Chlorotrifluoromethane

Last updated
Chlorotrifluoromethane
Chlorotrifluoromethane-2D.svg
Chlorotrifluoromethane-3D-vdW.png
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Chloro(trifluoro)methane
Other names
Chlorotrifluoromethane
Monochlorotrifluoromethane
Trifluorochloromethane
Trifluoromethyl chloride
Trifluoromonochlorocarbon
Arcton 3
Freon 13
Genetron 13
R-13
CFC 13
UN 1022
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.814 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 200-894-4
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • PA6410000
UNII
  • InChI=1S/CClF3/c2-1(3,4)5 Yes check.svgY
    Key: AFYPFACVUDMOHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/CClF3/c2-1(3,4)5
    Key: AFYPFACVUDMOHA-UHFFFAOYAV
  • ClC(F)(F)F
Properties
CClF3
Molar mass 104.46 g/mol
AppearanceColorless gas with sweet odor
Density 1.526 g/cm3
Melting point −181 °C (−293.8 °F; 92.1 K)
Boiling point −81.5 °C (−114.7 °F; 191.7 K)
0.009% at 25 °C (77 °F)
Vapor pressure 3.263 MPa at 21 °C (70 °F)
Thermal conductivity 0.01217 W m−1 K−1 (300 K) [1]
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
Ozone depletor and asphyxiant
Flash point Non-flammable
Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 0420
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Chlorotrifluoromethane, R-13, CFC-13, or Freon 13, is a non-flammable, non-corrosive, nontoxic chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and also a mixed halomethane. It is a man-made substance used primarily as a refrigerant. When released into the environment, CFC-13 has a high ozone depletion potential, and long atmospheric lifetime. [2] Only a few other greenhouse gases surpass CFC-13 in global warming potential (GWP). [3] : 2  The IPCC AR5 reported that CFC-13's atmospheric lifetime was 640 years. [4]

Contents

Production

CFC-13—like all chlorofluorocarbon compounds—contains atoms of carbon (C), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F). [5] [6]

It can be prepared by reacting carbon tetrachloride with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a catalytic amount of antimony pentachloride:

CCl4 + 3HF → CClF3 + 3HCl

This reaction can also produce trichlorofluoromethane (CCl3F), dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl2F2) and tetrafluoromethane (CF4). [7]

Montreal Protocol

Following the unanimous ratification of the 1987 Montreal Protocol —in response to concerns about the role of concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in ozone layer-depletion in the stratosphere —a process was put into place to gradually phase out and replace CFC-13 and all the other CFCs. [8] Research in the 1980s said that these man-made CFC compound compounds had opened a hole in ozone layer in the upper atmosphere or stratosphere that protects life on earth from UV radiation. [5]

CFC-13's ozone depletion potential (ODP) is high— 1 [9] (CCl3F = 1)—it is categorized as a Class I in the IPCC's list of ozone-depleting substances. [9] CFC-13's radiative efficiency is high which results in a high global warming potential (GWPs) of 13 900 GWP-100 yr that is "surpassed by very few other greenhouse gases." [3] It is categorized as a Class I in the list of ozone-depleting Substances. [9] : 2 

Increase in atmospheric abundance of CFC-13 in 2010s

Starting in the 2010s, despite a global ban on the production of CFCs, five of these ozone-damaging emissions were on the rise. [5]

The atmospheric abundance of CFC-13 rose from 3.0 parts per trillion (ppt) in year 2010 to 3.3 ppt in year 2020 based on analysis of air samples gathered from sites around the world. [10] Contrary to the Montreal Protocol, the atmospheric emissions of CFC-13 and four other chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), increased between 2010 and 2020. [11]

As of 2023, the drivers behind the increase in CFC-13 and CFC-112a emissions were not certain. [11]

Physical properties

The IPCC AR5 reported that CFC-13's Atmospheric lifetime was 640 years. [12]

