List of chief ministers of Kerala

Chief minister of Kerala
കേരള മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി - Kēraḷa Mukhyamantri
Emblem of Kerala
Incumbent Pinarayi Vijayan since 25 May 2016
Chief minister's office
Style	The Honourable (Formal) Mr./Mrs. Chief Minister (Informal)
Type	Head of government
Status	Leader of the Executive
Abbreviation	CM
Member of	Cabinet Kerala Legislative Assembly
Reports to	Governor of Kerala Kerala Legislative Assembly
Residence	Cliff House, Thiruvananthapuram
Seat	Kerala Government Secretariat, Thiruvananthapuram
Appointer	Governor of Kerala
Term length	At the pleasure of the governor of Kerala [1]
Precursor	Prime minister of Travancore Prime minister of Kingdom of Cochin Chief Minister of Madras Chief ministers of Travancore-Cochin
Inaugural holder	E. M. S. Namboodiripad (1957–1959)
Formation	5 April 1957;67 years ago (1957-04-05)
Deputy	Vacant
Salary	₹185,000 (US$2,100)/monthly ₹2,220,000 (US$25,000)/annually
Website	CMO Kerala

The chief minister of Kerala is the chief executive of the Indian state of Kerala. De facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Kerala Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits. ^[2]

Following India's independence from the British Raj in 1947, the states' monarchs of Travancore (തിരുവിതാംകൂർ - Thiruvithāmkōr) and Cochin (കൊച്ചി - Kochi) instituted a measure of representative government, headed by a prime minister and his council of ministers. On 1 July 1949 Travancore and Cochin were merged to form Travancore-Cochin state. The Malabar District (മലബാർ - Malabār) and Kasaragod (കാസർഗോഡ് - Kāsargodə) region of South Canara, which together constitute more than half of present state of Kerala, had their representatives in the Madras Legislative Assembly.

On 1 November 1956, the States Reorganisation Act redrew India's map along linguistic lines, and the present-day state of Kerala was born, consisting solely of Malayalam-speaking regions, by merging Cochin, Malabar, and Travancore regions, and the Kasaragod region of South Canara. ^[3] The first assembly election in Kerala state was held in February–March 1957. ^[3] The first Kerala Legislative Assembly was formed on 5 April 1957. The Assembly had 127 members including a nominated member. ^[3] Since then, 12 people have served as the chief minister of Kerala. The first was E. M. S. Namboodiripad of the Communist Party of India, whose tenure was cut short by the imposition of President's rule. Kerala has come under President's rule for four years over seven terms, the last of them in 1982. Since then the office has alternated between leaders of the Indian National Congress and of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). E. K. Nayanar is the longest serving holder of the office for a total of 10 years, 353 days. Pinarayi Vijayan is the incumbent chief minister; his Left Democratic Front government has been in office since 25 May 2016.

Key

• ^† Assassinated or died in office
• ^§ Returned to office after a previous non-consecutive term
• ^RES Resigned
• ^NC Resigned following a no-confidence motion

Precursors

List of Diwans

• Arumukan Pillai (1729–1736)
• Nanu Pillai (1736–1737)
• Ramayyan Dalawa (1737–1756)
• Martandan bagavathi Pillai (1756–1763)
• Subbayyan Dalawa (1763–1768)
• Krishna Gopalayyan Iyyer (1768–1776)
• Vadiswaran Subbrahmanya Iyer (1776–1780)
• Mullen Chempakaraman Pillai (1780–1782)
• Nagercoil Ramayyan (1782–1788)
• Krishnan Thampi (1788–1789)
• Raja Kesavadas, also known as Kesava Pillai (1789–1798)
• Odiery Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri (1798–1799)
• Velu Thampi Dalawa (1799–1809)
• Oommini Thampi (1809–1811)
• Col. John Munro (1811–1814)
• Devan Padmanabhan Menon (1814–1814)
• Bappu Rao (acting; 1814–1815)
• Sanku Annavi Pillai (1815–1815)
• Raman Menon (1815–1817)
• Reddy Row (1817–1821)
• T. Venkata Rao (1821–1830)
• Thanjavur Subha Rao (1830–1837)
• Ranga Rao (acting; 1837–1838)
• T. Venkata Rao (second time; 1838–1839)
• Thanjavur Subha Rao (second time; 1839–1842)
• Krishna Rao (acting; 1842–1843)
• Reddy Row (second time; 1843–1845)
• Srinivasa Rao (acting; 1845–1846)
• Vemuri Krishna Rao (1846–1857)

