Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala

Last updated

Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala
Chairman Pinarayi Vijayan
Secretary M. V. Govindan
HeadquartersA. K. G. Centre Thiruvananthapuram
Newspaper Deshabhimani
Student wing Students Federation (SFI Kerala)
Youth wing Democratic Youth Federation (DYFI Kerala)
Women's wing Democratic Women's Association (AIDWA Kerala)
Labour wing Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU)
MembershipIncrease2.svg 527,174 (2022)
Ideology Communism
Political position Left-wing [1]
Alliance
Seats in  Lok Sabha
1 / 20
(Kerala)
Seats in  Rajya Sabha
4 / 9
(Kerala)
Seats in  Kerala Legislative Assembly
62 / 140
Election symbol
CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg
Party flag
CPI-M-flag.svg
Website
cpimkerala.org

The Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala or CPI(M) Kerala is the Kerala state wing of CPIM. It is responsible for organizing and coordinating the party's activities and campaigns within the state, as well as selecting candidates for local, state, and national elections. Currently, it is the governing party in the Kerala Legislative Assembly and has significant representation of the state in Rajya Sabha. [2] The CPIM currently leads the LDF alliance.

Contents

History

Background

In July 1937, a clandestine meeting was held at Calicut. [3] Five persons were present at the meeting, P. Krishna Pillai, K. Damodaran, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, N. C. Sekhar and S.V. Ghate. The first four were members of the Congress Socialist Party (CSP) in Kerala. The Communist Party of India in Kerala was formed on 31 December 1939 with the Pinarayi Conference. [4]

Punnapra-Vayalar uprising martyrs memorial at Vayalar Punnapra-vayalar 02.jpg
Punnapra-Vayalar uprising martyrs memorial at Vayalar

In 1946, Punnapra-Vayalar uprising was a mass communist movement against C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, the Diwan (Head) of Travancore in Alappuzha. The revolt was due to over 21,000 peasants died in Cherthala taluk alone during the Famine (1939–43). This led to a war between the Travancore police and people. Over 400 people were killed. After the killings, many people around the areas turned into communists. [5]

In 1957 Kerala Assembly election the Communist Party of India (CPI) was elected to rule the state government of Kerala under E. M. S. Namboodiripad only to have the government dismissed and President's Rule declared in 1959 following the Vimochana Samaram. In 1964, in conjunction with the widening rift between China and the Soviet Union, a large leftist faction of the CPI leadership, based predominantly in Kerala and West Bengal, split from the party to form the Communist Party of India (Marxist), or CPI (M). In Kerala, the CPI (M) in coalition with other parties wrested control from the Congress and its allies (frequently including the CPI) in 1967, in 1980, and in 1987. Support for the CPI (M) in Kerala in general elections has ranged from 19 percent to 26 percent, but the party has never won more than nine of Kerala's twenty seats in Parliament.

Formation of CPI(M) in Kerala

A. K. Gopalan (left) and E.M.S. Namboodiripad (right) with other CPI(M) leaders in Kolkata, 1966. CPI (M) Leaders. Noormahal. 27 Oct 1966.jpg
A. K. Gopalan (left) and E.M.S. Namboodiripad (right) with other CPI(M) leaders in Kolkata, 1966.

After the CPI split in 1964, prominent communist leader in Kerala E.M.S. Namboodiripad, A. K. Gopalan and K. R. Gouri Amma stood with the Communist Party of India (Marxist). One year after the split, in the 1965 elections CPI(M) which was splinter faction of CPI, emerged as the largest party in the assembly with 40 seats. Where CPI settled with 3 seats only. However no single party could form a ministry commanding majority and hence this election is considered abortive. President's rule was invoked for the fourth time. [6] [7]

In the 1967 Kerala assembly election both communist parties - CPI (M) and CPI - along with smaller parties including SSP and Muslim League contested this election as a United Front. A total of seven parties contested in the front, and the front was known as Saptakakshi Munnani . [8] The CPI(M) led front won the election with a record 113 seats out of 133 seats and formed the government under E.M.S. Namboodiripad. [9] After 2 years of the government, due to continuous problems between CPI and CPI(M) many ministers from the smaller parties resigned eventually, and many parties subsequently left the front owing to the loss of majority the Second Namboodiripad ministry was dissolved in 1969. [10]