PropertyValue
Density (ρ) at -127.8 °C (liquid)1.603 g⋅cm−3
Density (ρ) at boiling point (gas)6.94 kg⋅m−3
Density (ρ) at 15 °C (gas)4.41 g⋅cm−3
Triple point temperature (Tt)
Critical temperature (Tc)28.8 °C (302 K)
Critical pressure (pc)3.86 MPa (38.6 bar)
Critical density (ρc)5.5 mol⋅L−1
Latent heat of vaporization at boiling point149.85 kJ⋅kg−1
Specific heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp) at -34.4 °C0.06 kJ⋅mol−1⋅K−1
Specific heat capacity at constant volume (CV) at -34.4 °C0.051 kJ⋅mol−1⋅K−1
Heat capacity ratio (к) at -34.4 °C1.168016
Compressibility Factor (Z) at 15 °C0.9896
Acentric factor (ω)0.17166
Viscosity (η) at 0 °C (gas)13.3 mPa⋅s (0.0133 cP)
Viscosity (η) at 25 °C (gas)14.1 mPa⋅s (0.01440 cP)
Ozone depletion potential (ODP)1 [9] (CCl3F = 1)
Global warming potential (GWP)14,000 [4] (CO2 = 1)
Atmospheric lifetime 640 years [4]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global warming potential</span> Potential heat absorbed by a greenhouse gas

Global warming potential (GWP) is a measure of how much infrared thermal radiation a greenhouse gas added to the atmosphere would absorb over a given time frame, as a multiple of the radiation that would be absorbed by the same mass of added carbon dioxide. GWP is 1 for CO2. For other gases it depends on how strongly the gas absorbs infrared thermal radiation, how quickly the gas leaves the atmosphere, and the time frame being considered. The carbon dioxide equivalent is calculated from GWP. For any gas, it is the mass of CO2 that would warm the earth as much as the mass of that gas. Thus it provides a common scale for measuring the climate effects of different gases. It is calculated as GWP times mass of the other gas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Montreal Protocol</span> 1987 treaty to protect the ozone layer

The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. It was agreed on 16 September 1987, and entered into force on 1 January 1989. Since then, it has undergone nine revisions, in 1990 (London), 1991 (Nairobi), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), 1998 (Australia), 1999 (Beijing) and 2016 (Kigali) As a result of the international agreement, the ozone hole in Antarctica is slowly recovering. Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2040 and 2066. Due to its widespread adoption and implementation, it has been hailed as an example of successful international co-operation. Former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan stated that "perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol". In comparison, effective burden-sharing and solution proposals mitigating regional conflicts of interest have been among the success factors for the ozone depletion challenge, where global regulation based on the Kyoto Protocol has failed to do so. In this case of the ozone depletion challenge, there was global regulation already being installed before a scientific consensus was established. Also, overall public opinion was convinced of possible imminent risks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ozone depletion</span> Atmospheric phenomenon

Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere, and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone around Earth's polar regions. The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole. There are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events in addition to these stratospheric events.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlorofluorocarbon</span> Class of organic compounds commonly used as refrigerants

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are fully or partly halogenated hydrocarbons that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F), produced as volatile derivatives of methane, ethane, and propane.

Freon is a registered trademark of the Chemours Company and generic descriptor for a number of halocarbon products. They are stable, nonflammable, low toxicity gases or liquids which have generally been used as refrigerants and as aerosol propellants. These include chlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons, both of which cause ozone depletion and contribute to global warming. 'Freon' is the brand name for the refrigerants R-12, R-13B1, R-22, R-410A, R-502, and R-503 manufactured by The Chemours Company, and so is not used to label all refrigerants of this type. They emit a strong smell similar to acetone, a common nail polish remover component.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Refrigerant</span> Substance in a refrigeration cycle

A refrigerant is a working fluid used in the refrigeration cycle of air conditioning systems and heat pumps where in most cases they undergo a repeated phase transition from a liquid to a gas and back again. Refrigerants are heavily regulated due to their toxicity, flammability and the contribution of CFC and HCFC refrigerants to ozone depletion and that of HFC refrigerants to climate change.

Difluoromethane, also called difluoromethylene, HFC-32Methylene Fluoride or R-32, is an organic compound of the dihalogenoalkane variety. It has the formula of CH2F2. It is a colorless gas in the ambient atmosphere and is slightly soluble in the water, with a high thermal stability. Due to the low melting and boiling point, (-136.0 °C and -51.6 °C respectively) contact with this compound may result in frostbite. In the United States, the Clean Air Act Section 111 on Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) has listed difluoromethane as an exception (since 1997) from the definition of VOC due to its low production of tropospheric ozone. Difluoromethane is commonly used in endothermic processes such as refrigeration or air conditioning.

