Matolo of the Nongowa Chiefdom ^[184]
• Humonya of the Nongowa Chiefdom ^[184]
• Ella Koblo Gulama of the Kaiyamba Chiefdom

South Africa

• Phylia Nwamitwa II
• Queen Hoho of Khoekhoe ^[185] (reigned c. 1750) ^[186]

South Sudan

• Mathiang Yak Anek

Taiwan

• Lian-lei  [ zh-min-nan ] (Chinese :蘭雷) of the Paiwan people (排灣族) (reigned ?–1723) ^[187]
• Leng-leng (Chinese :冷冷) of the Paiwan people (排灣族) (reigned c. 1770) ^[187]
• Bao-zhu (Chinese :寶珠) of the Puyuma people (卑南族) (reigned in the early 19th century) ^{[187] [188]}

Tanzania

• Therese Ntare VI of Heru ^[189]

Uganda

The female chiefs, Murogo and her female descendants, worked for the Ankole kings for several generation in the Ibanda area. ^[190]

• Murogo of Ibanda (reigned in the early 19th century) ^[191]
• Nyabuzana of Ibanda (reigned in the mid-19th century) ^[191]
• Kishokye of Ibanda (reigned ?–1903) ^[191]
• Julia Kibubura of Ibanda (reigned 1903–1926) ^[191]

United States of America

• Askamaboo
• Oholasc
• Quaiapen, also known as Old Queen
• Squaw Sachem of Mistick, also known as Massachusetts Queene
• Edith Turner
• Phyliss J. Anderson
• Zara Cisco Brough
• Sharon Bryant
• Alice Brown Davis
• Joyce Dugan
• Lucy Tayiah Eads
• Eagle Woman
• Robbie Hedges
• Cheryll Toney Holley
• Viola Jimulla
• Wilma Mankiller
• G. Anne Richardson
• Wah-Pah-Ho-Ko
• Glenna Wallace
• Opossunoquonuske, also known as Queen of Appamatuck
• The Lady of Cofitachequi
• Pine Leaf
• Glory of the Morning
• Cockacoeske of Pamunkey
• Queen Betty of Pamunkey
• Queen Ann of Pamunkey
• Weetamoo
• Awashonks
• Queen Alliquippa
• Queen of Wayonaoake, name unknown (reigned c. 1677) – she was one of the Native American leaders who signed the Treaty of 1677
• Tabbity Abby of Accomac
• Mary of Accomac
• Queen of Pungoteague, name unknown (reigned c. 1705) – she was mentioned by Robert Beverley in 1705 ^[192]
• Weunquesh of Narragansett – she succeeded her father Ninigret
• Queen Esther of Narragansett ^[193]

Vanuatu

• Motarilavoa Hilda Lin̄i

Venezuela

• Apacuana
• Isabel (cacica)  [ es ]
• Orocomay  [ es ]
• Urimare (cacica)  [ es ]
• Ana Soto (cacica)  [ es ]

Yemen

• Sharifa Fatima

Semi-independent feudal rulers

Bangladesh

• Rani Bhabani, zamindar of Rajshahi Raj family
• Saratsundari Devi, zamindar of Puthia Raj family
• Hemanta Kumari Devi  [ bn ], zamindar of Puthia Raj family

India

• Rani Bhawani, zamindar of Midnapore Raj
• Rani Shiromani, zamindar of Midnapore Raj
• Rani Rashmoni, zamindar of Janbazar
• Mangaleswari Nachiyar  [ ta ], zamindar of Ramnad estate
• Rani Muthu Virai Nachiyar  [ ta ], zamindar of Ramnad estate
• Parvatha Vardhani Ammal Nachchiyar, zamindar of Ramnad estate
• Kathama Nachiar, zamindar of Sivaganga estate
• Anna Purna, zamindar of Pal Lahara State ^[194]
• Chellamma, zamindar of Avuku ^[195]
• Rani Dhwaja Moni Devi, zamindar of Bishnupur (reigned 1885–1889) ^[196]

Crown landholders

Bangladesh

Between the 1204 and 1352, Bengal was a province of the Delhi Sultanate. ^[197]

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Razia Sultana		Sultana	Delhi Sultanate	19 November 1236	20 April 1240	3 years, 153 days

Cyprus

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length
Victoria		Queen	British Cyprus	4 June 1878	22 January 1901	22 years, 232 days
Elizabeth II		Queen	British Cyprus	6 February 1952	16 August 1960	8 years, 192 days

Estonia

Swedish Estonia

• Christina (reigned 6 November 1632 – 6 June 1654)
• Ulrika Eleonora (reigned 5 December 1718 – 29 February 1720)

Russian Estonia

• Catherine I (reigned 8 February 1725 – 17 May 1727)
• Anna (reigned 13 February 1730 – 28 October 1740)
• Elizabeth (reigned 6 December 1741 – 5 January 1762)
• Catherine II (reigned 9 July 1762 – 6 November 1796)

Finland

Swedish Finland

• Margaret I of Denmark (reigned 1389–1412)
• Christina (reigned 1632–1654)
• Ulrika Eleonora (reigned 1719–1720)

Iceland

Norwegian Iceland

• Margaret I (reigned 1388 – 28 October 1412)

Israel and Palestine

Thutmose III of the New Kingdom of Egypt conquered Canaan.