Emergency rule in Kerala

During the emergency rule, when communists in Kerala were organising the political activities from different hide-outs, many CPI(M) members and leaders including current chief minister of Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan was imprisoned for one and a half years. He was arrested and tortured by police. [11] After his release, Pinarayi Vijayan reached the Kerala Legislative Assembly and made an impassionate speech against senior Congress leader K. Karunakaran holding up the blood-stained shirt he wore when in police custody, causing serious embarrassment to the then C. Achutha Menon government. [12] Hundreds of Communists, whether from the CPI(M), other Marxist parties, or the Naxalites, were arrested during the Emergency. [13] Some were tortured or, as in the case of the Kerala student P. Rajan, killed. [14] [15]

Formation of Left Democratic Front alliance

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, two main pre-poll political alliances were formed: the Left Democratic Front (LDF), led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Communist Party of India and the United Democratic Front (UDF), led by the Indian National Congress. [16]

Nayanar Era (1980 - 2001)

E. K. Nayanar in 1998. EKNayanar Chief Minister of Kerala launching the Project Kerala The Green Symphony 1998.jpg
E. K. Nayanar in 1998.

Since the formation of the alliance in 1980, E. K. Nayanar has led the party and alliance for two decades and has also became the longest-served Chief Minister of Kerala. [17] The CPI(M) led alliance has won every alternate election in 1980 election, 1987 election and 1996 election since the formation led by Nayanar. [18] In this period Kerala saw several progressive reforms, especially in the Land Reforms and Labour Welfare sectors. The Kerala Coir workers Welfare Fund Act, 1987, The Kerala Khadi Workers’ Welfare Fund Act, 1989, The Kerala Abkari Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1989, The Kerala Construction workers’ Welfare Fund Act, 1989 and the Kerala Ration Dealer’s Welfare Fund Act 1998. [19]

Timeline

Structure and composition

EMS Namboodiripad 2001 stamp of India (cropped) 1.jpg
E. M. S. Namboodiripad
1st chief minister of Kerala and 1st from CPI(M)
AK Gopalan 1990 stamp of India.jpg
A. K. Gopalan
Founding member of Communist Party of India (Marxist) from Kerala
E.K.Nayanar 1.jpg
E. K. Nayanar
Longest serving Chief minister of Kerala
V. S. Achuthanandan.JPG
V. S. Achuthanandan
10th chief minister of Kerala and has also served as the longest served Leader of the Opposition for 15 years.
Pinarayi.JPG
Pinarayi Vijayan
Longest serving state secretary and current Chief minister of Kerala
M. V. Govindan Master 01 6.jpg
M. V. Govindan
Current State Secretary of CPI(M) in Kerala


List of state secretaries of CPI(M) Kerala

No.PortraitSecretary
(Birth–Death)		TermTotal Years as secretary
1 No image available.svg C.H. Kanaran
(1909–1972)		1964–19728 Years
2 Ek nayanar.jpeg E. K. Nayanar
(1919–2004)		1972–19808 Years
3 V. S. Achuthanandan 2016.jpg V. S. Achuthanandan
(1923–)		1980–199212 Years
4 Ek nayanar.jpeg E. K. Nayanar
(1919–2004)		1992–19964 Years
5 No image available.svg Chadayan Govindan
(1929–1998)		1996-19982 Years
6 Pinarayi Vijayan.jpg Pinarayi Vijayan
(1945–)		25 September 1998 – 23 February 201517 Years
7 Kodiyeri Balakrishnan.JPG Kodiyeri Balakrishnan
(1953–2022)		23 February 2015 – 28 August 20227 Years
8 M. V. Govindan Master 01 4.jpg M. V. Govindan
(1953–)		31 August 2022–presentIncumbent

List of Polit Bureau members from CPI(M) Kerala

No.PortraitNamePeriod
1 E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg E. M. S. Namboodiripad 1964 - 1998
2 AK Gopalan 1990 stamp of India.jpg A. K. Gopalan 1964 - 1977
3 E. Balanandan4.jpg E. Balanandan 1978 - 2005
4 V. S. Achuthanandan 2016.jpg V. S. Achuthanandan 1986 - 2009
5 E K Nayanar 2.jpg E. K. Nayanar 1992 - 2004
6 Srp1.JPG S. Ramachandran Pillai 1992 - 2022
7 Pinarayi vijayan klf.jpg Pinarayi Vijayan 1998–present
8 Kodiyeri balakrishnan (2).png Kodiyeri Balakrishnan 2008 - 2022
9 M A Baby.jpg M. A. Baby 2012–present
10 M. V. Govindan Master 01 6.jpg M. V. Govindan 2022–present
11 A.vijayaraghavan4.jpg A. Vijayaraghavan 2022–present

Current State Secretariat Leaders

Source: [32]

