Timeline of extinctions in the Holocene

This article is a list of biological species, subspecies, and evolutionary significant units that are known to have become extinct during the Holocene , the current geologic epoch, ordered by their known or approximate date of disappearance from oldest to most recent.

The Holocene is considered to have started with the Holocene glacial retreat around 11650 years Before Present (c. 9700 BC). It is characterized by a general trend towards global warming, the expansion of anatomically modern humans ( Homo sapiens ) to all emerged land masses, the appearance of agriculture and animal husbandry, and a reduction in global biodiversity. The latter, dubbed the sixth mass extinction in Earth history, is largely attributed to increased human population and activity, and may have started already during the preceding Pleistocene epoch with the demise of the Pleistocene megafauna.

The following list is incomplete by necessity, since the majority of extinctions are thought to be undocumented, and for many others there isn't a definitive, widely accepted last, or most recent record. According to the species-area theory, the present rate of extinction may be up to 140,000 species per year. ^[1]

10th millennium BC

• 
  Mounted skeleton of Teratornis merriami.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
10250-9180 BC [2]	Page's crane	Grus pagei	Rancho La Brea, California, United States	Undetermined.
	La Brea owl	Oraristix brea	Southern California, United States
10210-9850 BC [2]	Errant vulture	Neogyps errans	California, United States
10045-9905 BC [3]	Eurasian cave lion	Panthera spelaea	Northern Eurasia and Beringia
10035-9845 BC [2]	Dow's puffin	Fratercula dowi	Channel Islands of California, United States
9948-9306 BC [4]	Northern glyptodont	Glyptotherium sp.	Florida and Texas to northeastern Brazil
9705-9545 BC [5]	Patagonian panther	Panthera onca mesembrina	Patagonia
9690-9040 BC [6]	Toronto subway deer	Torontoceros hypnogeos	Toronto, Canada
9610-9220 BC [7]	Haiti pine forest ground sloth	Neocnus dousman	Hispaniola
9580-8860 BC [8]	Dwarf pronghorn	Capromeryx minor	Southwestern United States and Mexico
9550 BC [9]	Chinese cave hyena	Crocuta crocuta ultima	East Asia
9550 BC [10] [11]	Shrub-ox	Euceratherium collinum	Southwestern North America
	American mountain deer	Odocoileus lucasi	Oasisamerica [12] and Mexico [13]	Hunting? [11]
	Stock's pronghorn	Stockoceros sp.	Mexico and Southwestern United States
c. 9515 BC [14]	Southeastern giant tortoise	Hesperotestudo crassiscutata	Southern United States	Undetermined.
9500-9300 BC [15]	Sardinian dhole	Cynotherium sardous	Corsica and Sardinia
9460-9350 BC [16] [3]	American lion	Panthera atrox	North America; Western South America?
9381-9281 BC [17]	Macrauchenia	Macrauchenia patachonica	Southwestern South America	Hunting. [18]
9350 BC [19]	Long-nosed peccary	Mylohyus nasutus	Eastern United States	Habitat loss and competition with the American black bear. [11]
9200-9350 BC [20]	American mastodon	Mammut americanum	North America	Undetermined.
9190-8870 BC [11]	Jefferson's ground sloth	Megalonyx jeffersonii	North America	Undetermined.
9130-9030 BC [5]	Pygmy mammoth	Mammuthus exilis	Channel Islands of California, United States
9117-8793 BC [4]	Highland gomphothere	Cuvieronius hyodon	Central America, northern and central Andes [21]	Hunting? [22]
9100-8380 BC [2]	Californian turkey	Meleagris californica	California, United States	Undetermined.
c. 9050 BC [14]	Wilson's tortoise	Hesperotestudo wilsoni	Southwestern United States
	Ryukyu tortoise	Manouria oyamai	Ryukyu, Japan
9050 BC [23]	Cypriot genet	Genetta plesictoides	Cyprus
9050-8050 BC [23] [2]	Miyako roe deer	Capreolus tokunagai	Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan
	Asphalt stork	Ciconia maltha	Americas
	Miyako long-tailed rat	Diplothrix miyakoensis	Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan
	Merriam's teratorn	Teratornis merriami	California, United States

9th millennium BC

• 
  Mounted skeleton of a North American short-faced bear.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
8995-8845 BC [5]	North American short-faced bear	Arctodus simus	North America	Competition with the grizzly bear. [11]
8965-8875 BC [5] [24]	Mexican horse	Equus conversidens		Hunting. [5]
8850-8750 BC [25]	Flat-headed peccary	Platygonus compressus		Possibly vegetation changes induced by climate change and competition with the American black bear. [11]
8800-8300 BC [2]	Schneider's duck	Anas schneideri	Converse County, Wyoming, United States	Undetermined.
	Large-billed blackbird	Euphagus magnirostris	California to Venezuela and Peru
8470-8320 BC [5]	Argentinian short-faced bear	Arctotherium tarijense	Argentina [26]
8430-8130 BC [27]	Stag-moose	Cervalces scotti	Eastern United States
8420 BC [8]	Woodland muskox	Bootherium bombifrons	North America
8350-7550 BC [27]	Shasta ground sloth	Nothrotheriops shastensis	Southwestern United States	Hunting. [28]
8340-3950 BC	Giant Cape zebra	Equus capensis	Southern Africa	Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period. [29]
8301-7190 BC [15]	Giant pika	Ochotona whartoni	Northern North America; Eastern Siberia?	Undetermined.
8250-8150 BC [25]	Giant beaver	Castoroides ohiensis	North America
8200-7660 BC [27]	Vero tapir	Tapirus veroensis	Southern United States	Hunting. [11] [28] [18]
8100 BC [27]	Harrington's mountain goat	Oreamnos harringtoni	Southern Rocky Mountains
8059 BC [30]	Smaller South American horse	Hippidion saldiasi [31]	Eastern South America [32]
8050-5845 BC	South American palmate-antlered deer	Morenelaphus brachyceros	Temperate South America	Undetermined. [33]
8050 BC or less		Hipposideros besaoka	Northern coast of Madagascar	Undetermined. [34]
8000 BC [15]	Glossothere	Glossotherium sp.	South America [21]

8th millennium BC

• 
  Tracing of paleo-American petroglyphs depicting two Columbian mammoths and an ancient bison.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
c. 7950 BC [35]	South American pointed-antlered deer	Antifer ultra	River Plate and central Chile	Undetermined.
7930 BC [11]	North American pampathere	Holmesina septentrionalis	Southeastern United States
7830-7430 BC [5] [15]	Cuvier's small ground sloth	Catonyx cuvieri	Eastern South America
7820-7300 BC [36]	Woolly rhinoceros	Coelodonta antiquitatis	Northern Eurasia	Shrinking of the mammoth steppe due to warmer and wetter climate conditions. [37]
7800-7740 BC [38]	Panamerican ground sloth	Eremotherium laurillardi [39]	Southern United States to Brazil	Undetermined.
7615-7305 BC	North American sabertooth	Smilodon fatalis	Southern North America and northern South America	Prey loss. [11]
7600-6245 BC [40]	Asian ostrich	Struthio asiaticus	Greece and Eastern Europe through Kazakhstan to India and China [41]	Undetermined.
7390-7320 BC		Xibalbaonyx oviceps	Quintana Roo, Mexico	Hunting. [4]
7330-6250 BC(unconfirmed) [42]	Asian straight-tusked elephant	Palaeoloxodon namadicus	South and east Asia	Undetermined.
7330-7030 BC [15]	South American sabertooth	Smilodon populator	Eastern South America	Competition with human hunters. [18]
7250-5330 BC	American camel	Camelops hesternus	Western North America	Hunting. [11]
7250-6750 BC [24] [43]	Scott's horse	Equus scotti		Hunting?
7160-6760 BC	Chilean scelidodont	Scelidodon chiliensis	Western South America [44]	Undetermined. [15]
7100-6300 BC [6] [45]	Columbian mammoth	Mammuthus columbi	Northern Mexico, western and southern United States	Hunting. [11]
7043-6507 BC [15]	Greater Cuban nesophontes	Nesophontes major	Cuba	Undetermined.
	Cuban pauraque	Siphonorhis daiquiri
7043-6503 BC [15]	Giant ghost-faced bat	Mormoops magna

7th millennium BC

• 
  Mounted skeleton of Glyptodon asper.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
6833-6321 BC	Long-legged llama	Hemiauchenia macrocephala	North and Central America	Hunting. [11] [18]
6689 BC [11]	Darwin's mylodon	Mylodon darwini	Pampas and Patagonia
6660-4880 BC [15]	Larger South American horse	Equus neogeus	South America [46]
6660-4880 BC [15] [47]	Common glyptodont	Glyptodon sp.	Eastern South America
6660-4880 BC [15]	Brazilian glyptodont	Hoplophorus euphractus	Eastern Brazil	Undetermined. [15]
	Stout-legged llama	Palaeolama major	North and east South America	Hunting. [18]
	Eastern giant armadillo	Propraopus sulcatus	Eastern South America [48]	Undetermined. [15]
6389-6060 BC	Pampean giant armadillo	Eutatus seguini	Northern Argentina and Uruguay [49]	Undetermined. [50]
6150-5750 BC [51]	Yukon horse	Equus lambei	Eastern Beringia	Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period. [37] [29]
6130-3950 BC	Giant hartebeest	Megalotragus priscus	Southern Africa; Eastern Africa?
6050-5050 BC [27]	Dire wolf	Aenocyon dirus	North America and western South America	Competition with the gray wolf. [11]

6th millennium BC

• 
  Mounted skeleton of Megatherium.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
5941-5596 BC	Kambuaya's triok	Dactylopsila kambuayai	New Guinea	Undetermined. [15]
	New Guinea greater glider	Petauroides ayamaruensis
5790-5658 BC	Beringian wolf	Canis lupus	Northwestern North America	Prey loss. [52] The eastern wolf, a descendant hybridized with coyotes, survives. [53]
5740-5500 BC	Bond's springbok	Antidorcas bondi	Southern Africa	Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period. [29]
5660-5540 BC [54]	Narrow-headed ground sloth	Scelidotherium leptocephalum	Southern South America	Hunting? [11]
5550 BC	Sardinian giant deer	Praemegaceros cazioti	Corsica and Sardinia [55]	Undetermined. [56]
5483-5221 BC	Unnamed South African caprine	?Makapania sp.	South African mountains	Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period. [29]
5295-4848 BC	Ibiza rail	Rallus eivissensis	Ibiza, Spain	Undetermined, but presumably a result of human colonization. [57]
5271-5131 BC [58]	Ancient bison	Bison antiquus	North America	Possibly hybridisation with western bison resulting in modern American bison. [27]
5270-4310 BC [59]	Giant ground sloth	Megatherium americanum	Temperate South America and the Andes	Hunting. [18]
5120 BC		Neosclerocalyptus paskoensis	Southern South America	Undetermined. [60]