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Start of reign	End of reign	Length	Ref.
Neferneferuaten		Pharaoh	New Kingdom of Egypt	c. 1334 BC	c. 1332 BC	2 years
Tausret		Pharaoh	New Kingdom of Egypt	c. 1191 BC	c. 1189 BC	2 years
Zenobia		Empress	Palmyrene Empire	272	272	Less than 1 year

Sudan

Thutmose I of the New Kingdom of Egypt conquered Nubia.

Monarch	Portrait	Title	State	Reign dates	Length	Ref.
Hatshepsut		Pharaoh	New Kingdom of Egypt	c. 1479–1458 BC	c. 21 years
Neferneferuaten		Pharaoh	New Kingdom of Egypt	c. 1334–1332 BC	c. 2 years
Twosret		Pharaoh	New Kingdom of Egypt	c. 1191–1189 BC	2 years

Suriname

• Juliana (reigned 1954–1975)

Notes

1. She reigned until 1502, but titled herself queen only until 1477.
2. She is the queen buried in Bar. 8. Her name is unknown.
3. She also had the title of Queen of Ndongo, but in title only, as the Kingdom of Ndongo was destroyed in the Battle of Pungo Andongo in 1671.
4. In 1284, Kertanegara attacked Bali and captured the queen of Bali. Her name is unknown.
5. It is not her name, but it means "Queen of Iskandar Syah". Her name is unknown.
6. She was an autonomous ruler. The Duchy of Sumenep, which was originally under the Mataram Sultanate, fell into the hands of the Dutch East India Company in 1705 and became an autonomous state.
7. She was crowned with the title of rex ("king").
8. She was also a titular Judge of Gallura in 1308–1339. The Republic of Pisa's possession of the Judicate of Gallura became definitive in 1308.
9. She reigned as a puppet ruler. Napoleon I appointed his brothers and sisters as puppet rulers of the Client States of the French Empire.
10. She reigned as an independent duchess. The Italian duchies, restored by the Congress of Vienna, became fully sovereign, because the Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire was not restored.
11. She reigned as an independent monarch only during her second reign. She also reigned in 1790–1796, but was not fully sovereign at that time, as the Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire existed.