No.Leader's nameBorn (Age)
1 Pinarayi Vijayan 24 May 1945 (age 79)
2 A. K. Balan 3 August 1948 (age 76)
3 P. K. Sreemathy 4 April 1949 (age 75)
4 E. P. Jayarajan 28 May 1950 (age 74)
5 T. P. Ramakrishnan 15 June 1950 (age 74)
6 T. M. Thomas Isaac 26 September 1952 (age 72)
7 M. V. Govindan 23 April 1953 (age 71)
8 V. N. Vasavan 3 March 1954 (age 70)
9 K. N. Balagopal 28 July 1963 (age 61)
10 Saji Cherian 28 May 1965 (age 59)
11 P. Rajeeve 13 May 1968 (age 56)
12 P. K. Biju 3 April 1974 (age 50)
13 P. A. Mohammed Riyas 18 May 1976 (age 48)
14 M. Swaraj 27 May 1979 (age 45)

Principal mass organisations

No.Organisation NameAssociation forPresident
1 Democratic Youth Federation of India (DYFI) Youth V. Vaseef
2 Students' Federation of India (SFI) Students P. M. Arsho
3 Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU) Trade union Elamaram Kareem
4 All India Democratic Women's Association (AIDWA) Women P. K. Sreemathy
5 Balasangam Children Arya Rajendran
6 Bank Employees Federation of India (BEFI) Bank C. J. Nandakumar
7 Adivasi Kshema Samithi (AKS) Tribal K. C. Kunhiraman
8 All India Agricultural Workers Union Agricultural Workers A. Vijayaraghavan
9 All India Kisan Sabha FarmersValsan Panoli
10Coffee Farmers’ Federation of IndiaCoffee Farmers M. M. Mani
11Purogama Kalasahitya SanghamWriters and Artists Shaji N. Karun
12Kerala NGO UnionNon Gusseted OfficersM. V. Sashidharan
13Association of Kerala Govt. College TeachersGovt. College TeachersProf. (Dr.) Manoj N.
14All Kerala Private College Teachers' AssociationPrivate College Teachers' AssociationNisanth A
15Kerala School Teachers UnionSchool Teachers

District Secretaries

No. District District Secretary
1 Thiruvananthapuram V. Joy [33]
2 Kollam S. Vasudevan [34]
3 Alappuzha R. Naser [34]
4 Pathanamthitta K. P. Udhayabanu [32]
5 Kottayam A. V. Rasal [32]
6 Idukki C.V. Varghese [32]
7 Ernakulam C. V. Mohanan [32]
8 Thrissur M. M. Varghese [32]
9 Palakkad E.N. Suresh Babu [32]
10 Malappuram E.V. Mohan Das [32]
11 Kozhikode P. Mohanan Master [32]
12 Wayanad P. Gagarin [32]
13 Kannur M. V. Jayarajan [32]
14 Kasaragod M.V. Balakrishnan Master [32]

List of Chief Ministers from CPI(M)

№PortraitName
Ministry (Year)		Length of term
Longest continuous termTotal years of premiership
1 EMS Namboodiripad 2001 stamp of India (cropped) 1.jpg E. M. S. Namboodiripad
1st Namboodiripad
(1957–1959)
2nd Namboodiripad
(1967–1969)		2 years, 240 days4 years 357 days
2 E K Nayanar 2.jpg E. K. Nayanar
1st Nayanar
(1980–1981)
2nd Nayanar
(1987–1991)
3rd Nayanar
(1996–2001)		5 years, 27 days11 years, 10 days
3 V. S. Achuthanandan 2016.jpg V. S. Achuthanandan
Achuthanandan
(2006–2011)		4 years, 364 days4 years, 364 days
4 Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan 2023.tif Pinarayi Vijayan
1st Pinarayi
(2016–2021)
2nd Pinarayi
(2021–present)		8 years, 144 days8 years, 144 days