Name	Portrait	Took office	Left office	Term [4]
T. Madhava Rao		1858	1872	1
A. Seshayya Sastri		1872	1877	1
Nanoo Pillai		1877	1880	1
V. Ramiengar		1880	1887	1
T. Rama Rao		1887	1892	1
S. Shungrasoobyer		1892	1898	1
K. Krishnaswamy Rao		15 April 1898	13 March 1904	1
V. P. Madhava Rao		14 March 1904	26 March 1906	1
S. Gopalachari		16 August 1906	26 October 1907	1
P. Rajagopalachari		26 October 1907	11 May 1914	1
M. Krishnan Nair		11 May 1914	7 July 1920	1
T. Raghavaiah		8 July 1920	18 May 1925	1
M. E. Watts		1925	1929	1
V. S. Subramanya Iyer		1929	1932	1
Thomas Austin		1932	1934	1
Muhammad Habibullah		1934	1936	1
C. P. Ramaswami Iyer		1936	1947	1
P. G. N. Unnithan		1947	1948	1

Prime ministers of Travancore (1948–49)

No [a]	Portrait	Name	Term of Office			Assembly	Appointed by (Monarch)	Party
1		P. A. Thanu Pillai	24 March 1948	17 October 1948	210 days	Representative Body (1948–49)	Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma	Indian National Congress
2		P. T. K. Narayana Pillai	22 October 1948	1 July 1949	253 days

Prime ministers of Cochin (1947–49)

No [b]	Portrait	Name	Term of Office			Assembly	Appointed by (Monarch)	Party
1		P. Govinda Menon	14 August 1947	22 October 1947	51 days	6th Council (1945–48)	Aikya Keralam Thampuran	Independent
2		T. K. Nair	27 October 1947	20 September 1948	334 days
3		E. Ikkanda Warrier	20 September 1948	1 July 1949	284 days	Legislative Assembly (1948–49)

Prime ministers of Travancore-Cochin (1949–50)

No [c]	Portrait	Name	Term of Office			Assembly	Appointed by (Rajpramukh)	Party
1		T. K. Narayana Pillai	1 July 1949	26 January 1950	209 days	1st	Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma	Indian National Congress

Chief ministers of Travancore-Cochin (1950–56)

After India's independence in 1947, Travancore and Cochin were merged to form Travancore-Cochin on 1 July 1949. On 1 January 1950, Travancore-Cochin was recognised as a state.

No [d]	Portrait	Name	Term of Office			Assembly	Appointed by (Rajpramukh)	Party
1		T. K. Narayana Pillai	26 January 1950	28 February 1951	1 year, 33 days	1st	Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma	Indian National Congress
2		C. Kesavan	28 February 1951	12 March 1952	1 year, 13 days
3		A. J. John	12 March 1952	16 March 1954	2 years, 4 days	2nd (1951 election)
4		P. A. Thanu Pillai	16 March 1954	10 February 1955	331 days	3rd (1954 election)		Praja Socialist Party
5		P. Govinda Menon	10 February 1955	23 March 1956	1 year, 42 days			Indian National Congress
–		Vacant [e] (President's rule)	23 March 1956	31 October 1956	222 days	Dissolved	N/A

Chief ministers of Kerala

On 1 November 1956, Government of India enacted the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 by which a new Kerala state was formed by the merger of Travancore-Cochin state with the Malabar district and Kasaragod taluk of South Canara district of the Madras State. The southern part of Travancore-Cochin, Kanyakumari district, along with Sengottai Taluk was transferred to Madras state and the Laccadive and Minicoy Islands were separated from Malabar district to form a new Union Territory. ^{[6] [7]} A new Legislative Assembly was also created, for which elections were held in 1957.