References

1. "El linaje español más antiguo en Canarias :: Revista de historia". mdc.ulpgc.es. Archived from the original on 2022-09-27.
2. Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. pp. 26–29, 33–34, 52–53.
3. Ashton, Sally-Ann (2014-09-19). The Last Queens of Egypt: Cleopatra's Royal House. Routledge. pp. 112–113. ISBN   978-1-317-86873-6.
4. Sewell-Lasater, Tara (2020). "Becoming Kleopatra: Ptolemaic Royal Marriage, Incest, and the Path to Female Rule". University of Houston: 16.
5. Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 483. ISBN   978-0-19-815034-3.
6. Bennett, Chris. "Arsinoe II". Egyptian Royal Genealogy.
7. Stanwick, Paul Edmund (22 July 2010). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek Kings as Egyptian Pharaohs. University of Texas Press. ISBN   9780292787476.
8. Chrystal, Paul (2017-02-28). Women at War in the Classical World. Grub Street Publishers. ISBN   978-1-4738-5661-5. Arsinoe III was Queen of Egypt from 220–204 BCE,
9. Chris Bennett. "Cleopatra I". Tyndale House. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
10. Cleopatra II Archived 23 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
11. Cleopatra III Archived 5 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
12. Berenice III Archived 5 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
13. Cleopatra V Archived 26 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
14. Tyldesley, Joyce (2006), Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt , WW Norton, p.  200, ISBN   0-500-05145-3 .
15. Tyldesley, Joyce (2019). The Pharaohs. London: Quercus. p. 209. ISBN   978-1-78747-900-5.
16. Tyldesley, Joyce (2009). Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt. Profile Books. pp. 61–62, 252. ISBN   978-1861979018.
17. Arsinoe IV Archived 26 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
18. Bryce, Trevor (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. Oxford University Press. p. 304. ISBN   978-0-19-100292-2.
19. Droa-Krupe, Kerstin; Fink, Sebastian (2021). Powerful Women in the Ancient World: Perception and (Self)Presentation. ISD LLC. pp. 308–316. ISBN   978-3-96327-139-7.
20. Kuckertz, Josefine (2021). "Meroe and Egypt". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: 5.
21. Török, László (2015). The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization. BRILL. p. 206. ISBN   978-90-04-29401-1.
22. Kuckertz, Josefine (2021). "Meroe and Egypt". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: 6.
23. Adam Simmons, 'A Short Note on Queen Gaua: A New Last Known Ruler of Dotawo (r. around 1520-6)?', Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies (2023), doi : 10.5070/D60060625.
24. Stewart, John (2024-10-18). African States and Rulers (3 ed.). McFarland. p. 183. ISBN   978-1-4766-1707-7.
25. "Kings of the Ga state". GaDangme Heritage & Cultural Foundation. Retrieved 2024-11-26.
26. Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 8. ISBN   0-89950-390-X.
27. Havik, Philip J. (2004). Silences and Soundbites: The Gendered Dynamics of Trade and Brokerage in the Pre-colonial Guinea Bissau Region. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 268. ISBN   978-3-8258-7709-5.
28. Henry, Christine (1994). Les îles où dansent les enfants défunts. Âge, sexe et pouvoir chez les Bijogo de Guinée-Bissau (in French). Les Editions de la MSH. p. 66. ISBN   978-2-7351-1682-9.
29. Basil Davidson (2014). West Africa Before the Colonial Era: A History to 1850. Routledge. p. 229. ISBN   978-1-317-88265-7.
30. Dunn, Elwood D.; Beyan, Amos J.; Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2000-12-20). Historical Dictionary of Liberia. Scarecrow Press. p. 288. ISBN   978-1-4616-5931-0.
31. Palmer, H. R (1908). Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 1908.
32. Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers (3rd ed.). London: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 71. ISBN   9780786425624.
33. Achebe, Nwando; Robertson, Claire, eds. (2019-04-16). Holding the World Together: African Women in Changing Perspective. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 64. ISBN   978-0-299-32110-9.
34. Emmanuel, Olu (2021-09-17). "The kingdom in Northern Nigeria that can only be ruled by a woman". National Daily Newspaper. Retrieved 2024-12-16.
35. Stewart, John (2024-10-18). African States and Rulers (3 ed.). McFarland. pp. 240–241. ISBN   978-1-4766-1707-7.
36. Diedhiou, Samuel. "Sibet Diedhiou, reine des Floup". au-senegal.com (in French). Retrieved 2025-06-11.
37. Baum, Robert M. (2015-11-09). West Africa's Women of God: Alinesitoué and the Diola Prophetic Tradition. Indiana University Press. pp. 84–85, 114–116. ISBN   978-0-253-01791-8.
38. Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers (3 ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 136. ISBN   978-0-7864-2562-4.