Kerala Assembly election results

Kerala Assembly Election Results
YearParty leaderOverall votes % of overall votesTotal seatsseats won/
seats contensted		Change
in seats		Outcome
As Communist Party of India
1957 E. M. S. Namboodiripad 2,059,54735.28%126
60 / 101
Increase2.svg newGovernment
1960 3,171,73239.14%126
29 / 108
Decrease2.svg 20Opposition
As Communist Party of India (Marxist)
1965 E. M. S. Namboodiripad 1,257,86919.87%133
40 / 73
Increase2.svg newNo Result
1967 1,476,45623.51%133
52 / 59
Increase2.svg 12Government
1970 N/AN/A133
29 / 70
Decrease2.svg 23Opposition
1977 1,946,05122.2 %140
17 / 68
Decrease2.svg12Opposition
1980 E. K. Nayanar 1,846,31219.4%140
35 / 50
Increase2.svg18Government
1982 1,798,19818.8%140
28 / 51
Decrease2.svg 7Opposition
1987 2,912,99922.8 %140
38 / 70
Increase2.svg 10Government
1991 3,129,52322.1 %140
28 / 65
Decrease2.svg 10Opposition
1996 V. S. Achuthanandan 3,078,72321.6 %140
40 / 62
Increase2.svg 12Government
2001 3,361,82721.4 %140
24 / 65
Decrease2.svg 16Opposition
2006 4,732,38130.4 %140
61 / 85
Increase2.svg 37Government
2011 4,921,35428.2 %140
44 / 84
Decrease2.svg17Opposition
2016 Pinarayi Vijayan 5,365,47226.7 %140
58 / 84
Increase2.svg 14Government
2021 5,288,50225.5 %140
62 / 75
Increase2.svg 4Government

Loksabha election results of CPI (M) in Kerala

Performance of Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala in Loksabha elections
YearLegislatureParty State SecretaryTotal constituenciesSeats won / contestedChange in seatsTotal votesPer. of votesChange in vote %Ref.
1967 4th Lok Sabha C. H. Kanaran 19
9 / 9
New1,540,02724.6 %New [35]
1971 5th Lok Sabha 19
2 / 11
Decrease2.svg 71,711,44226.2 %Increase2.svg 1.60% [36]
1977 6th Lok Sabha E. K. Nayanar 20
0 / 9
Decrease2.svg 21,800,19320.3 %Decrease2.svg 5.90% [37]
1980 7th Lok Sabha 20
7 / 8
Increase2.svg 71,754,38721.5 %Increase2.svg 1.20% [38]
1984 8th Lok Sabha V. S. Achuthanandan 20
1 / 10
Decrease2.svg 62,425,96522.3 %Increase2.svg 0.80% [39] [40]
1989 9th Lok Sabha 20
2 / 10
Increase2.svg 13,411,22722.9 %Increase2.svg 0.70% [41]
1991 10th Lok Sabha 20
3 / 9
Increase2.svg 12,952,04320.7 %Decrease2.svg 2.20% [42] [43]
1996 11th Lok Sabha Chadayan Govindan 20
5 / 9
Increase2.svg 23,044,36921.2 %Increase2.svg 0.50% [44]
1998 12th Lok Sabha Pinarayi Vijayan 20
6 / 9
Increase2.svg 13,121,63621.0 %Decrease2.svg 0.20% [45]
1999 13th Lok Sabha 20
8 / 12
Increase2.svg 24,290,98627.9 %Increase2.svg 6.90% [46]
2004 14th Lok Sabha 20
12 / 13
Increase2.svg 44,754,56731.5 %Increase2.svg 3.60% [47]
2009 15th Lok Sabha 20
4 / 14
Decrease2.svg 84,887,33330.5 %Decrease2.svg 1.00% [48]
2014 16th Lok Sabha 20
5 / 10
Increase2.svg 13,880,65521.8 %Decrease2.svg 8.70% [49]
2019 17th Lok Sabha Kodiyeri Balakrishnan 20
1 / 14
Decrease2.svg 45,266,51026.0 %Increase2.svg 4.20% [50]
2024 18th Lok Sabha M. V. Govindan 20
1 / 15
Steady2.svg5,161,03426.0 %Steady2.svg