No [f]	Portrait	Name [g]	Constituency	Tenure			Assembly (election)	Party [h]		Ministry
		Vacant [e] (President's rule)	N/A	1 November 1956	5 April 1957	155 days	Dissolved		N/A	N/A
1		E. M. S. Namboodiripad (1909–1998)	Nileshwaram	5 April 1957	31 July 1959	2 years, 117 days	1st (1957 election)		Communist Party of India	Namboodiripad I
		Vacant [e] (President's rule)	N/A	31 July 1959	22 February 1960	206 days	Dissolved		N/A	N/A
2		P. A. Thanu Pillai (1885–1970)	Thiruvananthapuram II	22 February 1960	26 September 1962	2 years, 216 days	2nd (1960 election)		Praja Socialist Party	Thanu Pillai
3		R. Sankar (1909–1972)	Kannur I	26 September 1962	10 September 1964	1 year, 350 days			Indian National Congress	Sankar
		Vacant [e] (President's rule)	N/A	10 September 1964	25 March 1965	2 years, 177 days	Dissolved		N/A	N/A
				25 March 1965	6 March 1967		Dissolved (1965 election) [i]		N/A	N/A
(1)		E. M. S. Namboodiripad (1909–1998)	Pattambi	6 March 1967	1 November 1969	2 years, 240 days	3rd (1967 election)		Communist Party of India (Marxist)	Namboodiripad II
4		C. Achutha Menon (1913–1991)	Kottarakkara	1 November 1969	3 August 1970	275 days			Communist Party of India	Achutha Menon I
		Vacant [e] (President's rule)	N/A	4 August 1970	3 October 1970	60 days	Dissolved		N/A	N/A
(4)		C. Achutha Menon (1913–1991)	Kodakara	4 October 1970	25 March 1977	6 years, 172 days	4th (1970 election)		Communist Party of India	Achutha Menon II
5		K. Karunakaran (1918–2010)	Mala	25 March 1977	27 April 1977	33 days	5th (1977 election)		Indian National Congress	Karunakaran I
6		A. K. Antony (b. 1940)	Kazhakkuttom	27 April 1977	29 October 1978	1 year, 185 days				Antony I
7		P. K. Vasudevan Nair (1926–2005)	Alappuzha	29 October 1978	12 October 1979	348 days			Communist Party of India	Vasudevan Nair
8		C. H. Mohammed Koya (1927–1983)	Malappuram	12 October 1979	4 December 1979	53 days			Indian Union Muslim League	Koya
		Vacant [e] (President's rule)	N/A	5 December 1979	25 January 1980	51 days	Dissolved		N/A	N/A
9		E. K. Nayanar (1919–2004)	Malampuzha	25 January 1980	20 October 1981	1 year, 268 days	6th (1980 election)		Communist Party of India (Marxist)	Nayanar I
		Vacant [e] (President's rule)	N/A	21 October 1981	28 December 1981	68 days			N/A	N/A
(5)		K. Karunakaran (1918–2010)	Mala	28 December 1981	17 March 1982	79 days			Indian National Congress	Karunakaran II
		Vacant [e] (President's rule)	N/A	17 March 1982	23 May 1982	67 days	Dissolved		N/A	N/A
(5)		K. Karunakaran (1918–2010)	Mala	24 May 1982	26 March 1987	4 years, 306 days	7th (1982 election)		Indian National Congress	Karunakaran III
(9)		E. K. Nayanar (1919–2004)	Trikaripur	26 March 1987	24 June 1991	4 years, 90 days	8th (1987 election)		Communist Party of India (Marxist)	Nayanar II
(5)		K. Karunakaran (1918–2010)	Mala	24 June 1991	22 March 1995	3 years, 271 days	9th (1991 election)		Indian National Congress	Karunakaran IV
(6)		A. K. Antony (b. 1940)	Thirurangadi	22 March 1995	20 May 1996	1 year, 59 days				Antony II
(9)		E. K. Nayanar (1919–2004)	Thalassery	20 May 1996	17 May 2001	4 years, 362 days	10th (1996 election)		Communist Party of India (Marxist)	Nayanar III
(6)		A. K. Antony (b. 1940)	Cherthala	17 May 2001	31 August 2004	3 years, 106 days	11th (2001 election)		Indian National Congress	Antony III
10		Oommen Chandy (1943–2023)	Puthuppally	31 August 2004	18 May 2006	1 year, 260 days				Chandy I
11		V. S. Achuthanandan (b. 1923)	Malampuzha	18 May 2006	18 May 2011	5 years, 0 days	12th (2006 election)		Communist Party of India (Marxist)	Achuthanandan
(10)		Oommen Chandy (1943–2023)	Puthuppally	18 May 2011	25 May 2016	5 years, 7 days	13th (2011 election)		Indian National Congress	Chandy II
12		Pinarayi Vijayan (b. 1945)	Dharmadam	25 May 2016	19 May 2021	8 years, 301 days	14th (2016 election)		Communist Party of India (Marxist)	Pinarayi I
				20 May 2021	Incumbent		15th (2021 election)			Pinarayi II