39. "Origem do título Nyakatolo segundo Francisco Chiwende". TV Zimbo . 2023-08-10. Retrieved 2024-12-16.
40. "Qui était Ngoungoure, la princesse qui régna pendant 30 min à la tête de la dynastie Bamoun?". Le bled parle  [ fr ] (in French). 2021-10-10. Retrieved 2025-02-28.
41. Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers (third ed.). London: McFarland. pp. 19–20. ISBN   0-7864-2562-8.
42. "Njazidja (Grande Comore), French Comoros, Comoro Islands (Comoros) Coins and Rulers". www.chiefacoins.com. Retrieved 2025-05-17.
43. Tolmacheva, Marina, ed. (2012-01-01). The Pate Chronicle. MSU Press. pp. 53–57. ISBN   978-1-60917-302-9.
44. Tolmacheva, Marina, ed. (2012-01-01). The Pate Chronicle. MSU Press. p. 263. ISBN   978-1-60917-302-9.
45. Truhart, Peter [in German] (2017-10-23). Regents of Nations / Regenten der Nationen, Part 2, Asia, Australia-Oceania / Asien, Australien-Ozeanien (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 1627–1628. ISBN   978-3-11-161625-4.
46. Chapus, Georges-Sully; Dandouau, André (1952-01-01). Histoire des populations de Madagascar (in French). FeniXX. p. 133. ISBN   978-2-402-66293-2.
47. Campbell, Gwyn (2005-03-14). An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 230. ISBN   978-0-521-83935-8.
48. Sharp, Lesley A. (2002-09-03). The Sacrificed Generation: Youth, History, and the Colonized Mind in Madagascar. University of California Press. p. 166. ISBN   978-0-520-22951-8.
49. KARIMBHAY, Tamim (2010-10-08). Nosy-Bé : Âme malgache, Coeur français (in French). TheBookEdition. pp. 88–89. ISBN   978-2-9533865-4-7.
50. Newitt, Malyn (1972). "The Early History of the Sultanate of Angoche" . The Journal of African History . 13 (3): 403. doi:10.1017/S0021853700011713. JSTOR   180586.
51. African Society (1926). Journal of the African Society. Vol. 25. MacMillan. p. 254.
52. Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (2011). "The divine kingship of the Shilluk of the Nilotic Sudan" . HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. 1: 407–422. doi:10.14318/hau1.1.016. S2CID   162247139.
53. McIntyre, Chris; McIntyre, Susan (2009). Zanzibar. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 8. ISBN   978-1-84162-254-5.
54. Ingrams, W. H. (2020-10-28). Zanzibar: The Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa. Routledge. p. 148. ISBN   978-1-000-10174-4.
55. Acquaviva, Graziella (2019). "More than just warriors: Mythical and archetypal images of the hero in Swahili literature". Kervan. International Journal of Afro-Asiatic Studies: 17.
56. Ingrams, W. H. (2020-10-28). Zanzibar: The Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa. Routledge. p. 160. ISBN   978-1-000-10174-4.
57. Yahya-Othman, Saïda (2010). Des femmes écrivent l'Afrique: L'Afrique de l'Est (in French). KARTHALA Editions. p. 123. ISBN   978-2-8111-0410-8.
58. "Busongora Kinglist". Busongora-Chwezi Kingdom. Retrieved 2024-01-14.
59. Sheldon, Kathleen (2017-04-24). African Women: Early History to the 21st Century. Indiana University Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN   978-0-253-02731-3.
60. Dierks, Klaus. "THE PERIOD OF THE EXPLORERS, HUNTERS AND TRADERS". klausdierks.com.
61. Dierks, Klaus. "Traditional Leaders in the History of Namibia". klausdierks.com.
62. Cloete, Luqman (2011-09-26). "Late Bondelswart chief buried". The Namibian. Retrieved 2025-01-04.
63. "Shambyu leader Queen Ribebe has died". The Namibian. 2015-06-15. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
64. "Hompa Sofia Mundjembwe Kanyetu Coronated". nbc. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
65. Nelson, Sarah Milledge, ed. (2003-06-05). Ancient Queens: Archaeological Explorations. Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. pp. 143–146. ISBN   978-0-7591-1617-7.
66. "The life, death, and afterlife of an ancient Maya king: A study of Pusilha Ruler G". Contributions in New World Archaeology: 269. 2016.
67. Baron, Joanne (2017). "The Mystery Queen of La Florida-Namaan". Expedition Magazine. Vol. 59, no. 2.
68. 권, 혜진 (2017-07-05). "계란형 얼굴에 구릿빛 피부…1천700년 전 페루 여왕 얼굴 복원". 연합뉴스 (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-01-13.
69. Jay, Jennifer W. (1996). "Imagining Matriarchy: "Kingdoms of Women" in Tang China". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 116 (2): 220–229. doi:10.2307/605697. ISSN   0003-0279. JSTOR   605697.
70. Book of Sui, vol. 83
71. Fan, Wenlan (1994). Zhongguo tong shi. Vol. 4. ISBN   978-7-01-002029-7.
72. Old Book of Tang, vol. 197
73. Fan Chuo, Manshu, vol. 4; "阿姹自為烏蠻部落王，從京師朝參，大蒙恩賞。"
74. Association of the Buddha Jayanti (1959). Japan and Buddhism. Tokyo News Service. p. 23.
