Scott Kelly (astronaut)

Last updated

Scott Kelly
Scott Kelly, Johnson Space Center portrait, 2019 (cropped) 2.tif
Kelly at the Johnson Space Center in 2019
Born
Scott Joseph Kelly

(1964-02-21) February 21, 1964 (age 60)
Orange, New Jersey, U.S.
Education
Spouses
Leslie Yandell
​
​
(m. 1992;div. 2009)​
Amiko Kauderer
​
(m. 2018)​
Children2
Relatives Mark Kelly (twin brother)
Space career
Rank Captain, USN
Time in space
520d [1]
Selection NASA Group 16 (1996)
Total EVAs
3
Total EVA time
18h 20m
Missions STS-103
STS-118
Soyuz TMA-01M (Expedition 25/26)
Soyuz TMA-16M/Soyuz TMA-18M (Expedition 43/44/45/46, ISS year-long mission)
Mission insignia
 STS-103 Patch.svg STS-118 patch new.svg ISS Expedition 25 Patch.png ISS Expedition 26 Patch.png ISS Yearlong mission patch.png ISS Expedition 43 Patch.svg ISS Expedition 44 Patch.svg ISS Expedition 45 Patch.png ISS Expedition 46 Patch.svg
RetirementApril 1, 2016 [2]

Scott Joseph Kelly (born February 21, 1964) is an American engineer, retired astronaut, and naval aviator. A veteran of four space flights, Kelly commanded the International Space Station (ISS) on Expeditions 26, 44, 45, and 46.

Contents

Kelly's first spaceflight was as pilot of Space Shuttle Discovery during STS-103 in December 1999. This was the third servicing mission to the Hubble Space Telescope, and lasted for just under eight days. [3] Kelly's second spaceflight was as mission commander of STS-118, a 12-day Space Shuttle mission to the ISS in August 2007. [4] Kelly's third spaceflight was as a crewmember on Expedition 25/26 on the ISS. He arrived at the ISS aboard Soyuz TMA-01M on October 9, 2010, and served as a flight engineer until he took over command of the station on November 25, 2010, at the start of Expedition 26. [5] [6] [7] Expedition 26 ended on March 16, 2011, with the departure of Soyuz TMA-01M. [8]

In November 2012, Kelly and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko were selected for a year-long mission to the ISS. [9] [10] Their year in space began with the launch of Soyuz TMA-16M on March 27, 2015, and they remained on the station for Expeditions 43, 44, 45, and 46. The mission ended on March 1, 2016, with the departure of Soyuz TMA-18M from the station. [11] [12]

Kelly retired from NASA on April 1, 2016. [13] His identical twin brother, Mark Kelly, is also a retired astronaut, and the junior U.S. senator from Arizona. [14] [15]

Early life and education

Scott Kelly was born, along with his identical twin brother Mark, on February 21, 1964, in Orange, New Jersey, to Patricia (McAvoy) and Richard Kelly. [16] Kelly's family lived in West Orange, where his parents worked as police officers. [17] Kelly and his brother graduated from West Orange Mountain High School (New Jersey) in 1982. While in high school, Kelly worked as an emergency medical technician in Orange and Jersey City, New Jersey. [18] : 32–41  [11]

After graduating from high school, Kelly enrolled at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. During his first year, Kelly read The Right Stuff by Tom Wolfe, and was inspired to pursue a career in naval aviation. [18] : 40–41  After his first year, Kelly transferred to State University of New York Maritime College, where he received a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (Navy ROTC) scholarship. During the summer after his first year, Kelly sailed aboard SUNY Maritime's training ship, Empire State V , and stopped in Mallorca, Hamburg, and London. After his second year, Kelly sailed again on Empire State V. [18] : 55–66  He served as the student battalion commander for his school's Navy ROTC detachment, and graduated with a Bachelor of Engineering degree in electrical engineering in 1987. [18] : 107–110  Kelly later earned a Master of Science degree in aviations systems from the University of Tennessee. [19]

After graduation, Kelly was commissioned as an ensign in the United States Navy. He completed his initial flight school at NAS Pensacola, where he flew the T-34 Mentor propeller driven trainer plane, after which he was selected to fly jets. [18] : 110–120  In 1988, he moved to Beeville, Texas, for jet training Naval Air Station Chase Field, where he trained on the T-2 Buckeye and the A-4 Skyhawk. He graduated as a naval aviator in 1989, and was assigned to fly the F-14 Tomcat. [18] : 152–157  He reported to VF-101 at Naval Air Station Oceana, Virginia, for initial F-14 training. Upon completion of this training in September 1990, he was assigned to VF-143, and deployed to the North Atlantic and Persian Gulf aboard the aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower. [18] : 157–164 

In January 1993, Kelly was selected to attend the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland. His classmates included his brother, Mark, and other future astronauts Alvin Drew, Lisa Nowak, and Stephen Frick. He graduated in June 1994 and was assigned to the Strike Aircraft Test Directorate at Patuxent River. One of his initial assignments was to investigate the F-14 crash that killed Kara Hultgreen. His assessment was to create a digital flight control system that would have saved Hultgreen's life. This resulted in the acceleration of one's development, and he was the first pilot to fly the F-14 with the digital flight control system installed. [18] : 166–170 