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (also known as norflurane (INN), R-134a, Klea®134a,Freon 134a, Forane 134a, Genetron 134a, Green Gas, Florasol 134a, Suva 134a, or HFC-134a) is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) but with insignificant ozone depletion potential and a lower 100-year global warming potential (1,430, compared to R-12's GWP of 10,900). It has the formula CF3CH2F and a boiling point of −26.3 °C (−15.34 °F) at atmospheric pressure. R-134a cylinders are colored light blue. A phaseout and transition to HFO-1234yf and other refrigerants, with GWPs similar to CO2, began in 2012 within the automotive market.

Trichlorofluoromethane, also called freon-11, CFC-11, or R-11, is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). It is a colorless, faintly ethereal, and sweetish-smelling liquid that boils around room temperature. CFC-11 is a Class 1 ozone-depleting substance which damages Earth's protective stratospheric ozone layer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carbon tetrafluoride</span> Chemical compound

Tetrafluoromethane, also known as carbon tetrafluoride or R-14, is the simplest perfluorocarbon (CF4). As its IUPAC name indicates, tetrafluoromethane is the perfluorinated counterpart to the hydrocarbon methane. It can also be classified as a haloalkane or halomethane. Tetrafluoromethane is a useful refrigerant but also a potent greenhouse gas. It has a very high bond strength due to the nature of the carbon–fluorine bond.

Fluoroform, or trifluoromethane, is the chemical compound with the formula CHF3. It is a Hydrofluorocarbon as well as being apart of the haloforms, a class of compounds with the formula CHX3 with C3v symmetry. Fluoroform is used in diverse applications in organic synthesis. It is not an ozone depleter but is a greenhouse gas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1,1,1-Trifluoroethane</span> Chemical compound

1,1,1-Trifluoroethane, or R-143a or simply trifluoroethane, is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) compound that is a colorless gas. It should not be confused with the much more commonly used HFC gas R-134a, nor confused with the isomeric compound 1,1,2-trifluoroethane. 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane has a critical temperature of 73 °C.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chloropentafluoroethane</span> Chemical compound

Chloropentafluoroethane is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) once used as a refrigerant and also known as R-115 and CFC-115. Its production and consumption has been banned since 1 January 1996 under the Montreal Protocol because of its high ozone depletion potential and very long lifetime when released into the environment. CFC-115 is also a potent greenhouse gas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane</span> Chemical compound

1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane is a haloalkane with the formula C
2H
3Cl
2F. It is one of the three isomers of dichlorofluoroethane. It belongs to the hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) family of man-made compounds that contribute significantly to both ozone depletion and global warming when released into the environment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane</span> Chemical compound

1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b) is a haloalkane with the chemical formula CH3CClF2. It belongs to the hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) family of man-made compounds that contribute significantly to both ozone depletion and global warming when released into the environment. It is primarily used as a refrigerant where it is also known as R-142b and by trade names including Freon-142b.

Fluorinated gases (F-gases) are chemical compounds containing fluorine that are gases near room temperature.

Ozone depletion and climate change, or Ozone hole global warming in more popular terms, are environmental challenges whose connections have been explored and which have been compared and contrasted, for example in terms of global regulation, in various studies and books.

Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) is an evolving method to evaluate the carbon footprint and global warming impact of heating, ventilation, air conditioning (AC), refrigeration systems, and potentially other applications such as thermal insulating foam. It is calculated as the sum of direct, indirect, and embodied greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated over the lifetime of the system “from cradle to grave,” i.e. from manufacture to disposal. Direct emissions include all climate forcing effects from the release of refrigerants into the atmosphere, including annual leakage and losses during service and disposal of the unit. Indirect emissions include the climate forcing effects of GHG emissions from the electricity powering the equipment. The embodied emissions include the climate forcing effects of the manufacturing processes, transport, and installation for the refrigerant, materials, and equipment, and for recycle or other disposal of the product at end of its useful life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kigali Amendment</span> International agreement to reduce the use of hydrofluorocarbons

The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol is an international agreement to gradually reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). It is a legally binding agreement designed to create rights and obligations in international law.