75. Yoshie, Akiko; Tonomura, Hitomi; Takata, Azumi Ann «Gendered Interpretations of Female Rule: The Case of Himiko, Ruler of Yamatai». US-Japan Women's Journal, 44, 1, 2013, pàg. 13. DOI: 10.1353/jwj.2013.0009.
76. Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 263–264; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 126–129; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 39–42. , p. 39, at Google Books
77. Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gokanshō, p. 265–267; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. p. 130–134; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 43–54. , p. 43, at Google Books
78. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, p. 59. , p. 59, at Google Books
79. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 63–65 , p. 63, at Google Books; Brown, Delmer M. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 271; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. p. 140.
80. Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 271–272; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. pp. 140–141; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 65–67. , p. 65, at Google Books
81. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 411–412.
82. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 419–420.
83. Arihant Experts (4 June 2019). Know Your State Odisha. Arihant Publications India limited. p. 16. ISBN   978-9313193272. Next female rulers were Tribhuvana Mahadevi II (890-896AD) and Tribhuvana Mahadevi III (896-905AD).
84. Arihant Experts (4 June 2019). Know Your State Odisha. Arihant Publications India limited. p. 16. ISBN   978-9313193272. Next female rulers were Tribhuvana Mahadevi II (890-896AD) and Tribhuvana Mahadevi III (896-905AD).
85. Upendra Thakur (1956). History of Mithila. Mithila Institute. pp. 320–322.
86. Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 57. ISBN   978-81-7533-034-4.
87. Jyotsna Kamat (2010-05-07). "Queen of Gersoppa: Chennabhairadevi, Brave Ruler of Gersoppa (1552–1606 C.E)". Kamatpotporri. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
88. Singh, Harbans (ed.). The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: A-D. Vol. 1. Punjabi University. p. 538.
89. The Imperial Gazetteer of India . Vol. 11 (New ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1908. p.  15.
90. The Begums of Bhopal: A Dynasty of Women Rulers in Raj India, by Shahraryar M. Khan. Published by I. B.Tauris, 2000. ISBN   1-86064-528-3
91. O'malley, L. S. S. (2007) [1909]. Bengal District Gazetteer : Sambalpur. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 26–28. ISBN   978-81-7268-139-5.
92. Raghunandan, Lakshmi (1995). "Historical position of the Senior Rani of Travancore as Rani of Attingal". At the Turn of the Tide: The Life and Times of Maharani Setu Lakshmi Bayi, the Last Queen of Travancore. Maharani Setu Lakshmi Bayi Memorial Charitable Trust. pp. 449–459.
93. M. O. Koshy (1989). The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729-1758. Mittal Publications. p. 15. ISBN   978-81-7099-136-6.
94. Menon, A. Sreedhara, ed. (1962). Kerala District Gazetteers: Trivandrum. Trivandrum: Superintendent of Government Press. p. 174.
95. Gupta, Archana Garodia (2019-04-20). "The Matriarchs of Travancore". The Women Who Ruled India: Leaders. Warriors. Icons. Hachette India. ISBN   978-93-5195-153-7.
96. M. O. Koshy (1989). The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729-1758. Mittal Publications. pp. 64, 74. ISBN   978-81-7099-136-6.
97. UNESCO (2003). Adle, Chahryar; Habib, Irfan; Baipakov, Karl M. (eds.). History of civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 5. UNESCO Publishing. p. 241. ISBN   92-3-103876-1.
98. Khan, Shah Rais (1987). Dani, Ahmad Hasan (ed.). Shah Rais Khan's History of Gilgit (PDF). Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 33. ISBN   978-9937871914.
99. Siddiqui, Dr. Habibullah. "The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule" (PDF). Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh.
100. John Norman Miksic; Goh Geok Yian (2016-10-14). Ancient Southeast Asia. Taylor & Francis. p. 464. ISBN   978-1-317-27904-4.
101. "Bentan, Negeri Para Laksamana". jantungmelayu.co (in Indonesian). 2020-07-19. Retrieved 2024-12-09.
102. O'Connor, Sue; McWilliam, Andrew; Brockwell, Sally, eds. (2020-09-07). Forts and Fortification in Wallacea: Archaeological and Ethnohistoric Investigations. ANU Press. p. 191. ISBN   978-1-76046-389-2.
103. Mustamin, Fiam (2020-12-02). "Di manakah Perempuan Tanah Bugis yang Patriotik Pemberani dan Malebbi Itu". PINISI.co.id. Retrieved 2024-11-29.
104. Omar, Rahilah (2003-11-01). The history of Boné A.D. 1775-1795: the diary of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh Syamsuddin (Thesis). p. 319.
105. "Inilah Sosok Perempuan yang Menjadi Datu di Kerajaan Luwu" (in Indonesian). INDEKS MEDIA. 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