5th millennium BC

• 
  Tracings of male and female Irish elk cave art from Cougnac.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
4901-4831 BC [61]	Irish elk	Megaloceros giganteus	Europe and southern Siberia	Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period, and possibly hunting. [62]
4855-4733 BC	North African horse	Equus algericus	Maghreb	Aridification. [29]
4840-4690 BC	Majorcan giant dormouse	Hypnomys morpheus	Mallorca, Spain	Possibly disease spread by introduced rodents. [63]
4765-4445 BC [59] [64]	Club-tailed glyptodont [50]	Doedicurus clavicaudatus	South American Pampas	Undetermined.
4691-4059 BC	Algerian giant deer	Megaceroides algericus	Northern Maghreb	Possibly habitat fragmentation. [65]
4650-1450 BC [15]	Toxodont	Toxodon platensis	South America	Undetermined.
4570 BC - 130 CE [66]	Jamaican caracara	Caracara tellustris	Jamaica
4170-4050 BC [67]	Lowland gomphothere	Notiomastodon platensis	South America	Hunting? [11]
c. 4000 BC	North African aurochs	Bos primigenius africanus	North Africa	Aridification. Domestic descendants survive in captivity. [29]
	North African zebra	Equus mauritanicus		Aridification. [29]

4th millennium BC

• 
  Tracing of a petroglyph representing giant long-horned buffalo from North Africa.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
3570-3630 BC [68]	Malagasy crowned eagle	Stephanoaetus mahery	Central and southern Madagascar	Possibly natural aridification or habitat degradation and prey loss caused by human activity. [69]
3540-3355 BC [70]	Kauaʻi mole duck	Talpanas lippa	Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States	Undetermined.
3340-2890 BC [71]	Radofilao's sloth lemur	Babakotia radofilai	Northern coast of Madagascar
3290-2730 BC [5]	Smaller Cuban ground sloth	Parocnus brownii	Cuba	Hunting. [7]
3060-2470 BC	Giant long-horned buffalo	Syncerus antiquus	Africa and the Arabian Peninsula [72]	Aridification and competition with domestic cattle for water and pastures. [15]
3050 BC [23]	Sardinian shrew	Asoriculus similis	Sardinia, Italy	Undetermined.
	Buka Island mosaic-tailed rat	Melomys spechti	Buka Island, Papua New Guinea
	Buka Island solomys	Solomys spriggsarum
3040-1840 BC [73]	Tilos dwarf elephant	Palaeoloxodon tiliensis	Tilos, Greece
3030-2690 BC	Balearic giant shrew	Nesiotites hidalgo	Gymnesian Islands, Spain	Possibly disease spread by introduced rodents. [63]

3rd millennium BC

• 
  Representation of the Egyptian god Bennu, allegedly inspired by the Bennu heron.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
2830-2470 BC	Balearic cave goat	Myotragus balearicus	Gymnesian Islands, Spain	Likely vegetation changes related to aridification or human activity. [74] [75]
2550 BC	Bennu heron	Ardea bennuides	Arabian Peninsula	Wetland degradation. [15]
2550-2450 BC [76]	Steppe bison	Bison priscus	Northern Eurasia and North America	Hunting [77] and habitat loss due to climate change. [37]
2550-1550 BC [15]	Niue night heron	Nycticorax kalavikai	Niue	Undetermined.
2508-2116 BC [78]	Hispaniola monkey	Antillothrix bernensis	Hispaniola
2483-2399 BC [5]	Lesser Haitian ground sloth	Neocnus comes
2280-2240 BC [79]	Cuban giant sloth	Megalocnus rodens	Cuba
8134-1408 BC [15] [80]	Chatham raven	Corvus moriorum	Chatham Islands, New Zealand

2nd millennium BC

• 
  Woolly mammoth cave art from Grotte de Rouff, depicting it alongside extant Alpine ibexes.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
1950-1050 BC [81]	New Caledonian terrestrial crocodile	Mekosuchus inexpectatus	Grande Terre and Isle of Pines, New Caledonia	Hunting.
1935-1700 BC	Sumba Island giant rat	Raksasamys tikusbesar	Sumba Island, Indonesia	Undetermined. [23]
1900-1600 BC	Noel's barn owl	Tyto noeli	Cuba, Jamaica, and Bermuda	Undetermined. [82]
1800 BC	Indian aurochs	Bos primigenius namadicus	Indian Subcontinent	Undetermined. Domestic descendants survive in captivity and as feral populations. [83]
1795-1675 BC [84] [85] [86] [87]	Woolly mammoth	Mammuthus primigenius	Northern Eurasia and North America	Hunting [88] and habitat loss due to climate change. [37]
1750-1650 BC [89]	Short-horned water buffalo	Bubalus mephistopheles	South, central, and east China [50]	Undetermined.
1738-1500 BC [15]	Puerto Rican ground sloth	Acratocnus odontrigonus	Puerto Rico
1738-1385 BC [15]	Christensen's pademelon	Thylogale christenseni	New Guinea
1581 BC [90]	Hawaiian eagle	Haliaeetus sp.	Hawaii, United States	Possibly deforestation, loss of prey, and predation of chicks by introduced rats and pigs. [69]
1500 BC	New Caledonian giant megapode	Sylviornis neocaledoniae	Grande Terre and Isle of Pines, New Caledonia	Hunting. [91]
c. 1500 BC	Puerto Rican flower bat	Phyllonycteris major	Puerto Rico and Antigua	Undetermined. [92]
	Leeward Islands curlytail	Leiocephalus cuneus	Antigua and Barbuda
1294-1035 BC	European wild ass	Equus hydruntinus	Southern Europe and Southwest Asia; Northern Europe (Pleistocene)	Hunting and habitat fragmentation after the end of the Last Glacial Period. [93]
1159-790 BC	Dune shearwater	Puffinus holeae	Canary Islands, Spain; mainland Portugal (Pleistocene)	Predation by introduced house mice. [94]
c. 1050 BC [14]	Mona Island tortoise	Chelonoidis monensis	Mona Island of Puerto Rico	Undetermined.
1050 BC [23]	Alor Island giant rat	Alormys aplini	Alor Island, Indonesia
	Hooijer's giant rat	Hooijeromys nusantenggara	Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia
	Vanuatu terrestrial crocodile	Mekosuchus kalpokasi	Efate, Vanuatu	Hunting. [81]
	Verhoeven's giant tree rat	Papagomys theodorverhoeveni	Flores, Indonesia	Undetermined.

1st millennium BC

• 
  A Sardinian pika's mounted skeleton.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
c. 950 BC	Noble megapode	Megavitiornis altirostris	Fiji	Hunting. [95]
	Fiji giant iguana	Lapitiguana impensa
	Fiji terrestrial crocodile	Volia athollandersoni
900-750 BC	Tongan tooth-billed pigeon	Didunculus placopedetes	Tonga	Undetermined. [15]
821-171 BC	Balsam shrew	Crocidura balsamifera	Nile gallery forests, Egypt	Habitat destruction. [15]
820-680 BC	Eurasian muskox	Ovibos moschatus [96]	Northern Eurasia	Hunting. [77] The same species survived in North America and was reintroduced to Eurasia in the 20th century. [97]
c. 810 BC [14]	Vanuatu horned turtle	?Meiolania damelipi	Vanuatu and Viti Levu, Fiji	Hunting. [98]
800-700 BC	Syrian elephant	Elephas maximus asurus	Mesopotamia	Hunting and habitat loss due to agriculture and aridification. However, it's been suggested that it was introduced by humans in the area, which would not make it a valid subspecies. [99]
790-410 BC	MacPhee's shrew tenrec	Microgale macpheei	Southeastern Madagascar	Aridification. [100]
787-320 BC	Jamaican ibis	Xenicibis xympithecus	Jamaica	Undetermined. [15]
770-400 BC	Law's diving-goose	Chendytes lawi	Coastal California and Oregon, United States	Hunting. [101] [102]
760-660 BC	Consumed scrubfowl	Megapodius alimentum	Tonga and Fiji
744-202 BC	Kaua'i stilt-owl	Grallistrix auceps	Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States	Undetermined. [15]
701-119 BC [103]	Chatham coot	Fulica chathamensis	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	Probably hunting and predation by introduced mammals. [69]
700-400 BC	Bahaman caracara	Caracara creightoni	Cuba and Bahamas	Undetermined. [104]
550-50 BC [15]	David's imperial pigeon	Ducula david	Ouvéa Island, New Caledonia	Hunting. [69]
511-407 BC	Plate-toothed giant hutia	Elasmodontomys obliquus	Puerto Rico	Undetermined. [105]
440-280 BC [106]	Lena horse	Equus lenensis	Northern Siberia	Hunting. [77] [107]
412-199 BC [71]	Gorilla lemur	Archaeoindris fontoynontii	Central Madagascar
404 BC [108]	Wild dromedary camel	Camelus dromedarius	Arabian Peninsula	Desertification, hunting, and capture to replenish domestic herds. Domestic and feral descendants survive. [109]
c. 350 BC	Tongan giant iguana	Brachylophus gibbonsi	Tonga and Fiji	Hunting. [102] [110]
348 BC - 283 BC	Corsican giant shrew	Asoriculus corsicanus	Corsica, France	Introduced black rats and human-induced habitat loss. [111]
	Sardinian pika	Prolagus sardus	Corsica and Sardinia	Hunting, predation and competition with introduced mammals. [112] [113]
	Hensel's field mouse	Rhagamys orthodon		Introduced black rats and human-induced habitat loss. [111]
	Tyrrhenian vole	Tyrrhenicola henseli
c. 240 BC	Imperial gibbon	Junzi imperialis	Shaanxi?, China	Possibly capture as pets and deforestation. [114]
170 BC - 370 CE [115]	Maui flightless ibis	Apteribis brevis	Maui, Hawaii, United States	Undetermined.
130 BC	Gran Canaria giant rat	Canariomys tamarani	Gran Canaria, Canary Islands	Hunting or predation by introduced dogs? [116]
110 BC - 130 BC [71]	Ancient coua	Coua primaeva	Madagascar	Undetermined.
50 BC [23]	Buhler's coryphomys	Coryphomys buehleri	Timor
	Timor giant rat	Coryphomys musseri
49 BC - 125 BC	São Miguel scops owl	Otus frutuosoi	São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal	Introduced predators? [117]