After attaining the rank of captain in the U.S. Navy, Kelly retired from active duty on June 19, 2012, after 25 years of naval service. He flew over 8,000 hours in more than 40 aircraft and accomplished over 250 carrier landings throughout his naval career. [11]

NASA career

Mark and Scott Kelly after the Year in Space mission (2016) Mark and Scott Kelly at the Johnson Space Center, Houston Texas.jpg
Mark and Scott Kelly after the Year in Space mission (2016)

In 1995, Kelly and his brother applied to NASA to become astronauts. He and Mark were selected to become astronaut candidates in April 1996; the first relatives to be selected in NASA history. In July 1996, Kelly moved to Houston, and began training in Astronaut Group 16 at the Johnson Space Center. On completion of training, he was assigned to work on the caution and warning system on board the International Space Station. [18] : 195–196, 204–207, 211 

After Kelly's first flight on STS-103, he served as NASA's director of operations in Star City, Russia. [18] : 237–238  He served as back-up crew member to Peggy Whitson for ISS Expedition 5, and to Tracy Caldwell Dyson on Expedition 23/24. [18] : 242–244, 290  [20] After the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, Kelly coordinated airplane and helicopter searches for debris. [18] : 251–253  He also served as the Astronaut Office Space Station Branch Chief. [11]

In September 2002, Kelly served as the commander of the NEEMO 4 mission aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory, 4 mi offshore from Key Largo. The NEEMO 4 crew spent five days saturation diving from Aquarius as a space analog for working and training under extreme environmental conditions. The mission was delayed due to Hurricane Isidore, reducing the underwater duration to five days. [21] In April 2005, Kelly was a crew member on the three-day NEEMO 8 mission. During the NEEMO 8 mission, the crew practiced construction while conducting an extravehicular activity (EVA) using a remotely operated underwater vehicle, and training with the Exploration Planning Operations Center at the Johnson Space Center. [22]

STS-103

Kelly on STS-103 in a partial-pressure suit for reentry and landing (1999) Scott Kelly Landing Prep.jpg
Kelly on STS-103 in a partial-pressure suit for reentry and landing (1999)

In March 1999, Kelly was assigned to STS-103 as a pilot aboard Discovery, under command of Curt Brown, on a mission to install new instruments and upgraded systems on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Discovery launched on December 19, 1999, and rendezvoused with the HST after 40 orbits. The STS-103 mission specialists conducted three EVAs to replace gyroscopes and a transmitter, and to install a new computer guidance sensor and recorder. On December 25, 1999, the crew celebrated the only Christmas holiday of the Space Shuttle in orbit with a reading by Curt Brown. After 119 orbits, Discovery landed at the Kennedy Space Center on December 27, 1999. [18] : 214–230  [3]

STS-118

The crew of STS-118. (2007) STS-118 crew lr.jpg
The crew of STS-118. (2007)

After completing his assignment as a back-up member for ISS Expedition 5 in 2002, Kelly was assigned as commander of STS-118 aboard Endeavour . After the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, STS-118 was delayed until August 2007. STS-118 launched on August 8, 2007. During the launch, the orbiter was struck by nine pieces of foam from the external tank just as Columbia had been on its final, fatal mission. The underside of Endeavour was examined by cameras on the robotic arm and the ISS, and was assessed to not be dangerously damaged. The Shuttle successfully docked with the ISS on August 10. Endeavour's crew successfully added a truss segment, an external spare-parts platform, and a control moment gyroscope and to the ISS. The mission was extended to 14 days while testing a new system that enabled docked shuttles to draw electrical power from the station. During the mission, four EVAs to install the new equipment were completed. The mission was ended a day early because of the approach of Hurricane Dean towards Houston. STS-118 completed 201 orbits, and landed on August 21, 2007, at the Kennedy Space Center, after 12 days, 17 hours, 55 minutes, and 34 seconds. [23] [18] : 246, 259–262  [4] [24]

Expeditions 25 and 26

The Expedition 26 crew. (2010) Expedition 26 crew portrait.jpg
The Expedition 26 crew. (2010)

In late 2007, Kelly was assigned to Expeditions 25 and 26. [18] : 262–263  [25] Kelly lifted off aboard Soyuz TMA-01M from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan at 7:10 pm EDT on October 7, 2010, along with cosmonauts Aleksandr Kaleri and Oleg Skripochka. [26] TMA-01M was the first launch of an updated model of the Soyuz spacecraft, and featured improved guidance, environmental control, and flight-control systems. [27] [28] Kelly, Kaleri, and Skripochka arrived at the ISS on October 9, 2010, and joined Commander Douglas H. Wheelock and flight engineers Shannon Walker and Fyodor Yurchikhin on Expedition 25. [5]

