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Jacumba Valley is a valley in San Diego and Imperial Counties, California. Its head is at 32°37′00″N116°10′07″W / 32.61667°N 116.16861°W [1] Carrizo Creek has its source in Jacumba Valley, 1.2 miles north of the California-Mexico State boundary, at 32°38′09″N116°07′05″W / 32.63583°N 116.11806°W at an elevation of 3,210 feet, on the west side of the divide between Jacumba Valley and the valley of upper Boulder Creek. Carrizo Creek flows west then north northwest through Jacumba Valley to its mouth at the head of Carrizo Gorge. [1] Just south of the Jacumba and In-ko-pah Mountains, the terrain consists of large, flat desert plains and hills of granite boulders. The wider region, including the Jacumba Wilderness, which sits just east of the valley, has been greatly affected by the construction of the US/Mexico border and has become a site of great numbers of migrations along migrant paths. [2]
The Jacumba Valley is the land of the Kumeyaay people, who have been divided by the border wall built through the region, what is commonly referred to as the US and Mexico. This border divides many people, including the Tohono O'odham Nation and the Yaqui people, as well. [3] Jacumba Hot Springs, located in the valley, has played a significant role in Kumeyaay tradition, specifically within the myth of Tuchaipa and Yokomatis, two brothers who emerge from the land and traverse its terrain. [4] The name "Jacumba" is believed to derive from the Kumeyaay term for "magic springs", as the region is home to natural mineral hot springs. As ranchers began to inhabit the region in the 19th century, tensions with the Kumeyaay rose, resulting in the Jacumba Massacre of 1870 in which many Indigenous people were killed for stealing the ranchers' cattle, or cattle rustling. [5] There is still uncertainty as to whether cattle were stolen or not, but the feud resulted in the deaths of more than 19 Kumeyaay people and the son of a rancher. [6] After being pushed out of their land in Jacumba Hot Springs, many Kumeyaay people migrated to Mexico, some returning around 1910 to the Campo Reservation, located just east of the valley. [7] The Indigenous people of the borderlands became subjected to many negative stereotypes in addition to being targeted physically, and many were considered, along with the terrain of the desert, to be "uncivilized". [8] More recently, the Jacumba Valley has become a cite of civil disobedience for organizations such as Kumeyaay Defense Against the Wall, which mobilizes people along the border to actively oppose its presence, enforcement, and continued construction as well as provide support to Kumeyaay communities on both sides. [9]
This desert is a land divided by the US-Mexico border, which is referred to as Jacumba on the US side, and Jacume on the Mexico side. When the US gained parts of Mexico's northern lands in 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the border as it is drawn today was established and legislation such as the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 increased surveillance efforts along the boundary line in order to counter unauthorized crossings. [10] Although there has not always been a physical border, boundaries began being created and marked. Beginning in the 19th century, both US and Mexican governments began mapping projects to denote the precise division of the borderlands and aided the governments in environmental management projects amidst a difficult terrain. This mapping and marking of the land was done through the placement of obelisks. [8] In 1911, the first section of the physical border was constructed and thirteen years later, in 1924, the US Border Patrol was formed, increasing patrolling of the borderlands. [10] There was previously a crossing point between Jacumba and Jacume, but it was closed in 1995. [11] Operation Gatekeeper began at this time and additional fortifications were added to what already existed of the wall, some materials used being left over steel from the Vietnam War. The Jacumba and Jacume communities, which used to be sites that residents from both sides often frequented, became barely accessible. Residents of Jacume who crossed to do grocery shopping were cut off and their lack of access resulted in the Jacumba economy losing much of the stimulation it once relied upon. [12] Today, the drawn border covers 1,954 miles, while the physical border only takes up 776 of those miles, leaving many gaps. [13]
The Jacumba Wilderness is home to Peninsular bighorn sheep, a species that was included on the Endangered Species Act in 1998 after falling to a population of around 300 – largely due to disease, predation, and colonization. [14] They have been able to withstand the desert environment due to their adaptability to the high temperatures, their ability to survive for months without significant water sources, and because their strongest predators, like bobcats and mountain lions, do not reside in this environment. [15] Other species spotted in the region include jackrabbits, ocotillos, California palms, and mule deers. [16]