1st millennium CE

1st–5th centuries

• 
  Ancient coin from Cyrene depicting a silphium stalk.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
1-1000 [118]	Eyles's harrier	Circus teauteensis	New Zealand	Prey loss and habitat alteration. [69] [119]
	South Island goose	Cnemiornis calcitrans	South Island, New Zealand	Undetermined. [120]
54-68	Silphium	?Ferula sp.	Cyrenaica coast	Aridification, overgrazing, and overharvesting. [121]
86-428 [15]	Powerful goshawk	Accipiter efficax	New Caledonia	Undetermined.
	Gracile goshawk	Accipiter quartus
	Kanaka pigeon	Caloenas canacorum	New Caledonia and Tonga; Vanuatu and Fiji?	Probably hunting. [69]
	Pile-builder megapode	Megapodius molistructor	New Caledonia and Tonga	Undetermined.
	New Caledonian ground dove	Pampusana longitarsus	New Caledonia
	New Caledonian gallinule [122]	Porphyrio kukwiedei
210 [123]	Giant fossa	Cryptoprocta spelaea	Madagascar
220 [124]	Western bison	Bison occidentalis	Alaska and Yukon
245-429 [71]	Ball-headed sloth lemur	Mesopropithecus globiceps	Southwestern Madagascar	Hunting and aridification. [107]
c. 300	Atlas wild ass	Equus africanus atlanticus	North Africa	Undetermined. Domestic descendants survive in captivity. [125]
300-1200 [15]	Marquesas cuckoo-dove	Macropygia heana	Nuku Hiva and Ua Huka, Marquesas Islands	Undetermined.
347-535 [15]	New Ireland forest rat	Rattus sanila	New Ireland, Papua New Guinea
370 [126]	North African elephant	Loxodonta africana pharaoensis	Northwest Africa	Hunting and aridification. [127]
428-618 [71]	Southern Malagasy giant rat	Hypogeomys australis	Central and southern Madagascar	Undetermined.
439-1473 [78]	Jamaican monkey	Xenothrix mcgregori	Jamaica
440-639 [15]	Oʻahu moa-nalo	Thambetochen xanion	Oahu, Hawaii, United States
448-657 [128]	Chatham duck	Pachyanas chathamica	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	Hunting? [15]
c. 450	New Caledonian horned turtle	Meiolania mackayi	New Caledonia	Hunting. [129]

6th–10th centuries

• 
  A Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus skeleton compared to a common hippopotamus skull.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
530-590	Cuban spectacled owl	Pulsatrix arredondoi	Cuba	Undetermined. [82]
530-860 [71]	Malagasy shelduck	Alopochen sirabensis	Madagascar	Possibly hunting and aridification. [69]
535-876 [50]	Large baboon lemur	Hadropithecus stenognathus	Central and southern Madagascar	Hunting and aridification. [107]
586-670	Horned crocodile	Voay robustus	Madagascar	Possibly overexploitation of eggs for consumption, environmental changes (natural or caused by human activity), and competition with the Nile crocodile. [130]
600-765 [50]	Monkey-like sloth lemur	Mesopropithecus pithecoides	Central Madagascar	Hunting and aridification. [107]
650-780 [71]	Forsyth Major's baboon lemur	Archaeolemur majori	Madagascar
650-869	Small O'ahu crake	Porzana ziegleri	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	Undetermined. [15]
664-773	Hildebrandt's elephant bird	Aepyornis hildebrandti	Central Madagascar	Deforestation. [131]
666-857 [132]	Cayman Islands geocapromys	Geocapromys caymanensis	Cayman Islands	Undetermined.
	Cayman Islands nesophontes	Nesophontes hemicingulus
670-836	Malagasy dwarf hippopotamus	Hippopotamus lemerlei	Southwestern Madagascar [133]	Deforestation, [131] hunting, competition with, and changes to vegetation caused by livestock. [107]
680-880 [131]	Lesser elephant bird	Mullerornis modestus	Central and southern Madagascar	Hunting, aridification, [107] and deforestation. [131]
687-880	Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus	Hippopotamus madagascariensis	Northwestern and central Madagascar [133]	Deforestation, [131] hunting, competition with, and changes to vegetation caused by livestock. [107]
700-1150 [15]	Huahine starling	Aplonis diluvialis	Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia	Undetermined.
	Huahine gull	Chroicocephalus utunui
	Huahine rail	Gallirallus storrsolsoni		Possibly hunting and predation by introduced animals. [69]
	Huahine cuckoo-dove	Macropygia arevarevauupa		Undetermined.
	Huahine swamphen	Porphyrio mcnabi		Possibly hunting and introduced predators. [69]
760	Cuban cave rail	Nesotrochis picapicensis	Cuba	Undetermined. [82]
771-952	Titan elephant bird	Vorombe titan	Central and southern Madagascar	Deforestation. [131]
772-870	Insular cave rat	Heteropsomys insulans	Puerto Rico	Undetermined. [105]
810-1025	Sinoto's lorikeet	Vini sinotoi	Marquesas and Society Islands, French Polynesia	Hunting. [134]
	Conquered lorikeet	Vini vidivici	Marquesas, Society, and Cook Islands
865-965	Malagasy aardvark	Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis	Central and southern Madagascar	Undetermined. [11]
c. 884 [14]	Grandidier's giant tortoise	Aldabrachelys grandidieri	Madagascar	Hunting and aridification. [107]
890-990 [50]	Southern giant ruffed lemur	Pachylemur insignis	Southwestern Madagascar
900-1150	Giant aye-aye	Daubentonia robusta	Southern Madagascar	Hunting, expansion of grasses and deforestation caused by domestic cattle and goat grazing. [107]
c. 950	Giant island deer mouse	Peromyscus nesodytes	Channel Islands of California, United States	Possibly habitat loss through overgrazing and erosion. [135]
980-1170	Grandidier's koala lemur	Megaladapis grandidieri	Madagascar	Hunting and vegetation changes caused by livestock. [107]

2nd millennium CE

11th-12th century

• 
  A skeleton of giant elephant bird (Aepyornis maximus) and its egg (right) compared to eggs of extant bird species.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
c. 1000	North Island adzebill	Aptornis otidiformis	North Island, New Zealand	Hunting and predation by introduced Polynesian rats. [69]
1000-1600 [15]	Henderson archaic pigeon	Bountyphaps obsoleta	Henderson Island, Pitcairn	Undetermined.
	Henderson imperial pigeon	Ducula harrisoni		Probably hunting and predation by introduced animals. [69]
	Henderson ground dove	Pampusana leonpascoi		Undetermined.
1015-1147 [105]	Puerto Rican nesophontes	Nesophontes edithae	Puerto Rico
1020-1260	Lava shearwater	Puffinus olsoni	Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands	Predation by introduced black rats and cats. [136]
1040-1380 [69] [137]	Giant elephant bird	Aepyornis maximus	Southern Madagascar	Hunting, competition with, and changes to vegetation caused by livestock. [107]
1046-1380 [15]	Nēnē-nui	Branta hylobadistes	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	Probably hunting or introduced predators. [69]
1047-1280 [71]	Edwards' baboon lemur	Archaeolemur edwardsi	Central Madagascar [138]	Hunting and changes to vegetation caused by livestock. [107]
1057-1375 [15]	Maui Nui moa-nalo	Thambetochen chauliodous	Molokai and Maui, Hawaii, United States	Undetermined.
1057-1440 [15]	Maui stilt-owl	Grallistrix erdmani	Maui, Hawaii, United States
1059-1401	New Zealand swan	Cygnus sumnerensis/chathamicus	New Zealand? and the Chatham Islands	Hunting. [15] It was suggested that the material from the main islands is conspecific with the extant black swan, while that from the Chathams represents a truly different, extinct species. [69]
1100-1300	Tenerife giant rat	Canariomys bravoi	Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain	Hunting. [139]
1170 [140]	Bahaman tortoise	Chelonoidis alburyorum	Bahamas	Undetermined.
1173-1385 [15]	Barbuda giant rice rat	Megalomys audreyae	Barbuda
1175-1295 [141]	Atalaye nesophontes	Nesophontes hypomicrus	Hispaniola
1183	New Zealand owlet-nightjar	Aegotheles novaezealandiae	New Zealand	Predation by introduced Polynesian rats. [142]