During Kelly's time aboard the ISS, the crew supported about 115 scientific experiments, including an improved water-recycling machine, the Boiler Experiment Facility to test heat transfer in microgravity, and a Japanese experiment to research vegetable growth in microgravity. During Expedition 25, cosmonauts Yurchikhin and Skripochka conducted an EVA to install a workstation on the Zvezda module, install handrails, and removed three Russian experiments. [25] The crew of Expedition 24/25 returned to Earth on November 25, 2010, aboard Soyuz TMA-19 ; Wheelock transferred command of the station to Kelly. [29]

On December 17, 2010, Soyuz TMA-20 arrived at the station with the crew of Expedition 26/27 cosmonaut Dmitri Kondratyev, NASA astronaut Catherine Coleman, and ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli. [30] The crew of STS-133 aboard Discovery arrived at the station February 26, 2011. The crew of STS-133 performed two EVAs to replace a pump and install the Permanent Multipurpose Module. Discovery undocked from the ISS on March 7, 2011, and landed for the final time two days later. [31]

On January 8, 2011, while Kelly was on the ISS, Kelly's sister-in-law Congresswoman Gabby Giffords was shot in Tucson. Soyuz TMA-01M landed in Kazakhstan on March 16, 2011, and Kelly traveled to TIRR Memorial Hermann in Houston to see Giffords and Mark. [8] [32] Mark was the commander of STS-134, the final flight of Endeavour, and launched on May 16, 2011, with Giffords in attendance. [18] : 300–301, 308–309  STS-134 had originally been scheduled to launch in February 2011, which would have made the Kelly brothers the first twins to fly together in space. [33] [34]

Expeditions 43–46

Kelly and Korniyenko aboard the ISS (2015). Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko.jpg
Kelly and Korniyenko aboard the ISS (2015).
Kelly with President Barack Obama in January 2015 Astronaut Scott Kelly and President Barack Obama.jpg
Kelly with President Barack Obama in January 2015

NASA began planning for a year-long mission aboard the ISS following a Russian announcement for a similar mission. The primary goal of the year-long expedition aboard the orbiting laboratory was to better understand the effects of spaceflight on the human body. [35] In November 2012, Kelly was selected for a one-year mission to the ISS, but was medically disqualified the following day due to his vision worsening in microgravity. Kelly appealed to NASA, and was reselected for the mission along with cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko. [18] : 309–312 

Kelly, Kornienko, and Gennady Padalka launched aboard Soyuz TMA-16M spacecraft from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan at 3:42 pm EDT on March 27, 2015. [10] [36] [37] TMA-16M docked with the ISS at 9:36 pm EDT, and the crew joined the Expedition 43 crew of commander Terry Virts and flight engineers Anton Shkaplerov and Samantha Cristoforetti. Once aboard, the crew performed scientific experiments, including evaluations of the fluid shifts in their bodies to determine their effects on eyesight, and repeated collections of blood and urine for chemical analysis. [38] During Expedition 43, the ISS received supplies from the SpaceX Dragon CRS-6 mission, but lost their resupply due to the failure of the Russian Progress 59 spacecraft. [39] [40] Expedition 44 began on June 11, 2015, when Virts transferred command of the ISS to Padalka, and Soyuz TMA-15M landed in Kazakhstan at 9:44 am EDT. [41]

Soyuz TMA-17M docked with the ISS on July 22, 2015, bringing NASA astronaut Kjell Lindgren, Russian cosmonaut Oleg Kononenko, and JAXA astronaut Kimiya Yui to join Expedition 44. [42] During Expedition 44, the ISS was resupplied by the JAXA HTV-5 and the Russian Progress 60 vehicles; the crew experienced another loss of a resupply mission with the SpaceX CRS-7 failure. [43] [44] [45] On August 28, 2016, the crew of Soyuz TMA-16M undocked and subsequently docked the spacecraft to a different port to prepare for the arrival of Soyuz TMA-18M . [46] Soyuz TMA-18M docked with the ISS on September 4, 2015, bringing Russian cosmonaut Sergey Volkov, ESA astronaut Andreas Mogensen, and Kazakh cosmonaut Aidyn Aimbetov to the station. [47] One of Soyuz TMA-18M's missions was to deliver a new Soyuz to the station for the return of Kelly, Korniyenko, and Volkov in March 2016; they could not return on Soyuz TMA-16M due to the 200-day orbital lifespan of a Soyuz. [48] Padalka, Morgensen, and Aimbetov departed from the ISS on September 11, 2015, and landed in Kazakhstan in Soyuz TMA-16M. [49]

Expedition 45 began on September 11, 2015, when Padalka transferred command of the station to Kelly. [49] During the expedition, the ISS crew was resupplied by the Progress 61 and the Cygnus CRS OA-4 missions. [50] [51] On October 28, 2015, Kelly and Lindgren performed an EVA to service the Canada Arm 2, the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, and to install cables for the International Docking Adapter for the Boeing CST-100 Starliner and SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft. [52] [53] Kelly and Lindgren performed a second EVA on November 6, 2015, to service the ammonia cooling system on the P6 truss. [54] Expedition 46 began on December 11, 2015, with the departure of Soyuz TMA-17M, carrying Lindgren, Kononenko, and Yui. [55]