Statistics

Fraction of time of holding CMO by party in Kerala (as of October 2024)

1. Communist Party of India (Marxist) (42.36%)
2. Indian National Congress (37.22%)
3. Communist Party of India (16.19%)
4. Praja Socialist Party (4%)
5. Indian Union Muslim League (0.22%)

List of chief ministers by length of term

No.	Name	Party		Length of term		No: of terms
				Longest continuous term	Total years of premiership
1	E. K. Nayanar	CPI(M)		4 years, 361 days	10 years, 353 days	3
2	K. Karunakaran	INC		4 years, 305 days	8 years, 315 days	4
3	Pinarayi Vijayan	CPI(M)		8 years, 301 days	8 years, 301 days	2
4	C. Achutha Menon	CPI		6 years, 172 days	7 years, 80 days	2
5	Oommen Chandy	INC		5 years, 6 days	6 years, 256 days	2
6	A. K. Antony	INC		3 years, 105 days	5 years, 347 days	3
7	V. S. Achuthanandan	CPI(M)		4 years, 364 days	4 years, 364 days	1
8	E. M. S. Namboodiripad	CPI(M)/CPI		2 years 240 days	4 years 357 days	2
9	Pattom A. Thanu Pillai	PSP		2 years 216 days	2 years 216 days	1
10	R. Sankar	INC		1 year 350 days	1 year 350 days	1
11	P. K. Vasudevan Nair	CPI		347 days	347 days	1
12	C. H. Mohammed Koya	IUML		53 days	53 days	1

List by party

Political parties by total time-span of their member holding CMO (22March2025)

No.	Political party	Number of chief ministers	Total days of holding CMO
1	Communist Party of India (Marxist)	4	10028 days
2	Indian National Congress	4	8813 days
3	Communist Party of India	3	3834 days
4	Praja Socialist Party	1	947 days
5	Indian Union Muslim League	1	53 days

Timeline

See also

• List of current Indian chief ministers
• Kerala Council of Ministers
• List of deputy chief ministers of Kerala

Notes

1. A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.
2. A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.
3. A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.
4. A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.
5. President's rule may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved. ^[5]
6. A number in parentheses indicates that the incumbent has previously held office
7. Year in parentheses indicates life span
8. This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.
9. As the 1965 election did not deliver a clear mandate in favour of any party or coalition, no assembly was convened, and President's rule was re-imposed.

References

1. "Article 164 in constitution of India".
2. Durga Das Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. ISBN   978-81-8038-559-9. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Kerala as well.
3. Sreedhara Menon, A. (January 2007). Kerala Charitram (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. ISBN   978-81-264-1588-5.
4. The ordinal number of the term being served by the person specified in the row in the corresponding period
5. K. Diwanji, Amberish (15 March 2005). "A dummy's guide to President's rule". Rediff.com.
6. The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (PDF) (Report). Government of India.
7. "Seventh Amendment, 1956". Government of India. Retrieved 19 November 2023.

Further reading

• Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala (PDF), Thiruvananthapuram: Secratriat of Kerala Legislature, 2018
• Chandran, VP (2018). Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus – 2019 (Malayalam ed.). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode.
• Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007). A Survey of Kerala History. DC Books. ISBN   9788126415786.

External links

• Official website of Chief Minister of Kerala