13th-14th century

• 
  Skeleton of Edwards' koala lemur.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
c. 1200 [14]	Abrupt giant tortoise	Aldabrachelys abrupta	Madagascar	Hunting and aridification. [107]
	Ua Huka booby	Papasula abbotti costelloi	Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia	Hunting and possibly also deforestation. [69]
1200-1600	Chatham kaka	Nestor chathamensis	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	Probably hunting, deforestation, and predation by introduced Polynesian rats. [69]
1206-1427 [50]	Common koala lemur	Megaladapis madagascariensis	Madagascar	Hunting. [107]
1234-1445 [118]	South Island adzebill	Aptornis defossor	South Island, New Zealand	Hunting and predation by introduced Polynesian rats. [69]
1265-1400	St. Michel nesophontes	Nesophontes paramicrus	Hispaniola	Undetermined. [141]
1270	Lava mouse	Malpaisomys insularis	Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands	Possibly disease spread by introduced rats. [143]
1278-1415	Mantell's moa	Pachyornis geranoides	North Island, New Zealand	Hunting. [15] [144]
1286-1390	North Island giant moa	Dinornis novaezelandiae
1292-1630	Chinese gharial	Hanyusuchus sinensis	South China and Hainan	Extermination campaign. [145]
1294-1438	Heavy-footed moa	Pachyornis elephantopus	Eastern South Island, New Zealand	Hunting. [146]
1295-1430 [141] [15]	Western Cuban nesophontes	Nesophontes micrus	Cuba	Undetermined.
	Haitian nesophontes	Nesophontes zamicrus	Hispaniola
c. 1300 [69]	Tabuai rail	Hypotaenidia steadmani	Tabuai, Austral Islands, French Polynesia
After 1300	Chatham penguin [147]	Eudyptes warhami	New Zealand	Hunting. [148] [146]
	Dwarf yellow-eyed penguin	Megadyptes antipodes richdalei
1300-1422	Upland moa	Megalapteryx didinus	South Island, New Zealand
1300-1430	Edwards' koala lemur	Megaladapis edwardsi	Madagascar	Hunting and vegetation changes caused by livestock. [107]
1300-1800	Eua rail	Hypotaenidia vekamatolu	Eua, Tonga	Undetermined. [69]
1310-1420	Bush moa	Anomalopteryx didiformis	New Zealand	Hunting. [146] [149]
1320-1350 [149]	Eastern moa	Emeus crassus	South Island, New Zealand
	Haast's eagle [150]	Hieraaetus moorei		Deforestation and loss of prey. Possibly also predation of nests by introduced pigs and rats. [69]
1320-1630	Southern sloth lemur	Palaeopropithecus ingens	Southwestern Madagascar	Hunting and vegetation changes caused by livestock. [107]
1320-1380	Hispaniola woodcock	Scolopax brachycarpa	Hispaniola	Undetermined. [151]
1347-1529	Waitaha penguin	Megadyptes waitaha	Coastal South Island, New Zealand	Hunting. [152]
1350	Scarlett's shearwater	Puffinus spelaeus	Western South Island, New Zealand	Predation by Polynesian rats. [136]
1380-1500 [153]	Giant Hawaii goose	Branta rhuax	Hawai'i, Hawaii, United States	Probably hunting. [69]
1390-1470	Great ground dove	Pampusana nui	French Polynesia and Cook Islands	Undetermined. [15]
1396-1442	Crested moa	Pachyornis australis	Subalpine South Island, New Zealand	Hunting. [146]

15th-16th century

• 
  Skeletal mounts of various moa species (1868).

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
1400-1450	Pico rail	Rallus montivagorum	Pico Island, Açores, Portugal		Undetermined. [69]
1400-1500	Tenerife giant lizard	Gallotia goliath	Tenerife and La Palma, Canary Islands		Hunting. [139]
1425-1660	Kauaʻi finch	Telespiza persecutrix	Kaua'i and Oahu, Hawaii, United States		Undetermined. [15]
1451-1952 [146] (1558-1728) [154]	South Island giant moa	Dinornis robustus	South Island, New Zealand		Hunting. [146]
1454-1626 [155]	South American wolf	Dusicyon avus	Argentina and Uruguay	2015 (IUCN)	Possibly climate change, hunting, and competition with domestic dogs. [156]
1460-1660	Dwarf thick-knee	Burhinus nanus	Bahamas		Undetermined. [157]
1464-1637 [146] (1542-1618) [158]	Broad-billed moa	Euryapteryx curtus	North, South, and Stewart Island of New Zealand		Hunting. [146]
1500-1600	Finsch's duck	Chenonetta finschi	New Zealand	2014 (IUCN)	Hunting and predation by introduced Polynesian rats. [159]
1502	Olson's petrel	Bulweria bifax	Saint Helena	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and introduced predators? [160]
1503	Vespucci's giant rat	Noronhomys vespucii	Fernando de Noronha Island, Brazil	2008 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [161]
1520-1950 [15]	Galápagos giant rat	Megaoryzomys curioi	Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador		Possibly introduced predators. [162]
1525	Puerto Rican hutia	Isolobodon portoricensis	Hispaniola and Gonâve; Introduced to Puerto Rico, Mona, and U.S. Virgin Islands	1994-2008 (IUCN)	Possibly predation by introduced black rats. [163]
1525-1625 [5]	Cayman Islands hutia	Capromys sp.	Cayman Islands		Possibly hunting, introduced predators, and habitat loss caused by introduced ungulates. [132]
1550-1670 [5]	Hispaniolan edible rat	Brotomys voratus	Hispaniola	1994 (IUCN)	Introduced rats. [164]
1555	Ascension night heron	Nycticorax olsoni	Ascension Island		Probably predation by introduced cats and rats. [69]

17th century

• 
  Depiction of a live dodo by Ustad Mansur, c. 1625.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1600	Mauritian giant skink	Leiolopisma mauritiana	Mauritius	2021 (IUCN)	Probably introduced predators. [165] [166]
1600-1700	Hoffstetter's worm snake	Madatyphlops cariei		1994 (IUCN)
	Hodgens's waterhen	Tribonyx hodgenorum	New Zealand	2014 (IUCN)	Hunting and predation by Polynesian rats. [167]
1601?	Rodrigues blue pigeon	Alectroenas payandeei	Rodrigues		Possibly predation by introduced rats. [69]
1602	Mauritius white-throated rail	Dryolimnas sp.	Mauritius	1638	Hunting and predation by introduced mammals. [69]
1603	Bermuda hawk	Bermuteo avivorus	Bermuda	2014 (IUCN)	Possibly hunting and predation by introduced feral pigs and other animals. [168]
1609-1610	Bermuda saw-whet owl	Aegolius gradyi		1623 2014 (IUCN) [169]	Habitat destruction and introduced predators. [69]
	Bermuda towhee	Pipilio naufragus			Undetermined. [69]
1610	Bermuda night heron	Nyctanassa carcinocatactes		2014 (IUCN)	Possibly hunting and introduced predators. [170]
1623	Bermuda flicker	Colaptes oceanicus		2014 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced cats. [69]
1627 [171]	Eurasian aurochs	Bos primigenius primigenius	Mid-latitude Eurasia	2008 (IUCN)	Hunting, competition with, and diseases from domestic cattle. Domestic descendants survive worldwide, including feral populations. [172]
c. 1640 [173]	Saint Helena rail	Aphanocrex podarces	Saint Helena	1988 (IUCN)	Probably hunting [174] and predation by introduced cats, rats, and other mammals. [173]
	Saint Helena cuckoo	Nannococcyx psix			Possibly deforestation. [173]
	Saint Helena petrel	Pterodroma rupinarum			Probably deforestation and introduced mammals. [69]
	Saint Helena hoopoe	Upupa antaios			Possibly hunting and introduced predators. [175]
	Saint Helena crake	Zapornia astrictocarpus			Probably introduced predators. [176]
1656	Ascension crake	Mundia elpenor	Ascension Island		Possibly introduction of rats and cats, although it is not attested by the time they arrived in the 18th and 19th centuries. [177]
1670-1950 [71] [178]	Larger Malagasy hippopotamus	Hippopotamus laloumena	Eastern Madagascar		Increased human and cattle pressure after the introduction of prickly pear farming. [107] Its specific separation from the common hippopotamus has been questioned. [179]
1671-1672	Réunion blue pigeon	Alectroenas sp.	Réunion	1704	Probably hunting and predation by introduced cats. [69]
	Réunion sheldgoose	Alopochen kervazoi		1710 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and habitat destruction. [180]
	Réunion kestrel	Falco duboisi		2004 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [181]
1672 [69]	Réunion fody	Foudia delloni		2016 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced rats. [182]
1673-1675	Broad-billed parrot	Lophopsittacus mauritianus	Mauritius	1693 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting. [183]
1674	Réunion rail	Dryolimnas augusti	Réunion	2014 (IUCN)	Probably hunting and introduced rats and cats. [184]
	Réunion pigeon	Nesoenas duboisi		1988 (IUCN)	Probably introduced rats and cats. [185]
	Réunion night heron	Nycticorax duboisi			Hunting. [186]
1675-1755	Giant vampire bat	Desmodus draculae	Eastern South America; Central America (Pleistocene) [187]		Undetermined. [188]
1688	Dodo	Raphus cucullatus	Mauritius	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting. [189] [190]
1693	Mauritius sheldgoose	Alopochen mauritiana		1698 1988 (IUCN)
	Red rail	Aphanapteryx bonasia		1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and predation by introduced cats. [191]
	Mascarene coot [192]	Fulica newtonii	Mauritius and Réunion		Hunting. [193]
	Mauritius night heron	Nycticorax mauritianus	Mauritius		Probably hunting. [194]
1696	Mascarene teal	Anas theodori	Mauritius; Réunion?		Hunting. [195]

18th century

• 
  Drawing of Steller's sea cow by Sven Larsson Waxell (1742).