References

  1. ↑ Touloukian, Y.S., Liley, P.E., and Saxena, S.C. Thermophysical properties of matter - the TPRC data series. Volume 3. Thermal conductivity - nonmetallic liquids and gases. Data book. 1970.
  2. ↑ Siegemund, Günter; Schwertfeger, Werner; Feiring, Andrew; Smart, Bruce; Behr, Fred; Vogel, Herward; McKusick, Blaine (2002). "Fluorine Compounds, Organic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_349.
  3. 1 2 Vollmer, Martin; Young, Dickon; Trudinger, Cathy; Mühle, Jens; Henne, Stephan; Rigby, Matt; Park, Sunyoung; Li, Shihong; Guillevic, Myriam; Mitrevski, Blagoj; Harth, Christina; Miller, Benjamin; Reimann, Stefan; Yao, Bo; Steele, L.; Wyss, Simon; Lunder, Chris; Arduini, Jgor; McCulloch, Archie; Simmonds, Peter (October 10, 2017). "Atmospheric histories and emissions of chlorofluorocarbons CFC-13 (CClF3), CFC-114 (C2Cl2F4), and CFC-115 (C2ClF5)". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions . 2017 (39). doi: 10.5194/acp-2017-935 . hdl: 1721.1/116270 .
  4. 1 2 3 "Chapter 8". AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. p. 731.
  5. 1 2 3 Ashworth, James (April 3, 2023). "Mystery emissions of ozone-damaging gases are fuelling climate change". Natural History Museum. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  6. ↑ Elkins, James.W. (2013). "Halocarbons and other Atmospheric Trace Species". NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (Press release). Retrieved April 3, 2023– via US Department of Commerce and NOAA.
  7. ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 304. ISBN   978-0-08-037941-8.
  8. ↑ Allen, Kate (April 3, 2023). "Remember ozone-destroying CFCs? They're on the rise again. And the source is a mystery". The Star. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Class I Ozone-depleting Substances". Science - Ozone Layer Protection. US EPA. 2007. Archived from the original on 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
  10. ↑ "AGAGE Data and Figures". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
  11. 1 2 Western, Luke M.; Vollmer, Martin K.; Krummel, Paul B.; Adcock, Karina E.; Fraser, Paul J.; Harth, Christina M.; Langenfelds, Ray L.; Montzka, Stephen A.; Mühle, Jens; O’Doherty, Simon; Oram, David E.; Reimann, Stefan; Rigby, Matt; Vimont, Isaac; Weiss, Ray F.; Young, Dickon; Laube, Johannes C. (April 3, 2023). "Global increase of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons from 2010 to 2020". Nature Geoscience. 16 (4): 309–313. Bibcode:2023NatGe..16..309W. doi:10.1038/s41561-023-01147-w. hdl: 1983/9e103fef-e61c-49c7-a1a3-902540ec1d7c . ISSN   1752-0908. S2CID   257941769 . Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  12. ↑ Forster, Piers; Ramaswamy, Venkatachalam; Artaxo, Paulo; Berntsen, Terje; Betts, Richard; Fahey, David W; Haywood, James; Lean, Judith; Lowe, David C; Raga, Graciela; Schulz, Michael; Dorland, Robert Van; Bodeker, G; Etheridge, D; Foukal, P; Fraser, P; Geller, M; Joos, F; Keeling, C D; Keeling, R; Kinne, S; Lassey, K; Oram, D; O’Shaughnessy, K; Ramankutty, N; Reid, G; Rind, D; Rosenlof, K; Sausen, R; Schwarzkopf, D; Solanki, S K; Stenchikov, G; Stuber, N; Takemura, T; Textor, C; Wang, R; Weiss, R; Whorf, T; Nakajima, Teruyuki; Ramanathan, Veerabhadran; Ramaswamy, V; Artaxo, P; Berntsen, T; Betts, R; Fahey, D W; Haywood, J; Lean, J; Lowe, D C; Myhre, G; Nganga, J; Prinn, R; Raga, G; Schulz, M; Dorland, R Van. "Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing". International Panel of Climate Change (IPCC). AR4 Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.
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