On December 15, 2015, NASA astronaut Timothy Kopra, ESA astronaut Timothy Peake, and Russian cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko joined Expedition 46 as flight engineers after Soyuz TMA-19M docked with the ISS. [56] On December 21, 2015, Kelly and Kopra performed an unscheduled EVA to release the brake handles on the Mobile Transporter rail car for the Canada Arm 2, which had unexpectedly stopped when it was remotely commanded by the flight controllers. [53] [57] After the successful repair of the Mobile Transporter, the ISS crew was resupplied on December 23, 2015, by the Progress 62 spacecraft. [58] On January 15, 2016, Kopra and Peake performed another EVA and successfully replaced a voltage regulator, but were forced to return early after water began forming inside of Kopra's helmet. [59] On January 8, 2016, Kelly appeared in the thank-you note segment of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , with the first ever thank-you note from space. [60] Russian cosmonauts Malenchenko and Volkov conducted an EVA on February 3, 2016, to retrieve experiments and photograph the exterior portions of the Russian segment of the station. [61] On March 1, 2016, Kelly transferred command of the ISS to Kopra, and returned to Earth alongside Korniyenko and Volkov aboard Soyuz TMA-18M. The spacecraft landed in Kazakhstan, and Kelly returned to Houston the following day. [62] [63]

In addition to the biological tests conducted on all astronauts on the station, Kelly also participated in comparative study on the effects of spaceflight with his identical twin Mark as the ground control subject. Kelly's cognitive, and genetic traits were measured before and after the flight. Within several months after returning to Earth, Kelly had adapted to living in gravity. Genetic tests revealed changes in Kelly's gene expression, and an increase in the length of his telomeres relative to before his flight. [64] [65] [66]

Post-NASA career

On March 12, 2016, Kelly announced his retirement from NASA, effective April 1, 2016. [2] On November 20, 2016, Kelly was appointed United Nations Champion for Space by the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), to assist in raising awareness of UNOOSA outreach and activities. [67] [68] In November 2017, a memoir by Kelly was released, called Endurance: A Year in Space, a Lifetime of Discovery . [18] [69] On June 19, 2018, Kelly spoke at the UNISPACE50+ conference in Vienna, expressing his views on the possibilities of human potential:

"After spending a year in space, I was absolutely inspired that if we can dream it, we can do it...and most importantly, if we work as a team, because teamwork makes the dream work. The sky is not the limit." [70]

Personal life

On April 25, 1992, Kelly married for the first time, to Leslie ( née  Yandell), whom he had met while stationed in Virginia Beach. [18] : 160, 165–166  Together, they have two children. [18] : 168, 255  Kelly and Leslie divorced in 2010. [18] : 268–271  In July 2018, Kelly married Amiko Kauderer, a public affairs officer for NASA. [71] [72] His sister-in-law is Gabby Giffords, a former congresswoman from Arizona. [18] : 262 

In 2007, Kelly was successfully treated for prostate cancer. After Kelly received his diagnosis, his brother Mark was also diagnosed and successfully treated. [18] : 263–265 

Charity

On October 27, 2022, Kelly became an ambassador for the UNITED24 project. [73] In the project, Kelly will help the "Medical Aid" department to collect funds for C-class ambulances. [74] Doctors need several hundred such vehicles, because many ambulances were destroyed during the Russian-Ukrainian war.

Awards and honors

Kelly has received these awards and decorations: [11]

U.S. Navy Astronaut insignia.jpg United States Naval Astronaut Badge
RibbonDescriptionNotes
Bronze oakleaf-3d.svg
US Defense Superior Service Medal ribbon.svg
Defense Superior Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster
Legion of Merit ribbon.svg Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg Distinguished Flying Cross
Navy and Marine Corps Commendation ribbon.svg Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal
Navy and Marine Corps Achievement ribbon.svg Navy Achievement Medal
Navy Unit Commendation ribbon.svg Navy Unit Commendation
NasaDisRib.svg NASA Distinguished Service Medal
USA - NASA Excep Rib.png NASA Exceptional Service Medal
NASA Outstanding Leadership Ribbon.png NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal
1 golden star.svg
1 golden star.svg
SpaceFltRib.svg
NASA Space Flight Medal Three awards
Ribbonstar-bronze.svg
National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg
National Defense Service Medal Two awards
Southwest Asia Service Medal ribbon (1991-2016).svg Southwest Asia Service Medal
Sea Service Deployment Ribbon.svg Navy Sea Service Deployment Ribbon
Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabia) ribbon.svg Kuwait Liberation Medal (Saudi Arabia)
Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait) ribbon.svg Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait)
Medal For Merit in an Space Exploration (Russia 2010) ribbon.svg Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration" Russian Federation

Kelly received an honorary Korolev Diploma from the Federation Aeronautique Internationale (1999) and an Honorary Doctorate of Science degree from the State University of New York (2008). [11] Kelly was featured on the cover of Time on December 29, 2014. [75] In 2015, Kelly was listed as one of the Time 100 Most Influential People . [76]