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
1700-1800	Imber's petrel	Pterodroma imberi	Chatham Islands, New Zealand		Hunting and predation by introduced cats. [69]
1705	Mascarene reed cormorant	Phalacrocorax africanus nanus	Mauritius and Réunion		Probably hunting and predation by introduced cats. [69]
1724	Guadeloupe parakeet	Psittacara labati	Guadeloupe	1988 (IUCN)	Probably hunting. [196]
1725-1726	Rodrigues petrel	Pterodroma sp.	Rodrigues		Predation by introduced cats and rats. [69]
1726	Rodrigues rail	Erythromachus leguati		1988 (IUCN)	Hunting. [197]
	Rodrigues owl	Mascarenotus murivorus			Probably hunting, deforestation, and predation by introduced animals. [198]
	Rodrigues starling	Necropsar rodericanus		1761 1988 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [199]
	Rodrigues pigeon	Nesoenas rodericanus		1988 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced black rats. [200]
	Rodrigues night heron	Nycticorax megacephalus		1761 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting. [201]
c. 1730	Mauritius wood pigeon	Columba thiriouxi	Mauritius	2014 (IUCN)	Hunting, predation by introduced black rats, and deforestation. [69]
	Mauritius turtle dove	Nesoenas cicur			Hunting, predation by introduced mammals, and deforestation. [69]
	Réunion swamphen	Porphyrio caerulescens	Réunion	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting. [202]
c. 1735-1844? [14] [203]	Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise	Cylindraspis inepta	Mauritius	1994 (IUCN)	Possibly hunting and introduced predators and competitors. [204] [205]
	Domed Mauritius giant tortoise	Cylindraspis triserrata
1742 [206]	Lesser Antillean macaw	Ara guadeloupensis	Guadeloupe		Undetermined. [69]
1746		Corynanthe brachythyrsus	Cameroon	1998 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [207]
1760 [208]	Atlantic gray whale	Eschrichtius robustus	North Atlantic and the Mediterranean	2007 (IUCN)	Whaling. The same species survives in the Pacific Ocean. [209]
1761	Rodrigues parrot	Necropsittacus rodricanus	Rodrigues	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting. [210]
	Rodrigues solitaire	Pezophaps solitaria		1778 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and predation by introduced cats. [211]
1762-1763	Steller's sea cow	Hydrodamalis gigas	Bering Sea; Northern Pacific coasts from Japan to Baja California (Pleistocene)	1768 1986 (IUCN)	Hunting and reduction of kelp as a result of sea otter hunting, which caused proliferation of kelp-eating sea urchins. [212]
1763	Réunion ibis	Threskiornis solitarius	Réunion	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting. [213] [214] [69]
1764	Mauritius grey parrot	Lophopsittacus bensoni	Mauritius and Réunion
1770	Seychelles purple swamphen	Porphyrio sp.	Mahé, Seychelles
1773	Raiatea parakeet	Cyanoramphus ulietanus	Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by introduced species. [215]
1774	Tanna ground dove	Alopecoenas ferrugineus	Tanna, Vanuatu		Hunting? [216]
	Raiatea starling	?Aplonis ulietensis	Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1850 2016 (IUCN)	Possibly predation by introduced rats. [217]
1777	Tongatapu rail	Hypotaenidia hypoleucus	Tongatapu, Tonga		Undetermined. [69]
	Moorea sandpiper	Prosobonia ellisi	Moorea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1988 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced rats. [218] [219]
	Tahiti sandpiper	Prosobonia leucoptera	Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia
1779	Martinique amazon	Amazona martinicana	Martinique		Probably hunting. [220]
	Guadeloupe amazon	Amazona violacea	Guadeloupe		Hunting. [221]
1784	Tahiti crake	Zapornia nigra	Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia		Possibly introduced predators. [222]
1790	White swamphen	Porphyrio albus	Lord Howe Island, Australia	1834 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting. [223]
1793	Amsterdam wigeon	Mareca marecula	Amsterdam Island, French Southern and Antarctic Lands	1874 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and predation by introduced rats. [69]
	Oceanic eclectus parrot	Eclectus infectus	Tonga and Vanuatu; Fiji?	2014 (IUCN)	Probably hunting and predation by introduced mammals. [224]
	Vava'u rail	Hypotaenidia sp.	Vava'u, Tonga		Possibly habitat destruction and introduced predators. [69]
1799-1800	Bluebuck	Hippotragus leucophaeus	Overberg; South Africa (Pleistocene)	1986 (IUCN) [225]	Vegetation change and disruption of migration routes after the Last Glacial Period, competition with domestic cattle, overhunting, and further habitat loss due to agriculture. [29]

19th century

1800s-1820s

• 
  Drawing of a spotted green pigeon by John Latham (1823).

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1800 [14]	Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise	Cylindraspis peltastes	Rodrigues	1994 (IUCN)	Possibly hunting and introduced predators and competitors. [226] [227]
	Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise	Cylindraspis vosmaeri
19th century	Sooty crayfish	Pacifastacus nigrescens	San Francisco Bay, California, United States	2010	Invasive fish and crayfish species, and urban development [228]
1802	Smooth handfish	Sympterichthys unipennis	Southeastern Tasmania?	2020 (IUCN)	Fishing? [229]
1806	Wynberg conebush	Leucadendron grandiflorum	Cape Peninsula, South Africa		Probably habitat destruction. [230]
1807	St. Paul Island duck	Mareca sp.	Île Saint-Paul, French Southern and Antarctic Lands		Hunting. [69]
1819 [231]	Kangaroo Island emu	Dromaius baudinianus	Kangaroo Island, Australia	1837 1988 (IUCN) [232]
1822 [233]	King Island emu	Dromaius minor	King Island, Australia	1988 (IUCN)
1823	Spotted green pigeon	Caloenas maculata	Tahiti, French Polynesia?	2008 (IUCN)	Hunting? [234]
	Madeira finch	Goniaphea leucocephala	Madeira, Portugal	1853	Undetermined. [69]
	Maupiti monarch	Pomarea pomarea	Maupiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1988 (IUCN)	Probably introduced species. [235]
1825	Mysterious starling	Aplonis mavornata	Mauke, Cook Islands		Predation by introduced brown rats. [236]
	ʻĀmaui	Myadestes woahensis	Oahu, Hawaii, United States		Possibly habitat destruction and introduced avian malaria. [237]
1826 [238]	Mauritius blue pigeon	Alectroenas nitidissimus	Mauritius		Deforestation. [69]
1827-1828	Kosrae crake	Zapornia monasa	Kosrae, Micronesia		Predation by introduced rats. [239]
1828	Kosrae starling	Aplonis corvina		1880 1988 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced rats. [240]
	Bonin grosbeak	Carpodacus ferreorostris	Bonin Islands, Japan	1854 1988 (IUCN)	Possibly deforestation and predation by introduced cats and rats. [241]
	Bonin thrush	Zoothera terrestris		1889 1988 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced cats and rats. [242]
c. 1829 [243]	Tonga ground skink	Tachygyia microlepis	Tonga	1996 (IUCN)	Habitat loss and predation by introduced dogs, pigs, and rats. [244]

1830s-1840s

• 
  Engraving of a Réunion giant tortoise by Johann David Schoepf (1792).

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
1834	Delalande's coua	Coua delalandei	Nosy Boraha, Madagascar	1994 (IUCN)	Deforestation. [245]
	Mascarene parrot [246]	Mascarinus mascarin	Réunion	1804 (wild) 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting. [247]
	Atlas bear	Ursus arctos crowtheri	Northern Maghreb		Possibly habitat fragmentation. [248] Two haplotypes are found in remains from the Vandal and Byzantine periods: one shared with Iberian bears that could have been introduced by humans, and another unique to Africa. [249] It is not known which type survived until more recent times.
1835	Darwin's large ground finch	Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris	Floreana and San Cristóbal, Galápagos Islands	1838	Habitat destruction and introduced predators. [69]
1837	Oʻahu ʻakialoa	Akialoa ellisiana [250]	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	2016 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat destruction and introduced disease. [251]
	Hoopoe starling	Fregilupus varius	Réunion	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly introduced disease, hunting, and habitat degradation. [252]
	Oʻahu ʻōʻō	Moho apicalis	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	1890 1988 (IUCN)	Habitat loss and introduction of disease-carrying mosquitos. [253]
	Mauritius owl	Mascarenotus sauzieri	Mauritius	1859 1988 (IUCN)	Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by introduced mammals. [254]
1838-1841 [255]	Oʻahu nukupuʻu	Hemignathus lucidus	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	1890	Undetermined.
1839	Réunion slit-eared skink	Gongylomorphus borbonicus	Réunion		Probably predation by introduced snakes. [256]
1839-1841	Large Samoan flying fox	Pteropus coxi	Samoan Islands	2020 (IUCN) [257]	Undetermined.
c. 1840 [14]	Réunion giant tortoise	Cylindraspis indica	Réunion	1994 (IUCN) [258]
1840	Dieffenbach's Rail	Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	1872 1988 (IUCN)	Possibly introduced predators and habitat loss from fire. [259]
1842	Rodrigues giant day gecko	Phelsuma gigas	Rodrigues	1874	Possibly introduced Norway rats. [256]
1844	Black-fronted parakeet	Cyanorhamphus zealandicus	Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by introduced species. [260]

1850s-1860s

• 
  Painting of great auks by John James Audubon (1827-1838).

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1850	Daudin's giant tortoise	Aldabrachelys gigantea daudinii	Mahé, Seychelles		Undetermined. [14]
	Floreana giant tortoise	Chelonoidis niger	Floreana, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador	1996 (IUCN)	Probably hunting and introduced species. Hybrid descendants of C. niger and C. becki survive in nearby Isabela Island. [261]
	Southern black rhinoceros	Diceros bicornis bicornis	Southwestern Africa		Undetermined. [262]
	Christmas sandpiper	Prosobonia cancellata	Kiritimati, Kiribati	2014 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced cats and rats. [263]
1850	Turquoise-throated puffleg	Eriocnemis godini	Northern Ecuador		Habitat destruction. [264]
	Spectacled cormorant	Phalacrocorax perspicillatus	Commander Islands, Russia; Northeast Japan (Pleistocene) [265]	1882 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting. [266]
1850-1875 [267]	String tree	Acalypha rubrinervis	Central ridge of St Helena island	1998 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [268]
1851	Belido	Chitala lopis	Northwestern Java, Indonesia	2020 (IUCN)	Overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction for agriculture and urban development. [269]
	Tasmanian emu	Dromaius novaehollandiae diemenensis	Tasmania, Australia		Hunting. [270]
	Norfolk kākā [271]	Nestor productus	Norfolk Island, Australia	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting [272] and habitat destruction by introduced rabbits, pigs, and goats. [69]
Before 1852	Letitia's thorntail	Discosura letitiae	Bolivia		Undetermined. [69]
1852	Great auk	Pinguinus impennis	North Atlantic and western Mediterranean	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting. [273] [69]
1853	Lord Howe pigeon	Columba vitiensis godmanae	Lord Howe Island, Australia
1856	Small Samoan flying fox	Pteropus allenorum	Upolu, Samoa	2020 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [274]
1859	Kioea	Chaetoptila angustipluma	Hawai'i, Oahu, and Maui, Hawaii, United States	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly deforestation, hunting, and introduced predators. [275]
c. 1860 [276]	Sea mink	Neovison macrodon	Atlantic coast of Canada and New England	2002 (IUCN)	Hunting for the fur trade. [277]
1860		Pseudoyersinia brevipennis	Hyères, France	2020 (IUCN) [278]	Undetermined.
	Gould's emerald	Riccordia elegans	Jamaica?	1988 (IUCN) [279]
	Jamaican poorwill	Siphonorhis americana	Jamaica		Predation by introduced black rats, brown rats, and small Indian mongooses. [280]
1862 [281]	Small Mauritian flying fox	Pteropus subniger	Mauritius and Réunion	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and deforestation. [282]
1863	Mbashe River buff	Deloneura immaculata	Eastern Cape Province, South Africa	1994 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [283]
1865	Cape lion	Panthera leo melanochaita	Cape Province, South Africa		Extermination campaign. [284] Genetics do not support subspecific differentiation between the Cape lion and living lions in Eastern Africa; if placed in a single subspecies, it would be P. l. melanochaita because of being the older name. [285]
1866 [286]	Siau scops owl	Otus manadensis siaoensis	Siau Island, Indonesia		Deforestation. [69]
1867 [287]	Eastern elk	Cervus canadensis canadensis	Eastern North America	1880 [288]	Hunting. It's been argued (based on genetic data) that most or all elk subspecies in North America are actually the same, which would be C. c. canadensis due to being named first. [289] [290]
1868 [291]	Kawaihae hibiscadelphus	Hibiscadelphus bombycinus	Kawaihae, Hawaii, United States [292]	1998 (IUCN)	Undetermined.
1869	Huahine warbler	Acrocephalus musae garretti	Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1921	Possibly predation by introduced rats. [69]

1870s

• 
  A drawing of a Falkland Islands wolf published in The Illustrated London News (1873).