106. Hägerdal, Hans (2012-01-01). Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea: Conflict and Adaptation in Early Colonial Timor, 1600-1800. BRILL. pp. 234–236, 422. ISBN   978-90-04-25350-6.
107. Monumen Islam di Sulawesi Selatan (in Indonesian). Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. p. 230.
108. Hägerdal, Hans (2012-01-01). Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea: Conflict and Adaptation in Early Colonial Timor, 1600-1800. BRILL. pp. 205–206. ISBN   978-90-04-25350-6.
109. Dr. H. M. Tahir, S.Ag., MM. Dr. Hj. Ida Suryani Wijaya, M.Si (ed.). Sejarah Dakwah Islam di Kalimantan (Studi Pendekatan dan Jaringan) (in Indonesian). Bening Media Publishing. p. 119. ISBN   978-623-8006-41-0.
110. Noor, Arba’iyah Mohd (2017-12-07). Sumbu Dunia Melayu: Hubungan Keserumpunan Malaysia-Indonesia (in Malay). The University of Malaya Press. p. 39. ISBN   978-983-100-971-0.
111. Mattalatta, Andi (2003). Meniti siri dan harga diri: catatan dan kenangan (in Indonesian). Khasanah Manusia Nusantara. p. 14. ISBN   978-979-97305-0-3.
112. Niner, Sara, ed. (2016-08-05). Women and the Politics of Gender in Post-Conflict Timor-Leste: Between Heaven and Earth. Routledge. pp. 24–25, 27–28, 41. ISBN   978-1-317-32789-9.
113. Redaksi Mamira (2021-06-25). "Asmara Berujung Prahara: Kisah Cinta Patih kepada Ratu Tirtanegara". MAMIRA.ID (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2025-07-21.
114. "Sultan-Sultan Sumbawa". Ensiklopedia Sumbawa. Archived from the original on 2019-05-18. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
115. Abd. Muttalib M. (1981). Taman purbakala Jera Lompoe (in Indonesian). Suaka Peninggalan Sejarah dan Purbakala Sulawesi Selatan. p. 19.
116. Singer, Noel F. (2008). Vaishali and the Indianization of Arakan. APH Publishing. pp. 49–50. ISBN   978-81-313-0405-1.
117. James George Scott; John Percy Hardiman (1901). Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States, Part 2, Volume 2. p. 5. He was succeeded in 1012 B.E. (1650) by his younger brother, Sao Ne Ya, who reigned for thirty years. He left no children and was succeeded by his wife, who held the State for three years and then died.
118. James George Scott; John Percy Hardiman (1901). Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States, Part 2, Volume 2. p. 6. Hkun Hkawt, a brother of Hkun Lek, was appointed Sawbwa, but died in four years. In 1228 B.E. (1866), therefore, his youngest sister, one of the Queens, was appointed to the charge of Lai Hka with the title of Myoza. She appointed myooks and myo-teins to govern the State for her. This continued for two years and then the former Sawbwa, Hkun Mawng, now become a youth, was appointed to the State.
119. Majul, Cesar Adib. "An Analysis of the "Genealogy of Sulu"". Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives: 15.
120. Amirell, Stefan (2011). "The Blessings and Perils of Female Rule: New Perspectives on the Reigning Queens of Patani, c. 1584–1718". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 42 (2): 303–323. doi:10.1017/S0022463411000063. S2CID   143695148.
121. Hägerdal, Hans (2007). "Rebellions or factionalism? Timorese forms of resistance in an early colonial context, 1650-1769". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 163 (1): 8. ISSN   0006-2294. JSTOR   27868341.
122. Niner, Sara, ed. (2016-08-05). Women and the Politics of Gender in Post-Conflict Timor-Leste: Between Heaven and Earth. Routledge. p. 39. ISBN   978-1-317-32789-9.
123. Siegel-Itzkovic, Judy (2009-04-16). "Have archeologists found the only female ruler of ancient Canaan?". The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 2023-06-04.
124. Hamilton, Bernard (2005-07-07). The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press. p. 44. ISBN   978-0-521-01747-3.
125. Leichty, Erle (2011-06-23). The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680–669 BC). Penn State Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN   978-1-57506-646-2.
126. Book of Han, vol. 61
127. Mair, Victor H., ed. (1998). The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern Central Asia. Vol. 2. The Institute for the Study of Man in collaboration with The University of Pennsylvania Museum Publications. p. 777. ISBN   978-0-941694-63-6. Among the Greater Yuezhi it appears that a lady was appointed to be the ruling queen on at least one occasion. "Zhang Qian zhuan" 張騫傳 (Biography of Zhang Qian) in the History of the Han records that after the king of the Greater Yuezhi was killed by the Xiongnu, his wife was appointed to be the queen.
128. Nicholson, Oliver (19 April 2018). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 1316. ISBN   978-0-19-256246-3.