Kelly is an associate fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots and a member of the Association of Space Explorers. [11]

On March 9, 2022, during 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Kelly tweeted he will return his Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration" by mailing it to Russian embassy in Washington, telling former Russian president Dmitry Medvedev to give it to "a Russian mother whose son has died in this unjust war" instead. [77] Kelly and Lt. General Mark Hertling, United States Army (retired), tweeted instructions for Russian soldiers to sabotage their T-72 main battle tanks. [78]

On October 27, 2022, Kelly become the ambassador of the United24 (@u24_gov_ua) fundraising platform and will develop the "Medical aid" direction. His first project will be fundraising for Type C ambulance vehicles. [79]

Bibliography

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yuri Malenchenko</span> Russian cosmonaut (born 1961)

Yuri Ivanovich Malenchenko is a retired Russian cosmonaut. Malenchenko became the first person to marry in space, on 10 August 2003, when he married Ekaterina Dmitrieva, who was in Texas, while he was 240 miles (390 km) over New Zealand, on the International Space Station. As of December 2023, Malenchenko ranks third for career time in space due to his time on both Mir and the International Space Station (ISS). He is a former commander of the International Space Station.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Koichi Wakata</span> Japanese engineer and astronaut (born 1963)

Koichi Wakata is a Japanese engineer and an astronaut working for Axiom Space. He retired from JAXA in 2024. Wakata is a veteran of four NASA Space Shuttle missions, a Russian Soyuz mission, and a long-duration stay on the International Space Station. During a nearly two-decade career in spaceflight, he has logged more than five hundred days in space. During Expedition 39, he became the first Japanese commander of the International Space Station. Wakata flew on the Soyuz TMA-11M/Expedition 38/Expedition 39 long duration spaceflight from 7 November 2013 to 13 May 2014. During this spaceflight he was accompanied by Kirobo, the first humanoid robot astronaut.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Expedition 11</span> 11th trip to the International Space Station

Expedition 11 was the 11th long-duration expedition to the International Space Station. The crew arrived and departed aboard Soyuz TMA-6, which stayed at the station for the duration of the expedition in case it was needed for emergency evacuation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soichi Noguchi</span> Japanese astronaut and engineer (born 1965)

Soichi Noguchi is a Japanese aeronautical engineer and former JAXA astronaut. His first spaceflight was as a mission specialist aboard STS-114 on 26 July 2005 for NASA's first "return to flight" Space Shuttle mission after the Columbia disaster. He was also in space as part of the Soyuz TMA-17 crew and Expedition 22 to the International Space Station (ISS), returning to Earth on 2 June 2010. He is the sixth Japanese astronaut to fly in space, the fifth to fly on the Space Shuttle, and the first to fly on Crew Dragon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Douglas H. Wheelock</span> American engineer and astronaut (born 1960)

Douglas Harry "Wheels" Wheelock is an American engineer and astronaut. He has flown in space twice, logging 178 days on the Space Shuttle, International Space Station, and Russian Soyuz. On July 12, 2011, Wheelock announced that he would be returning to active duty with the United States Army in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. He is currently working with NASA to test the Orion spacecraft at the Glenn Research Center in Plum Brook, Ohio.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timothy Kopra</span> American astronaut

Timothy Lennart "Tim" Kopra is an American engineer, a Colonel in the United States Army, and a retired NASA astronaut. He served aboard the International Space Station as a flight engineer for Expedition 20, returning to Earth aboard Space Shuttle Discovery on the STS-128 mission on September 11, 2009. He returned to the ISS for the second time in December 2015, as part of Expedition 46 and as the commander of 47.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mikhail Kornienko</span> Russian cosmonaut (born 1960)

Mikhail Borisovich Kornienko is a Russian cosmonaut who has undertaken multiple missions to the International Space Station (ISS).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shannon Walker</span> American scientist and NASA astronaut

Shannon Walker is an American physicist and a NASA astronaut selected in 2004. She launched on her first mission into space on June 25, 2010, onboard Soyuz TMA-19 and spent over 163 days in space.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Akihiko Hoshide</span> Japanese astronaut and engineer (born 1968)

Akihiko Hoshide is a Japanese engineer, JAXA astronaut, and former commander of the International Space Station. On August 30, 2012, Hoshide became the third Japanese astronaut to walk in space.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soyuz TMA-13</span> 2008 Russian crewed spaceflight to the ISS

Soyuz TMA-13 was a Soyuz mission to the International Space Station (ISS). The spacecraft was launched by a Soyuz-FG rocket at 07:01 GMT on 12 October 2008. It undocked at 02:55 GMT on 8 April 2009, performed a deorbit burn at 06:24, and landed at 07:16. By some counts, Soyuz TMA-13 is the 100th Soyuz spacecraft to be crewed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soyuz TMA-15</span> 2009 Russian crewed spaceflight to the ISS