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
1870	North Island snipe	Coenocorypha barrierensis	North Island, New Zealand	2014 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced Polynesian rats and feral cats. [293]
1870-1873	Raiatea warbler	Acrocephalus musae musae	Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia		Undetermined. [69]
1871	Spined dwarf mantis	Ameles fasciipennis	Tolentino, Italy	2020 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat loss to agriculture. [294]
	Cape warthog	Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus	Cape Province, South Africa		Undetermined. [295]
1873	Tristan moorhen [69]	Gallinula nesiotis	Tristan da Cunha	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting, predation by introduced cats, rats, and pigs; and habitat destruction by fire. [296]
	Samoan woodhen [297]	Pareudiastes pacificus	Savai'i, Samoa		Hunting and predation by introduced cats, rats, pigs, and dogs. [298]
Before 1874	Large Palau flying fox	Pteropus pilosus	Palau	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly hunting and habitat degradation. [299]
1874	Coues's gadwall	Mareca strepera couesi	Teraina, Line Islands, Kiribati	1924	Probably hunting and introduced predators. [69]
	Percy Island flying fox	Pteropus brunneus	Percy Islands, Australia	1996 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat loss. [300]
1875	Newton's parakeet	Alexandrinus exsul	Rodrigues	1988 (IUCN)	Probably habitat loss and hunting. The last pairs may have been killed by the 1876 cyclone season. [301]
	North Island little spotted kiwi	Apteryx owenii iredalei	North Island, New Zealand		Hunting, habitat degradation, and predation by introduced mammals. [69]
	Labrador duck [302]	Camptorhynchus labradorius	Atlantic coast of Canada and New England	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting, egg harvesting, and habitat loss. [303]
	New Zealand quail	Coturnix novaezelandiae	New Zealand		Introduced diseases? [304]
	Broad-faced potoroo	Potorous platyops	Western Australia	1982 (IUCN)	Predation by feral cats and habitat loss. [305]
1876	Falkland Islands wolf	Dusicyon australis	Falkland Islands	1986 (IUCN)	Extermination campaign. [306]
	Kermadec megapode	Megapodius sp.	Raoul, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand		Volcanic eruption. [69]
	Himalayan quail [307]	Ophrysia superciliosa	Uttarakhand, India		Hunting and habitat loss. [308]
1877	Brace's emerald	Riccordia bracei	New Providence, Bahamas	1988 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [309]
	Jamaican rice rat	Oryzomys antillarum	Jamaica	2008 (IUCN)	Competition with introduced rats, [78] or predation by introduced mongooses. [310]
1878	Navassa Island iguana	Cyclura cornuta onchiopsis	Navassa Island	2011 (IUCN)	Probably hunting. [311]
	Antioquia brown-banded antpitta	Grallaria milleri gilesi	Santa Elena, Antioquia, Colombia		Probably deforestation. [69]
	Madeiran land snail	Leiostyla lamellosa	Madeira, Portugal	1996 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [312]
		Pseudocampylaea lowii			Undetermined. [313]
1879	Macquarie Island banded rail	Hypotaenidia philippensis macquariensis	South Macquarie Island, Australia	1894	Predation by introduced cats, rats, weka, and overgrazing by introduced rabbits. [69]
	Jamaican petrel [314]	Pterodroma caribbaea	Jamaica; Dominica and Guadeloupe?		Hunting and predation by introduced rats, mongooses, pigs, and dogs. [315]

1880s

• 
  Only quagga photographed alive, at London Zoo in 1870.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
1880-1889? [316]	Parras characodon	Characodon garmani	Southern Coahuila, Mexico	1953 [317] 1988 (IUCN)	Probably habitat loss. [316]
c. 1881	Saint Lucia giant rice rat	Megalomys luciae	Saint Lucia	1994 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced mongooses. [318]
1881	Jamaican wood rail	Amaurolimnas concolor concolor	Jamaica		Possibly predation by introduced mongooses, cats, and rats. [69]
1883 [319]	Quagga	Equus quagga quagga	Cape Province, South Africa	1889 [320] 1986 (IUCN) [321]	Hunting.
1884	Hawaiian rail	Zapornia sandwichensis	Eastern Hawai'i (and Molokai?), United States	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly hunting and predation by introduced rats, cats, and dogs. [322]
1886	Martinique house wren	Troglodytes aedon martinicensis	Martinique		Undetermined. [69]
	Bennett's seaweed	Vanvoorstia bennettiana	Port Jackson, Australia	2003 (IUCN)	Habitat loss and pollution. [323]
c. 1889	Hokkaido wolf	Canis lupus hattai	Hokkaido, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Iturup and Kunashir [324]		Extermination campaign. [325] [ better source needed ]
1889	Cuban macaw	Ara tricolor	Cuba and Juventud	2000 (IUCN)	Hunting for food and the exotic pet trade. [69]
	Bonin wood pigeon	Columba versicolor	Bonin Islands, Japan	1988 (IUCN)	Deforestation and predation by introduced cats and rats. [326]
	Whiteline topminnow	Fundulus albolineatus	Huntsville, Alabama, United States	1986 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction. [316]
	Eastern hare-wallaby	Lagorchestes leporides	Interior southeastern Australia	1982 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat loss due to livestock grazing and wildfires. [327] [328]
	Bonin nankeen night heron	Nycticorax caledonicus crassirostris	Chichi-jima and Nakōdo-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan		Undetermined. [69] [329]
	Sturdee's pipistrelle	Pipistrellus sturdeei	Haha-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan	1994 (IUCN)

1890s

• 
  Kauaʻi nukupuʻu by J. G. Keulemans (1893-1900).

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1890 [330]	Portuguese ibex	Capra pyrenaica lusitanica	Portuguese-Galician border		Hunting.
1890	New Caledonian rail [331]	Cabalus lafresnayanus	New Caledonia		Probably predation by introduced dogs, cats, pigs, and rats. [332]
	Macquarie parakeet [333]	Cyanoramphus erythrotis	Macquarie Island, Australia	1894	Increased predation by introduced cats and weka after rabbits were introduced, boosting their numbers. [334]
	Kauaʻi nukupuʻu [335]	Hemignathus hanapepe	Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States		Undetermined.
1890-1899	New Zealand bittern	Ixobrychus novaezelandiae	New Zealand	1988 (IUCN) [336]
1891	Sulu bleeding-heart [337]	Gallicolumba menagei	Tawi-tawi, Sulu archipelago, Philippines		Possibly deforestation and hunting. [69]
	Raoul Island banded rail	Hypotaenidia sp.	Raoul, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand	1944	Predation by introduced cats or rats. [69]
	Lesser koa finch	Rhodacanthis flaviceps	Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States	1893 1988 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [338]
1892	Maui Nui ʻakialoa	Akialoa lanaiensis	Lana'i, Hawaii, United States	2016 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat destruction and introduced disease. [339]
	ʻUla-ʻai-hawane [340]	Ciridops anna	Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States	1988 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [341]
	Nendo tube-nosed fruit bat [342]	Nyctimene sanctacrucis	Santa Cruz Islands, Solomon Islands	1994 (IUCN)	Undetermined. Could be conspecific with the Island tube-nosed fruit bat. [343]
	St. Vincent pygmy rice rat	Oligoryzomys victus	St. Vincent	2008 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced brown rats, black rats, and mongooses. [344]
	Chatham fernbird	Poodytes rufescens	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat loss and predation by introduced cats. [345]
	Puerto Rican parakeet	Psittacara maugei	Puerto Rico and Mona Island		Possibly deforestation, hunting, and disease. [69]
	Marianne white-eye	Zosterops semiflavus	Marianne Island, Seychelles	1940 2016 (IUCN)	Deforestation, competition with introduced birds and predation by back rats. [69]
1893-1895	Chatham rail	Cabalus modestus	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	1988 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction, predation and competition with introduced mammals. [346]
1893	Harelip sucker	Lagochila lacera	Southeastern United States	1986 (IUCN)	Possibly water siltation and pollution. [316]
	Seychelles parakeet	Psittacula wardi	Seychelles	1906 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and habitat loss to agriculture. [347]
1894	Kona grosbeak	Chloridops kona	Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States	1988 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [348]
	North Island takahē	Porhyrio mantelli	North Island, New Zealand	2000 (IUCN)	Climate-induced reduction of grasslands and hunting. [349]
1895	Hawkins's rail	Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	2005 (IUCN)	Hunting. [350]
	Lyall's wren	Traversia lyalli	New Zealand	1895 1988 (IUCN)	Habitat loss and predation by introduced cats. [351]
1896	Greater koa finch	Rhodacanthis palmeri	Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States	1906 1988 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat destruction and introduced avian malaria. [352]
	Newfoundland wolf [353]	Canis lupus beothucus	Newfoundland, Canada		Hunting. [354]
1896-1906	Madeiran wood pigeon	Columba palumbus maderensis	Madeira, Portugal	1924	Undetermined. [355]
1897	Martinique giant rice rat	Megalomys desmarestii	Martinique	1994 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced mongooses. [356]
	Nelson's rice rat	Oryzomys nelsoni	Central María Madre Island, Mexico	1996 (IUCN)	Competition with introduced black rats. [357]
	Guadalupe towhee	Pipilio maculatus consobrinus	Guadalupe Island, Mexico	1954	Habitat destruction by introduced goats and predation by cats. [69]
	Guadalupe wren	Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda		1906	Habitat destruction by introduced goats. [69]
	Stephens Island piopio	Turnagra capensis minor	Stephens Island, New Zealand	1898	Predation by introduced cats. [69]
1899	Culebra Island amazon	Amazona vittata gracilipes	Culebra Island of Puerto Rico	1912	Deforestation and persecution by crop farmers. [69]
	Hawaii mamo	Drepanis pacifica	Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting, habitat destruction, and introduced disease. [358]