With the emergence of Operation Gatekeeper in the mid-1990s, the additions made onto the physical border, and the increase of border security, migrants were pushed east. As his project to make the border less permeable and since the Trump presidency in 2016, which came with even more harsh crack downs on unauthorized migration, migration though this difficult terrain has become even more dangerous. [12] The Border Patrol has weaponized the land of the Jacumba Wilderness, militarizing it and its harsh terrain that, if traversed unprepared, can be deadly. Around the same time as Operation Gatekeeper, the "prevention through deterrence" tactic became common along the border, including in the Jacumba Wilderness and Jacumba Valley. [13] This program began in the name of driving people into the desert and was enforced by the Border Patrol, who, through the tactic, could also avoid blame for any migrant deaths by projecting blame onto the harsh terrain. With the dangerously dramatic temperatures, predatory wildlife, and potentially harmful flora, combined with attempts to apprehend migrants, many are subjected to increasing levels of lethal danger. [17] In addition to the militarism of the Border Patrol, the region has turned into a violent, pseudo-war zone with active militias, including the Minutemen, who seek to assist in the apprehension of migrants crossing the desert into the US without authorization. [18] Many migrant people are rescued by Border Patrol, Search, Trauma and Rescue (BORSTAR) once they are found, for then provide food, water and first aid, finally get them to the nearest hospital if need and process them in the Border Patrol Station to register and return them to their countries.
Brooks County is a county in Texas, United States, and Falfurrias is its county seat. Its population was 7,076, approximately 88% Latino per the 2020 census. It is one of Texas's poorest counties.
Baja California, officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California, is a state in Mexico. It is the northernmost and westernmost of the 32 federal entities of Mexico. Before becoming a state in 1952, the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California. It has an area of 70,113 km2 (27,071 sq mi) and comprises the northern half of the Baja California Peninsula, north of the 28th parallel, plus oceanic Guadalupe Island. The mainland portion of the state is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean; on the east by Sonora, the U.S. state of Arizona, and the Gulf of California; on the north by the U.S. state of California; and on the south by Baja California Sur.
The Kumeyaay, also known as 'Iipai-Tiipai or by the historical Spanish name Diegueño, is a tribe of Indigenous peoples of the Americas who live at the northern border of Baja California in Mexico and the southern border of California in the United States. They are an indigenous people of California.
Tecate is a city in Tecate Municipality, Baja California. It is across the Mexico–US border from Tecate, California. As of 2019, the city had a population of 108,860 inhabitants, while the metropolitan area has a population of 132,406 inhabitants. Tecate is part of the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area and the largest city between Tijuana and Mexicali. Tecate is a regional economic hub and popular tourist destination, known as home to the Tecate Port of Entry and to Tecate Beer.
Boulevard is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California. At that time, it had a population of 359 at the 2020 United States census, up from 315 2010 United States census. The area is rural high desert along the Mexican border near the eastern extent of San Diego County.
The Mexico–United States border is an international border separating Mexico and the United States, extending from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Gulf of Mexico in the east. The border traverses a variety of terrains, ranging from urban areas to deserts. The Mexico–U.S. border is the most frequently crossed border in the world with approximately 350 million documented crossings annually. It is the tenth-longest border between two countries in the world.
Jacumba Hot Springs is an unincorporated community in the Mountain Empire area of southeastern San Diego County, California, United States. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau defined Jacumba as a census-designated place (CDP) for the first time in the 2010 census, with a population of 561. At the 2020 census, the population decreased to 540. The census definition of the area may not precisely correspond to local understanding of the area with the same name. The ZIP code is 91934 and the town lies within area code 619. Its elevation is 2,829 feet (862 m) above mean sea level (AMSL). On February 26, 2013, the United States Board on Geographic Names approved a petition by a citizen committee to change the town's name from Jacumba to Jacumba Hot Springs.