Soyuz TMA-15 was a crewed spaceflight to the International Space Station. Part of the Soyuz programme, it transported three members of the Expedition 20 crew to the space station. TMA-15 was the 102nd crewed flight of a Soyuz spacecraft, since Soyuz 1 in 1967. The Soyuz spacecraft remained docked to the space station during Expedition 20 and Expedition 21 as an emergency escape vehicle. The mission marked the start of six-person crew operations on the ISS.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NASA Astronaut Group 16</span> 1996 human spaceflight selection of 44 candidates; "The Sardines"

NASA Astronaut Group 16 was a group of 44 astronauts announced by NASA on May 1, 1996. The class was nicknamed "The Sardines" for being such a large class, humorously implying that their training sessions would be as tightly packed as sardines in a can. These 44 candidates compose the largest astronaut class to date. NASA selected so many candidates in preparation for the anticipated need for ISS crew members, along with regular shuttle needs. Nine of the 44 astronauts selected were from other countries, including 1 each from 5 Europe nations and 2 each from Canada and Japan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Expedition 26</span> Mission to the International Space Station

Expedition 26 was the 26th long-duration mission to the International Space Station. The expedition's first three crew members – one US astronaut and two Russian cosmonauts – arrived at the station on board Soyuz TMA-01M on 10 October 2010. Expedition 26 officially began the following month on 26 November, when half of the crew of the previous mission, Expedition 25, returned to Earth on board Soyuz TMA-19. The rest of the Expedition 26 crew – one US astronaut, one Russian cosmonaut and one ESA astronaut – joined the trio already on board when their spacecraft, Soyuz TMA-20, docked with the station on 17 December 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Expedition 23</span>

Expedition 23 was the 23rd long-duration mission to the International Space Station (ISS). Expedition 23 began with the Soyuz TMA-16 undocking on 18 March 2010. Shortly thereafter cosmonauts Aleksandr Skvortsov and Mikhail Korniyenko and astronaut Tracy Caldwell Dyson arrived at the Space Station on Soyuz TMA-18 on 4 April 2010. The Soyuz spacecraft lifted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 00:04 EST on 2 April 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kimiya Yui</span> Japanese pilot and astronaut (born 1970)

Kimiya Yui is a Japanese astronaut from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). He was selected for the agency in 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Expedition 28</span> Long-duration mission to the International Space Station

Expedition 28 was the 28th long-duration expedition to the International Space Station, and began on 23 May 2011 with the departure of the members of Expedition 27. The first three members of Expedition 28 arrived on the ISS aboard the Soyuz TMA-21 spacecraft on 4 April 2011, and were joined on 9 June 2011 by the three other crew members, who arrived aboard Soyuz TMA-02M. The expedition saw a number of significant events, including the final Space Shuttle mission, STS-135, which took place in July 2011. Expedition 28 was superseded by Expedition 29 on 16 September 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kjell N. Lindgren</span> American astronaut

Kjell Norwood Lindgren is an American astronaut who was selected in June 2009 as a member of the NASA Astronaut Group 20. He launched to the International Space Station (ISS) as part of Expedition 44/45 on July 22, 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soyuz TMA-16M</span> 2015 Russian crewed spaceflight to the ISS

Soyuz TMA-16M was a 2015 flight to the International Space Station. It transported three members of the Expedition 43 crew to the station. TMA-16M was the 125th flight of a Soyuz spacecraft, the first having launched in 1967.