20th century

1900s

• 
  Painting of pig-footed bandicoots by John Gould.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1900	Caucasian moose	Alces alces caucasicus	Northern Caucasus and Transcaucasian shore of the Black Sea [359]		Hunting. The subspecies' validity is questioned because moose from Russia recolonized the Caucasian moose's former range naturally over the 20th century. [360]
	Saint Croix racer	Borikenophis sanctaecrucis	Saint Croix, United States Virgin Islands		Undetermined. [361]
	Gravenche	Coregonus hiemalis	Lake Geneva	2008 (IUCN)	Eutrophication and overfishing. [362]
c. 1900-1950	Lord Howe long-eared bat	Nyctophilus howensis	Lord Howe Island, Australia	2020 (IUCN)	Possibly predation by introduced owls and rats. [363]
1900	Leafshell	Epioblasma flexuosa	Tennessee, Cumberland, and Ohio River systems, United States	1983 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [364]
1901	Car Nicobar sparrowhawk [365]	Accipiter butleri butleri	Car Nicobar, Nicobar Islands	1995	Habitat destruction. [69]
	Southern pig-footed bandicoot [366]	Chaeropus ecaudatus	Interior Australia	1982 (IUCN)	Predation by feral cats and red foxes. [367]
	Tennessee riffleshell	Epioblasma propinqua	Tennessee, Cumberland, Wabash, and Ohio River systems, United States	1983 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [368]
	Greater ʻamakihi	Viridonia sagittirostris	Wailuku river, Hawai'i Island, United States	1988 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction for sugarcane agriculture. [369]
1902	Rocky Mountain locust	Melanoplus spretus	Rocky Mountains and North American Prairie	2014 (IUCN) [370]	Breeding habitat loss due to irrigation and cattle ranching.
	Auckland merganser	Mergus australis	South, Stewart, and Auckland Island, New Zealand	1910 1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and predation by introduced animals. [371]
	North Island piopio [372]	Turnagra tanagra	North Island, New Zealand	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat destruction, hunting, and predation by introduced cats and rats. [373]
1903	Guadalupe caracara	Caracara lutosa	Guadalupe Island, Mexico		Extermination campaign. [374]
	Stumptooth minnow	Stypodon signifer	Southern Coahuila, Mexico	1983 (IUCN)	Habitat degradation and pollution. [316]
1904	Choiseul pigeon	Microgoura meeki	Choiseul, Solomon Islands	1994 (IUCN)	Predation by feral dogs and cats. [375]
1905	Japanese wolf [376] [377] [378]	Canis lupus hodophilax	Honshū, Shikoku and Kyūshū, Japan		Hunting and a rabies-like epidemic. [325]
	South Island piopio [379]	Turnagra capensis	South Island, New Zealand	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat destruction and predation by introduced rats. [380]
1906	Chatham bellbird	Anthornis melanocephala	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	1938 1988 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat destruction, predation by rats and cats, and overhunting by collectionists. [381]
	Guadalupe flicker	Colaptes auratus rufipileus	Guadalupe Island, Mexico	1922	Habitat destruction and predation by introduced goats and cats. [69]
1907	Black mamo	Drepanis funerea	Molokai and Maui, Hawaii, United States	1988 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction by introduced cattle and deer, and predation by introduced rats and mongooses. [382]
	Huia [383] [384]	Heteralocha acutirostris	North Island, New Zealand		Hunting and deforestation of old growth forests to make pastures for livestock.
	Huia louse	Rallicola extinctus		1990	Extinction of its host. [385]
1908	Assumption rail	Dryolimnas cuvieri abbotti	Assumption Island, Seychelles	1937	Hunting, habitat destruction, and predation by introduced rats. [69]
	Siquijor hanging parrot	Loriculus philippensis siquijorensis	Siquijor, Philippines		Possibly deforestation and capture for the pet trade. [69]
		Persoonia laxa	Sydney's Northern Beaches, Australia	2020 (IUCN)	Probably habitat destruction. [386]
	Alejandro Selkirk firecrown	Sephanoides fernandensis leyboldi	Alejandro Selkirk Island?, Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile		Probably deforestation, predation and erosion caused by introduced cats, rats, goats, and rabbits, and competition of introduced plants with the nesting tree Luma apiculata . [69]
1909	Cumberland leafshell	Epioblasma stewardsonii	Tennessee and Coosa River systems, United States	1983 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [387]
	Bogotá sunangel	Heliantelus zusii	Northern Andes?		Possibly deforestation. [69]
	Tarpan	Equus ferus ferus	Europe		Hunting and hybridization with domestic horses. [388]

1910s

• 
  Depiction of juvenile, male, and female passenger pigeons, by Louis Agassiz Fuertes (1910).

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
1910	Southwestern thick-billed grasswren	Amytornis textilis macrourus	Southwest Australia		Drought and overgrazing by livestock and introduced mammals. [69]
	Maui hau kuahiwi [292]	Hibiscadelphus wilderianus	Maui, Hawaii, United States	1978 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [389]
	Yellowfin cutthroat trout	Oncorhynchus clarki macdonaldi	Twin Lakes, Colorado, United States		Hybridization with rainbow trout and competition with lake trout, both introduced. [316]
	Slender-billed grackle	Quiscalus palustris	Lerma River and Xochimilco, Mexico	1988 (IUCN)	Draining of marshlands. [390]
1911	Iwo Jima rail	Amaurornis cinerea breviceps	Naka Iwo Jima and Minami Iwo Jima, Bonin Islands, Japan		Habitat clearance for agriculture and predation by introduced cats and rats. [69]
	New Caledonian buttonquail	Turnix novaecaledoniae	New Caledonia		Hunting, habitat degradation and predation by introduced animals. [391]
1912	Namoi Valley thick-billed grasswren	Amytornis textilis inexpectatus	Central New South Wales, Australia		Undetermined. [69]
	Cape Verde giant skink [392]	Chioninia coctei	Cape Verde	1996 (IUCN)	Predation by feral cats. [393]
	Guadalupe storm petrel	Oceanodroma macrodactyla	Guadalupe Island, Mexico		Predation by feral cats, and habitat degradation by goat grazing. [394]
	Bornean Baillon's crake	Porzana pusilla mira	Borneo		Deforestation? [69]
1913	Laysan millerbird	Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris	Laysan, Hawaii, United States	1923	Habitat destruction by introduced rabbits. [69]
	New Caledonian lorikeet [395]	Charmosyna diadema	New Caledonia	1998	Undetermined. [396]
1914	Passenger pigeon [397] [398]	Ectopistes migratorius	Eastern North America	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and habitat loss.
	Laughing owl [399]	Ninox albifacies	New Zealand		Competition or predation by introduced stoats and cats. [400]
c. 1915 [401]	Kenai Peninsula wolf	Canis lupus alces	Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, United States		Extermination campaign.
1915 [402]	New Caledonian owlet-nightjar	Aegotheles savesi	Southwestern New Caledonia		Undetermined. [69]
1917	Cayenne nightjar	Antrostomus maculosus	Northwestern French Guiana
	Rodrigues day gecko	Phelsuma edwardnewtonii	Rodrigues	2021 (IUCN)	Possibly deforestation and predation by introduced rats and cats. [403]
1918	Dirk Hartog thick-billed grasswren	Amytornis textilis carteri	Dirk Hartog Island, Western Australia		Predation by introduced rats. [69]
	Lord Howe starling [69]	Aplonis fusca hulliana	Lord Howe Island, Australia	1928 1988 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced black rats. [404] [405]
	Robust white-eye	Zosterops strenuus
	Carolina parakeet [406]	Conuropsis carolinensis	Eastern and central United States	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting, habitat loss, and competition with introduced bees. [407]
	Lānaʻi hookbill	Dysmorodrepanis munroi	Lana'i, Hawaii, United States		Habitat destruction for pineapple agriculture, and predation by introduced cats and rats. [408]
1918-1952 [409]	Bernard's wolf	Canis lupus bernardi	Banks Island, Canada		Undetermined. It's been suggested that Bernard's wolf should be merged with the extant arctic wolf [410] or other wolves from the continent. [409]
1919	Appalachian Barbara's buttons	Marshallia grandiflora	Henderson and Polk counties, North Carolina, United States	2020	Undetermined. [411]