129. Monter, William (2012-01-24). The Rise of Female Kings in Europe, 1300-1800. Yale University Press. p. ix–xiii. ISBN   978-0-300-17327-7.
130. David Williamson (1986). Debrett's kings and queens of Britain. Webb & Bower. p. 51. ISBN   9780863501012.
131. Williamson, David (2010). Kings & Queens. National Portrait Gallery Publications. p. 95. ISBN   978-1-85514-432-3.
132. Chadwick, Hector Munro (2013-03-28) [1949]. Early Scotland: The Picts, the Scots and the Welsh of Southern Scotland. Cambridge University Press. p. 92. ISBN   978-1-107-69391-3.
133. Koço, Eno [in Albanian] (2015-02-27). A Journey of the Vocal Iso(n). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 8. ISBN   978-1-4438-7578-3.
134. Nicol, Donald M. (1984). The Despotate of Epiros, 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 134. ISBN   978-0-521-13089-9.
135. Baker, Julian (2020-10-20). Coinage and Money in Medieval Greece 1200-1430 (2 vols.). BRILL. p. 767. ISBN   978-90-04-43464-6.
136. Kármán, Gábor, ed. (2020-08-10). Tributaries and Peripheries of the Ottoman Empire. BRILL. p. 134. ISBN   978-90-04-43060-0.
137. Collins, Roger (30 April 2016). "Queens-Dowager and Queens-Regent in Tenth-Century León and Navarre". In Parsons, John Carmi (ed.). Medieval Queenship. Springer. p. 89. ISBN   978-1-137-08859-8.
138. Hanson, F. Allan (1974). "Chapitre II. Rapa et l'Histoire". Rapa: Une île polynésienne hier et aujourd'hui. Publications de la SdO (in French). Société des Océanistes. pp. 13–32. ISBN   978-2-85430-103-8.
139. 陈永邺; 洪宜婷 (2017-01-01). 法律起源与国家法的形成：以西南少数民族的神话等文本为例 (in Chinese). 社会科学文献出版社. p. 241. ISBN   978-7-5201-0691-7.
140. Torday, Emil; Joyce, Thomas Athol (1910). Notes ethnographiques sur les peuples communément appelés Bakuba, ainsi que sur les peuplades apparentées. Les Bushongo (in French). pp. 17–19.
141. Colavito, Jason. "Murtada ibn al-'Afif". Jason Colavito.
142. Morié, Louis J. (1904). Histoire de L'Éthiopie (Nubie et Abyssinie): Tome Ier – La Nubie (in French). Paris. pp. 155–161.
143. Rey, C. F. (1927). In the Country of the Blue Nile. London: Camelot Press. pp. 263–270.
144. Araia, Ghelawdewos (December 7, 2009). "Brief Chronology of Ethiopian History" . Retrieved 4 September 2022.
145. Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928). A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume I). London: Methuen & Co. p. 193.
146. Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928). A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume I). London: Methuen & Co. pp. 205–207.
147. "Nicaula". Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved 13 November 2022.
148. Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928). A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume I). London: Methuen & Co. pp. 259–261.
149. "Salakanagara, Kerajaan (Sunda) Tertua di Nusantara". Nusantara Institute (in Indonesian). 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2023-07-14.
150. Falola, Toyin; Oyeniyi, Bukola A. (2015-02-24). Nigeria. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 34. ISBN   978-1-59884-969-1.
151. Nihon Shoki, vol. 7
152. "적녀국(積女國)". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-02-10.
153. "「봉래산 산제당과 아씨당」". Encyclopedia of Korean Local Culture . Retrieved 2025-01-11.
154. 韓國民俗學 (in Korean). Vol. 27. 韓國民俗學研究會. 1995. p. 240.
155. Burton, Richard Francis (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa: Or, An Explanation of Harar. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. 209–210.
156. Bryce, Trevor (2014-03-06). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. OUP Oxford. pp. 295–296. ISBN   978-0-19-100292-2.
157. Leick, Gwendolyn (1991). A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. Psychology Press. p. 142. ISBN   978-0-415-00762-7.
158. 馮敏飛 (2016-01-01). 危世圖存 : 中國歷史上的15次中興 (in Chinese). 新華出版社. p. 355. ISBN   978-7-5166-2761-7.
159. History of Ming, vol. 316
160. Fischer, Steven R. (2005). Island at the End of the World: The Turbulent History of Easter Island. Reaktion Books. pp. 119–121. ISBN   978-1-86189-245-4.
161. "Juma Xipaia". ThinkLandscape. Retrieved 2025-04-20.
162. "Indigenous women rescue Amazon tribe from extinction". Daily Sabah . 2023-12-04. Retrieved 2025-01-02.
163. Tomassoni, Teresa (2019-08-25). "The Amazon's best hope? A female indigenous chief is on a mission to save Brazil's forests". NBC News . Retrieved 2025-01-02.
164. Cybulski, Jerome S., ed. (2001). Perspectives on Northern Northwest Coast Prehistory. University of Ottawa Press. p. 231. ISBN   978-1-77282-154-3.
165. Goodman, David, ed. (2002). China's Provinces in Reform: Class, Community and Political Culture. Routledge. p. 57. ISBN   978-1-134-71271-7.