References

  1. ↑ Calandrelli E, Escher A (December 16, 2016). "The top 15 events that happened in space in 2016". Archived from the original on December 20, 2016.
  2. 1 2 Dunbar, Brian (August 7, 2017). "Astronaut Scott Kelly to Retire from NASA in April". NASA. Archived from the original on January 2, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  3. 1 2 Ryba, Jeanne (November 23, 2007). "STS-103". Mission Archives. NASA. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  4. 1 2 "STS-118: Build the station. Build the future" (PDF). NASA. July 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
  5. 1 2 Garcia, Mark (November 16, 2018). "International Space Station Expedition 25". NASA. Archived from the original on July 6, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  6. ↑ Garcia, Mark (November 16, 2018). "International Space Station Expedition 26". NASA. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  7. ↑ Kauder, Amiko (November 26, 2010). "Expedition 25 Returns Home". NASA. Archived from the original on May 22, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  8. 1 2 Kauderer, Amiko (March 16, 2011). "Expedition 26 Returns Home". NASA. Archived from the original on September 23, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  9. ↑ Buck, Joshua; Bolden, Jay; Vedishcheva, Anna (November 26, 2012). "NASA, Roscosmos Assign Veteran Crew to Yearlong Space Station Mission NASA.gov". NASA. Archived from the original on May 21, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  10. 1 2 Kramer, Miriam (March 28, 2015). "One-Year Crew Begins Epic Trip on International Space Station". Space.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "SCOTT J. KELLY (CAPTAIN, USN, RET.) NASA ASTRONAUT" (PDF). NASA. February 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  12. ↑ Garcia, Mark (March 1, 2016). "Veteran Station Crew Returns to Earth after Historic Mission". NASA. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
  13. ↑ Seppala, Mark (March 12, 2016). "Record-breaking astronaut Scott Kelly retiring this April". Engadget . Archived from the original on February 8, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
  14. ↑ "Mark E. Kelly (Captain, USN)" (PDF). NASA. July 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  15. ↑ "Arizona U.S. Senate Special Election Results". The New York Times. November 3, 2020. Archived from the original on November 14, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  16. ↑ "Scott Joseph Kelly". Biographies of U.S. Astronauts. Spacefacts. August 25, 2018. Archived from the original on November 8, 2018. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  17. ↑ Rose, Lisa (April 27, 2012). "Twin astronauts remember their mother, West Orange's first female police officer". NJ Advance Media. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Kelly, Scott; Dean, Margaret (2001). Endurance: A Year in Space, a Lifetime of Discovery. New York City: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN   978-1-5247-3159-5.
  19. ↑ Elizabeth Howell (September 4, 2019). "Astronaut Scott Kelly: Biography". Space.com. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
  20. ↑ "Expedition 23 and 24" (PDF). Press Kit. NASA. April 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
  21. ↑ Dunbar, Brian (June 9, 2014). "NEEMO History". NASA. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
  22. ↑ NASA (April 21, 2011). "Life Sciences Data Archive: Experiment". NASA. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
  23. ↑ Bergin, Chris (August 21, 2007). "Endeavour's performance during re-entry classed as phenomenal". NASA. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
  24. ↑ Ryba, Jeanne (November 23, 2007). "STS-118". Mission Archives. NASA. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  25. 1 2 "Expedition 25 and 26" (PDF). Press Kit. NASA. October 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  26. ↑ Kauderer, Amiko (October 23, 2010). "Three New Station Crew Members Launch from Kazakhstan". NASA. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
  27. ↑ Kauderer, Amiko (August 4, 2010). "NASA Preflight Interview: Scott Kelly". NASA. Archived from the original on May 22, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
  28. ↑ "Soyuz TMA-M manned transport vehicle of a new series". S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation. 2018. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
  29. ↑ "NASA Assigns Space Station Crews, Updates Expedition Numbering". NASA. October 12, 2010. Archived from the original on April 17, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  30. ↑ Kauderer, Amiko (December 20, 2010). "New Expedition 26 Trio Arrives at Station". NASA. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  31. ↑ Siceloff, Steve (August 7, 2017). "Discovery Makes Last Mission a Flight to Remember". NASA. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  32. ↑ Myers, Amanda (March 21, 2011). "Giffords gets visit from husband's twin brother". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
  33. ↑ Kauderer, Amiko (June 9, 2011). "STS-134". NASA. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  34. ↑ Robinson, Ashle (August 26, 2010). "NASA's First Twins to Fly in Space Together". NASA. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  35. ↑ Davis, Jason (March 25, 2015). "One-Year ISS Mission Preview: 28 Experiments, 4 Expeditions and 2 Crew Members". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on December 7, 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
  36. ↑ Pearlman, Robert Z. (January 21, 2015). "Obama Hails NASA Astronaut Set for 1-Year Space Voyage in State of the Union". Space.com. Purch. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  37. ↑ Garcia, Mark (March 27, 2015). "Crew Begins Year in Space". NASA. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  38. ↑ "Expedition 43" (PDF). Mission Summary. NASA. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 20, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  39. ↑ Garcia, Mark (April 17, 2015). "Robotic Arm Captures Dragon". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  40. ↑ Hout, Dan (April 30, 2015). "Progress 59 Update Apr. 30, 2015". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  41. ↑ Garcia, Mark (June 11, 2015). "Soyuz Crew Returns Home after 199 Days in Space". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  42. ↑ Garcia, Mark (July 22, 2015). "Soyuz Rocket Launches Expedition 44 Trio to Space". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  43. ↑ Garcia, Mark (August 24, 2015). "Japan's Cargo Ship Installed on Station". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  44. ↑ Garcia, Mark (July 5, 2015). "Russian Cargo Craft Arrives at Space Station". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on July 26, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  45. ↑ Siceloff, Steven (June 28, 2015). "NASA Administrator's Statement on CRS-7". SpaceX. NASA. Archived from the original on May 22, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  46. ↑ Garcia, Mark (August 28, 2015). "Completed Soyuz Relocation Sets Stage for New Crew". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  47. ↑ Garcia, Mark (September 4, 2015). "Soyuz Crew Docks Delivering New Science to Station". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  48. ↑ Greshko, Michael (October 11, 2018). "Soyuz rocket accident could spell trouble for space station". National Geographic. Archived from the original on October 18, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  49. 1 2 Garcia, Mark (September 11, 2015). "Three Soyuz Crew Members Wrap Up Mission on Space Station". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  50. ↑ Garcia, Mark (October 1, 2015). "Space Station Receives Express Delivery in Six Hours". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on May 28, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  51. ↑ Garcia, Mark (December 9, 2015). "Astronaut Kjell Lindgren Captures Cygnus Spacecraft". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  52. ↑ Garcia, Mark (October 28, 2015). "NASA Astronauts Complete Their First Spacewalk". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  53. 1 2 Garcia, Mark (December 21, 2015). "Astronauts Make Quick Work of Short Spacewalk". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on October 19, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  54. ↑ Garcia, Mark (November 6, 2015). "Pair of NASA Astronauts Wrap Up Second Spacewalk". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  55. ↑ Garcia, Mark (December 11, 2015). "Soyuz With Expedition 45 Trio Lands After 141 Days in Space". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  56. ↑ Garcia, Mark (December 15, 2015). "New Crew Arrives at Station for Six-Month Mission". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on January 12, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  57. ↑ Humphries, Kelly (December 18, 2015). "Unscheduled Spacewalk Likely on Monday". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on December 28, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  58. ↑ Garcia, Mark (December 23, 2015). "Fourth Russian Cargo Ship This Year Docks to Station". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on October 19, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  59. ↑ Hout, Dan (January 15, 2016). "Spacewalk Ends Successfully But Early After Water Detected in Helmet". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on October 19, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  60. ↑ Fallon, Jimmy [@FallonTonight] (January 8, 2016). "Our first ever Thank You Note from outer space! Thanks, Scott Kelly (@StationCDRKelly)! #FallonTonight" (Tweet). Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2018– via Twitter.
  61. ↑ Garcia, Mark (February 3, 2016). "Second Spacewalk of Year Complete". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on October 19, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  62. ↑ Garcia, Mark (March 1, 2016). "Veteran Station Crew Returns to Earth after Historic Mission". Space Station. NASA. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  63. ↑ Schierholz, Stephanie; Dean, Brandi; Hout, Dan (March 1, 2016). "Update on NASA Astronaut Scott Kelly's Return to Houston" (Press release). NASA. Archived from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  64. ↑ Edwards, Monica; Abadie, Laurie. "NASA Twins Study Confirms Preliminary Findings". NASA. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
  65. ↑ Drake, Nadia (March 15, 2018). "No, Scott Kelly's Year in Space Didn't Mutate His DNA". National Geographic . Archived from the original on January 16, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
  66. ↑ Edwards, Monica; Abadie, Laurie (August 16, 2018). "NASA Twins Study Investigators to Release Integrated Paper in 2018". Human Research Strategic Communications. NASA. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  67. ↑ Wickramatunga, Robert (November 22, 2016). "Former astronaut Scott Kelly is United Nations Champion for Space". United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). Archived from the original on December 11, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
  68. ↑ Brankin, Daria (November 20, 2016). "United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs announces former astronaut Scott Kelly as Champion for Space". Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  69. ↑ Schaub, Michael (April 6, 2016). "Astronaut Scott Kelly will write a book about his year in space". Los Angeles Times. ISSN   0458-3035. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
  70. ↑ UN News (June 19, 2018). "If we can build the International Space Station, 'we can do anything' – UN Champion for Space". UN News. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  71. ↑ Kelly, Scott [@StationCDRKelly] (July 18, 2018). ".@amikokauderer and I are happily married! We were very honored to have @SylvesterTurner officiate our wedding here in our hometown @HoustonTX overlooking @DiscoveryGreen last weekend. We'll be sharing more from our weekend wedding & what's next for us soon!" (Tweet). Retrieved December 6, 2018– via Twitter.
  72. ↑ O'Connor, Kyrie (May 28, 2015). "Out of this world: Astronaut Kelly, girlfriend learn to live apart". Lifestyle. Archived from the original on December 14, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  73. ↑ "Astronaut Scott Kelly became an ambassador of the United24 fundraising platform and presented an ambulance to Ukraine" (Press release). President of Ukraine. October 27, 2022. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023.
  74. ↑ "Astronaut Scott Kelly Becomes an Ambassador of the UNITED24 Fundraising Platform, Presenting an Ambulance to Ukraine". United24. October 27, 2022. Archived from the original on July 2, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  75. ↑ Laurent, Oliver (December 18, 2014). "Go Behind TIME's NASA Cover with Photographer Marco Grob". Time . Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  76. ↑ Glenn, John (April 16, 2015). "Scott Kelly". The 100 Most Influential People. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  77. ↑ @StationCDRKelly (March 9, 2022). "Господин Медведев, я возвращаю Вам российскую медаль "За заслуги в освоении космоса", которую вы мне вручили. Пожалуйста, отдайте его русской матери, чей сын погиб в этой несправедливой войне. Я отправлю медаль по почте в посольство России в Вашингтоне. Удачи" [Mr. Medvedev, I am returning to you the 'Medal for Merit in Space Exploration' which you awarded to me. Please give it to the Russian mother whose son died in this unjust war. I will send the medal by mail to the Russian embassy in Washington. Good luck.] (Tweet) (in Russian). Archived from the original on March 9, 2022 – via Twitter.
  78. ↑ "'How to Sabotage Your Russian Tank: Instructions for Beginners' Shared on Twitter". Forbes . Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
  79. ↑ "Zelenskiy / Official". Telegram. Archived from the original on October 27, 2022. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
Preceded by ISS Expedition Commander
November 26, 2010, to March 16, 2011		Succeeded by
Preceded by ISS Expedition Commander
September 11, 2015, to March 1, 2016		Succeeded by
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.