List of elected members

Sl.noConstituencyName of the
elected MLA		Party
affiliation
Kasaragod district
1 Udma C. H. Kunhambu CPI(M)
2 Thrikaripur M. Rajagopalan CPI(M)
Kannur district
3 Payyanur T. I. Madusoodhanan CPI(M)
4 Kalliasseri M.Vijin CPI(M)
5 Taliparamba M.V Govindan Master CPI(M)
6 Dharmadom Pinarayi Vijayan CPI(M)
7 Thalassery A. N. Shamseer CPI(M)
8 Mattanur K. K. Shailaja CPI(M)
9 Azhikode K.V Sumesh CPI(M)
Wayanad district
10 Mananthavady O. R. Kelu CPI(M)
Kozhikode district
11 Koyilandy Kanathil Jameela CPI(M)
12 Perambra T. P. Ramakrishnan CPI(M)
13 Balussery K.M Sachin Dev CPI(M)
14 Kozhikode North Thottathil Raveendran CPI(M)
15 Beypore P.A Muhammed Riyas CPI(M)
16 Thiruvambady Linto Joseph CPI(M)
17 Kuttiyadi K.P Kunhammad Kutty CPI(M)
Malappuram district
18 Ponnani P.Nandakumar CPI(M)
Palakkad district
19 Shornur P Mammikutty CPI(M)
20 Ottapalam K.Premkumar CPI(M)
21 Kongad K.Shanthakumari CPI(M)
22 Malampuzha A Prabhakaran CPI(M)
23 Tarur P.P Sumod CPI(M)
24 Nenmara K. Babu CPI(M)
25 Alathur K. D. Prasenan CPI(M)
26 Thrithala M.B Rajesh CPI(M)
Thrissur district
27 Chelakkara K Radhakrishnan CPI(M)
28 Wadakkanchery Xavier Chittilappilly CPI(M)
29 Kunnamkulam A. C. Moideen CPI(M)
30 Guruvayur N.K Akbar CPI(M)
31 Manalur Murali Perunelli CPI(M)
32 Irinjalakuda R Bindhu CPI(M)
33 Puthukkad K.K Ramachandran CPI(M)
Ernakulam district
34 Vypeen K.N Unnikrishnan CPI(M)
35 Kalamasseri P.Rajeev CPI(M)
36 Kochi K. J. Maxi CPI(M)
37 Kothamangalam Antony John CPI(M)
38 Kunnathunadu P.V Sreenijan CPI(M)
Idukki district
39 Devikulam A Raja CPI(M)
40 Udumbanchola M. M. Mani CPI(M)
Kottayam district
41 Ettumanoor V.N Vasavan CPI(M)
Alappuzha district
42 Alappuzha P. P. Chitharanjan CPI(M)
43 Ambalappuzha H.Salam CPI(M)
44 Kayamkulam Prathiba Hari CPI(M)
45 Mavelikkara M.S Arunkumar CPI(M)
46 Chengannur Saji Cherian CPI(M)
47 Aroor Dhaleema Jojo CPI(M)
Pathanamthitta district
48 Aranmula Veena George CPI(M)
49 Konni K. U. Jenish Kumar CPI(M)
Kollam district
50 Kottarakkara K.N Balagopal CPI(M)
51 Kollam M. Mukesh CPI(M)
52 Eravipuram M. Noushad CPI(M)
Thiruvananthapuram district
53 Varkala V. Joy CPI(M)
54 Aruvikkara G.Stephen CPI(M)
55 Nemam V.Shivankutty CPI(M)
56 Attingal O.S Ambika CPI(M)
57 Vamanapuram D. K. Murali CPI(M)
58 Kazhakoottam Kadakampally Surendran CPI(M)
59 Vattiyoorkavu V. K. Prasanth CPI(M)
60 Parassala C. K. Hareendran CPI(M)
61 Kattakkada I. B. Sathish CPI(M)
62 Neyyattinkara K. A. Ansalan CPI(M)

Rajya Sabha

#Name [51] PartyTerm Start [52] Term End [52]
1 A. A. Rahim CPM 03-Apr-202203-Apr-2028
2 V. Sivadasan CPM 24-Apr-202123-Apr-2027
3 John Brittas CPM 24-Apr-202123-Apr-2027

Lok Sabha

#ConstituencyNameParty
1 Alathur K. Radhakrishnan CPI(M)

See also

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United Front, known until 1971 as Mini Front (1970–1971) and as Maxi Front (1971–1979) thereafter, was a coalition of political parties in Kerala state, India, which was the ruling combine in the state from 1970 to 1979. The coalition was formed by five political parties immediately before the 1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election. It saw the inclusion a few other parties in the following years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1964 split in the Communist Party of India</span> Conflict between Leftists, Centrists and Rightists

In 1964, a major split occurred in the Communist Party of India. The split was the culmination of decades of tensions and factional infighting. When India became independent in 1947, differences arose of how to adapt to the new situation. As relations between the Nehru government and the Soviet Union improved, a faction that sought cooperation with the dominant Indian National Congress emerged within CPI. This tendency was led by S.A. Dange, whose role in the party hierarchy became increasingly controversial. When the Sino-Indian War broke out in 1962 Dange's opponents within CPI were jailed, but when they were released they sought to challenge his leadership. In 1964 the party was finally divided into two, with the left faction forming the Communist Party of India (Marxist). The split had a lot of regional variations. It also impacted other organizations, such as trade union and peasant movements. The split has been studied extensively by scholars, who have sought to analyze the various domestic and international factors involved.

CPI(M) is the largest communist party in India in terms of membership and electoral seats and one of the national parties of India. They are a member of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance.

The Communist Party of India is a political party in India. Since independence, CPI has participated in elections.

References

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