166. Witzel, Morgen (2019-12-06). A History of Leadership. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-351-66649-7. Lady Xian, a hereditary chieftain of the Li people in southern China in the sixth century AD, was a powerful figure who suppressed banditry, abolished slavery and defeated an invasion, all in order to protect her people.
167. 王冬芳 (2013). 大清国的由来与去向．王冬芳文集 (in Chinese). 社会科学文献出版社. p. 268. ISBN   978-7-5097-5320-0.
168. 박정민 (2018). "임진왜란기 조선과 건주여진의 교통로 복원 - 『건주기정도기』를 중심으로-". 사학연구 (in Korean) (129): 306–307.
169. Horlemann, Bianca (2012). "Tibetans and Muslims in Northwest China: Economic and Political Aspects of a Complex Historical Relationship". Asian Highlands Perspectives. 21: 159, 182–183.
170. A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, Chapter III: Of the Kingdoms contained in Hispaniola
171. "Cotubanamá". Diccionario biográfico español . Real Academia de la Historia. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
172. Ochoa, Margarita R.; Guengerich, Sara V., eds. (2021-03-11). Cacicas: The Indigenous Women Leaders of Spanish America, 1492–1825. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 4. ISBN   978-0-8061-6999-6.
173. Huntingford, G. W. B. (2017-02-10). The Galla of Ethiopia; The Kingdoms of Kafa and Janjero: North Eastern Africa Part II. Taylor & Francis. p. 55. ISBN   978-1-315-30810-4.
174. Devi, Yashoda (1993). The History of Andhra Country, 1000 A.D.-1500 A.D. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 170–172. ISBN   978-81-212-0438-5.
175. Chatterjee, Suhas (1995). Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. ISBN   81-85880-72-7.
176. 이, 기환 (2019-10-10). "파리 번데기와 묻힌 40대 여성…그녀는 1500년전 영산강 유역의 지도자였다". 경향신문 (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-12-19.
177. Buyong Adil (1981). Sejarah Negeri Sembilan (in Malay). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. p. 35.
178. Levine, Stephen, ed. (2016-06-01). Pacific Ways: Government and Politics in the Pacific Islands. Victoria University Press. ISBN   978-1-77656-026-4. His mother, Tarjikit, was a leroij (female chief) from Majuro,
179. Arthur James Richens Trendell (1891). "The" Colonial Year Book for the Year 1891. Sampson, Low, Marston & Company. p. 102.
180. Quanchi, Max, ed. (2009-03-26). Photographing Papua: Representation, Colonial Encounters and Imaging in the Public Domain. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 136. ISBN   978-1-4438-0674-9.
181. Méndez-Méndez, Serafín; Fernández, Ronald (2015-07-14). Puerto Rico Past and Present: An Encyclopedia (2 ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 380. ISBN   978-1-4408-2832-4.
182. Day, L. (2012-01-02). Gender and Power in Sierra Leone: Women Chiefs of the Last Two Centuries. Springer. p. 82. ISBN   978-0-230-33792-3.
183. Paxton, Pamela; Hughes, Melanie M. (2007-03-06). Women, Politics, and Power: A Global Perspective. Pine Forge Press. p. 241. ISBN   978-1-4129-2742-0.
184. Fyle, Magbaily C. (2006-03-27). Historical Dictionary of Sierra Leone. Scarecrow Press. p. 70. ISBN   978-0-8108-6504-4.
185. Saunders, Christopher; Limb, Peter (2020-12-15). Historical Dictionary of South Africa (3 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 315. ISBN   978-1-5381-3026-1.
186. Peires, Jeffrey B. (1982). The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence. University of California Press. p. 23. ISBN   978-0-520-04663-4.
187. 杜, 曉梅. "女土官蘭雷、冷冷與寶珠──清代臺灣原住民女性人物的書寫與研究". 臺灣風物. 67 (3): 23–54.
188. Emma Jinhua Teng (2020-03-23). Taiwan's Imagined Geography: Chinese Colonial Travel Writing and Pictures, 1683–1895. BRILL. p. 188. ISBN   978-1-68417-393-8.
189. Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2020-03-20). Colonial Mentality and the Destiny of Africa. African Renaissance Press. p. 144.
190. Tripp, Aili Mari (2000-05-05). Women and Politics in Uganda. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN   978-0-299-16484-3.
191. John Milner Gray (1960). "A history of Ibanda, Saza of Mitoma, Ankole". The Uganda Journal . 24 (2): 166–182.
192. Rountree, Helen C. (1990). Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 126–127. ISBN   978-0-8061-2849-8.
193. Boissevain, Ethel (1959). "Narragansett Survival: A Study of Group Persistence through Adapted Traits" . Ethnohistory. 6 (4): 350. doi:10.2307/480725. ISSN   0014-1801. JSTOR   480725.
194. L. E. B. Cobden-Ramsay (2011). Feudatory States of Orissa: Bengal District Gazetteers. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 276–277. ISBN   978-81-7268-216-3.
195. Sewell, Robert, ed. (1884). Lists of Inscriptions, and Sketch of the Dynasties of Southern India. p. 210.
196. Ganguli, Samir (2025-02-19). Capitals Of Bengal Before Calcutta, Some Famous, Some Lost, Some Not Found. Blue Rose Publishers. p. 99.
197. Richard M. Eaton (1993). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760. University of California Press. p. 32. ISBN   978-0-520-20507-9.