The Campo Indian Reservation is home to the Campo Band of Diegueño Mission Indians, also known as the Campo Kumeyaay Nation, a federally recognized tribe of Kumeyaay people in the southern Laguna Mountains, in eastern San Diego County, California. The reservation was founded in 1893 and is 16,512 acres (66.82 km2).
The Darwin Falls Wilderness is a protected area in the northern Mojave Desert adjacent to Death Valley National Park. The 8,189-acre (3,314 ha) wilderness area was created by the California Desert Protection Act of 1994 and is managed by the Bureau of Land Management as part of the National Wilderness Preservation System.
The San Pasqual Band of Diegueño Mission Indians of California is a federally recognized tribe of Kumeyaay people, who are sometimes known as Mission Indians.
The Manzanita Band of Diegueño Mission Indians of the Manzanita Reservation is a federally recognized tribe of Kumeyaay Indians, who are sometimes known as part of the Mission Indians.
The La Posta Band of Diegueño Mission Indians of the La Posta Reservation is a federally recognized tribe of the Kumeyaay Indians, who are sometimes known as Mission Indians.
The Mountain Empire is a rural area in southeastern San Diego County, California. The Mountain Empire subregion consists of the backcountry communities in southeastern San Diego County. The area is also sometimes considered part of the East County region of San Diego County.
The Carrizo Creek and Carrizo Wash in California are a stream and an arroyo that the stream flows into, in San Diego County, California, and Imperial County, California.
San Pasqual, the Kumeyaay pueblo, in San Diego County, California, that was once located in the San Pasqual Valley and for which the valley is named.
Border Angels is a San Diego-based 501(c)(3) tax-exempt nonprofit charitable organization that is focused on migrant rights, immigration reform, and the prevention of immigrant deaths along the border. Border Angels, along with its more than 2000 volunteers serves San Diego County's immigrant population through various migrant outreach programs such as day laborer outreach and legal assistance, and provides life-saving assistance for migrants by placing bottled water in remote mountain and desert border regions of the San Diego and Imperial counties, California.
Carrizo Gorge is a valley in the Jacumba Mountains, in San Diego County, California. Its mouth is at an elevation of 1,411 feet (430 m), where it widens out to become Carrizo Canyon, 1 mi (1.6 km) northeast of Palm Grove. Its head is located in the Jacumba Mountains, 1.5 mi (2.4 km) north of Round Mountain, at an elevation of 2,600 ft (790 m) at 32°39′38″N116°11′28″W.
Goat Canyon is a valley in San Diego County, California, United States, located within the Carrizo Gorge in the Jacumba Mountains. The rock forming the canyon is crystalline basement. One feature of the canyon is a dry waterfall. The canyon is bridged by a wooden railroad trestle, the Goat Canyon Trestle, which is the world's largest curved all-wood trestle. The canyon is accessible by trail by traveling west from Mortero Palms.
Hostile Terrain 94 (HT94) is a participatory art project created and organized by the Undocumented Migration Project (UMP). The exhibition is composed of approximately 3,400 handwritten toe tags that represent migrants who have died trying to cross the Sonoran Desert of Arizona between the mid-1990s and 2021. The tags are geolocated on a large wall map of the Arizona/Mexico border, showing the exact locations where human remains were found. This DIY installation is taking place at over 120 institutions––in the U.S. and abroad––with the intention to raise awareness about the humanitarian crisis at America's southern border and to engage with communities around the world in conversations about migration.
Missing in Brooks County is a 2020 feature-length documentary, directed and filmed by Lisa Molomot and Jeff Bemiss. Its subject is the passage of illegal migrants through Brooks County, Texas, and specifically how thousands die of dehydration and exposure hiking some 35 miles (56 km) across open fields in 100 °F (38 °C) heat, to avoid the Border Patrol internal checkpoint near Falfurrias, Texas. The ground is sandy and taxing to walk in, and lack of landmarks makes it easy for migrants to get lost and go in circles. Brooks County leads the nation in migrant deaths; most bodies are never found, and most of those found are never identified. The county sheriff calls the county "the biggest cemetery in the United States". News stories have called it "migrants' Death Valley."