1920s

• 
  A paradise parrot photographed next to its burrow in 1922.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1920	Florida black wolf	Canis rufus floridanus	Eastern United States		Hunting and habitat loss. [412]
1920	True fera	Coregonus fera	Lake Geneva	2008 (IUCN)	Eutrophication and overfishing. [413]
1922	Great Plains wolf [414]	Canis lupus nubilus	North American prairie	1926 [415]	Extermination campaign. The Great Plains wolf has been later determined to be continuous morphologically [410] and genetically [416] with the still existing Mexican wolf, which would use the name C. l. nubilus if placed in the same subspecies, due to being the older one.
	Red-moustached fruit dove	Ptilinopus mercierii	Marquesas, French Polynesia	1994 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced great horned owls, rats, and cats. [417]
1923	Norfolk Island starling	Aplonis fusca fusca	Norfolk Island, Australia	1968 1988 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [404]
	Laysan honeycreeper	Himatione fraithii	Laysan, Hawaii, United States	2016 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction by introduced rabbits. [418]
	Nazareno	Monteverdia lineata	Western Cuba	2020 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat degradation. [419]
1924	Round combshell	Epioblasma personata	Tennessee, Wabash, and Ohio River systems, United States		Undetermined. [420]
	Lord Howe fantail	Rhipidura fuliginosa cervina	Lord Howe Island, Australia	1928	Probably predation by introduced rats. [69]
	California grizzly bear	Ursus arctos californicus	California, United States		Hunting. [421]
1925	Bubal hartebeest	Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus	North Africa and Southern Levant		Hunting. [422]
1926	Anthony's woodrat	Neotoma bryanti anthonyi	Isla Todos Santos, Mexico	2008 (IUCN)	Predation by feral cats. [423]
1927	Thick-billed ground dove	Alopecoenas salamonis	Solomon Islands	2005 (IUCN)	Probably habitat destruction, hunting, and predation by introduced cats and rats. [424]
	Caucasian wisent [425]	Bison bonasus caucasicus	Caucasus Mountains		Hunting. Hybrid descendants exist in captivity, and have been reintroduced to the wild. [426]
	Snake River sucker	Chasmistes muriei	Snake River, United States		Hybridization with the Utah sucker after dams changed the river's flow. [316]
	Syrian wild ass	Equus hemionus hemippus	Near East		Hunting. [427]
	Hawaii yellowwood	Ochrosia kilaueaensis	Hawai'i, Hawaii, United States	2020 (IUCN)	Habitat degradation by introduced plants, goats, and fires. [428]
	Cry pansy	Viola cryana	Cry, Yonne, France	2011 (IUCN)	Overcollection by botanists and limestone quarrying. [429]
1928	Utah Lake sculpin	Cottus echinatus	Utah Lake, Utah, United States		Increased water pollution and salinity caused by agriculture, and introduced fishes. The last individuals may have been killed by drought in the 1930s. [316]
	Lord Howe gerygone	Gerygone insularis	Lord Howe Island, Australia	1936 1988 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced rats. [430]
	Ethiopian amphibious rat	Nilopegamys plumbeus	Northwestern Ethiopia		Habitat destruction. [431] [432]
	Paradise parrot	Psephotellus pulcherrimus	Eastern Australia	1994 (IUCN)	Probably habitat degradation. [433]
	Eastwood's long-tailed seps	Tetradactylus eastwoodae	Limpopo, South Africa	1996 (IUCN)	Habitat loss. [434]
1929		Acalypha wilderi	Northwestern Rarotonga, Cook Islands	2014 (IUCN)	Deforestation for agriculture and housing development. Doubts exist about it being distinct from still living A. raivavensis and A. tubuaiensis; if indeed the same, the older name A. wilderi prevails. [435]
	St. Kitts bullfinch	Melopyrrha grandis	Saint Kitts	1972	Deforestation? [69]
	Makira woodhen [436]	Pareudiastes silvestris	Makira, Solomon Islands		Probably predation by introduced cats and rats. [69]
		Scleria chevalieri	Western Senegal	2020 (IUCN)	Draining of wetland habitat. [437]

1930s

• 
  "Benjamin", the last known thylacine, photographed in 1933.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1930	Western rufous bristlebird	Dasyornis broadbenti littoralis	Southwestern Australia		Burning of shrublands for pasture and predation by introduced cats. [69]
1930-1939	Tahiti rail	Hypotaenidia pacifica	Tahiti and Mehetia?, French Polynesia [69]	1988 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced cats and rats. [438]
	Nuku Hiva monarch [439]	Pomarea nukuhivae	Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia	1972 2006 (IUCN)	Probably habitat destruction and predation by introduced species. [440]
1930	St Kilda house mouse	Mus musculus muralis	St Kilda, Scotland		Complete evacuation of St Kilda's human population, which it depended on. [441]
	Darwin's Galápagos mouse	Nesoryzomys darwini	Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador	1994 (IUCN)	Competition, predation, and exotic pathogens from introduced black rats. [442]
	Silver trout	Salvelinus agassizi	Dublin Pond and Christine Lake, New Hampshire, United States	1986 (IUCN)	Overfishing and introduction of exotic fish. [316]
1931	Bunker's woodrat	Neotoma bryanti bunkeri	Coronados Islands, Mexico	2008 (IUCN)	Depletion of food resources and predation by feral cats. [443]
1932	Roosevelt's giant anole	Anolis roosevelti	Virgin Islands		Possibly deforestation. [444]
	Western Lewin's rail	Lewinia pectoralis clelandii	Southwest Australia	1980s	Drainage and burning of wetlands for agriculture and settlement. [69]
	Heath hen	Tympanuchus cupido cupido	East Coast of the United States		Hunting, predation by feral cats, wildfires, and histomoniasis transmitted by domestic poultry. [445] [446]
1933	Wolseley conebush	Leucadendron spirale	Breede River Valley, South Africa	2020 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction for timber plantations and agriculture, competition with invasive plants. [447]
1934	Lost shark	Carcharhinus obsoletus	Southern South China Sea		Fishing. [448]
	Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō	Moho nobilis	Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States	1988 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat loss and disease. [449]
	Indefatigable Galápagos mouse	Nesoryzomys indefessus	Santa Cruz and Baltra, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador	2008 (IUCN)	Introduction of black rats. [450]
	Aguelmame Sidi Ali trout [451]	Salmo pallaryi	Lake Aguelmame Sidi Ali, Morocco	2006 (IUCN)	Introduction of the common carp. [452]
1935 [453] [ better source needed ]	Desert rat-kangaroo [454]	Caloprymnus campestris	Central Australia	1994 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced red foxes and cats. [455]
	Mogollon mountain wolf	Canis lupus mogollonensis	Arizona, United States		Hunting. The subspecific differences between extinct Great Plains wolf, Mogollon mountain wolf, Southern Rocky Mountain wolf, and surviving Mexican wolf have been denied on morphological grounds. [410]
	Southern Rocky Mountain wolf	Canis lupus youngi	Southern Rocky Mountains
	Roque Chico de Salmor giant lizard	Gallotia simonyi simonyi	Off El Hierro, Canary Islands		Undetermined. [456]
1936	Ryukyu wood pigeon	Columba jouyi	Ryukyu, Japan	1988 (IUCN) [457]	Possibly deforestation. [69]
	Virgin Islands screech owl [458]	Megascops nudipes newtoni	Virgin Islands		Deforestation for agriculture. [69]
	Thylacine [267] [459] [460] [461] [462]	Thylacinus cynocephalus	Australia and New Guinea	1982 (IUCN) [463]	Competition with humans and dingos, extermination campaign (in Tasmania).
Bali tiger [464]	Panthera tigris balica	Bali, Indonesia		Hunting and habitat loss. Genetics do not support a subspecific differentiation with the living Sumatran tiger. [285]
Marquesas swamphen	Porphyrio paepae	Hiva Oa and Tahuata, Marquesas, French Polynesia	2014 (IUCN)	Probably hunting and predation by rats and cats. [465]
1938		Banara wilsonii	Puerto Padre, Cuba	2020 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction for sugarcane cultivation. [466]
	McGregor's house finch	Carpodacus mexicanus mcgregori	San Benito Island, Mexico		Undetermined. [69]
	Grand Cayman oriole [467]	Icterus leucopteryx bairdi	Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands		Deforestation. [69]
	Pahranagat spinedace	Lepidomeda altivelis	Pahranagat Valley, Nevada, United States	1986 (IUCN)	Competition and predation by introduced common carps, mosquitofish, and American bullfrogs. [316]
	Bougainville black-faced pitta	Pitta anerythra pallida	Bougainville Island, Papua-New Guinea		Undetermined. [69]
	Eastern cougar [468]	Puma concolor couguar	Eastern North America	2011 [469]	Hunting. Genetics do not support subspecies differentiation between the eastern cougar and living cougars in Florida and Western North America; [285] if placed under a single subspecies, this would have the name P. c. couguar because of being older.
	Grass Valley speckled dace	Rhynichthys osculus reliquus	Lander County, Nevada, United States		Introduction of the rainbow trout. [316]
	Daito varied tit	Sittiparus varius orii	Kitadaitōjima, Okinawa, Japan	1984-1986	Habitat destruction for agriculture and military infrastructure. [69]
	Schomburgk's deer [470]	Rucervus schomburgki	Central Thailand	1994 (IUCN)	Hunting. [471]
	Grand Cayman thrush	Turdus ravidus	Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands	1965 1988 (IUCN)	Probably habitat loss. [472]
	Mount Kenya potto	Perodicticus ibeanus stockleyi	Mount Kenya,Kenya		Most likely habitat loss for agriculture. [473]
1939	New Caledonian nightjar	Eurostopodus exul	Northwestern New Caledonia		Undetermined. [69]
	Toolache wallaby [474]	Notamcropus greyi	Southeastern Australia	1982 (IUCN)	Habitat loss to agriculture, hunting, and predation by introduced red fox. [475]
		Roystonea stellata	Baracoa, eastern Cuba	2020 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction for coffee cultivation. [476]

1940s

• 
  Laysan rail photographed in 1913.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1940	Sugarspoon	Epioblasma arcaeformis	Cumberland and Tennessee river systems, United States	1983 (IUCN)	Damming. [477]
1940	Lesser ʻakialoa	Akialoa obscura	Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States	1994 (IUCN)	Possibly deforestation and introduced disease-carrying mosquitos. [478]
	Cascade mountain wolf [453] [ better source needed ]	Canis lupus fuscus	Continental Cascadia [410]		Hunting.
	Las Vegas dace	Rhinichthys deaconi	Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, United States	1965 1986 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction. [316]
	Javan lapwing	Vanellus macropterus	Java, Indonesia		Hunting and habitat loss to agriculture. [479]
c. 1941 [480]	Arabian ostrich	Struthio camelus syriacus	Arabian Peninsula and the Near East		Hunting. [481]
1942	Texas gray wolf [453] [ better source needed ]	Canis lupus monstrabilis	Texas, United States		Hunting. The Texas gray wolf has been at times included within either the extinct Great Plains wolf or the living Mexican wolf on morphological grounds. [410]
	Chapin's crombec	Sylvietta leucophrys chapini	Lendu Plateau, Democratic Republic of the Congo		Deforestation. [69]
1943		Eriocaulon inundatum	Senegal coast	2020 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction for salt mining. [482]
	Cebu hanging parrot [483]	Loriculus philippensis chrysonotus	Cebu, Philippines		Deforestation. [69]
	Barbary lion [484]	Panthera leo leo	North Africa		Habitat loss from desertification and human activities, followed by extermination campaign. Hybrid descendants are believed to exist in captivity. [485] However, genetics do not support subspecies differentiation with living wild lions in Asia, West and Central Africa, [285] which would be named P. l. leo if placed within a single subspecies.
	Desert bandicoot [486]	Perameles eremiana	Central Australia	1982 (IUCN)	Predation by cats and foxes, competition with European rabbits, and changes to the fire regime after the British colonization of Australia. [487]
1944	American ivory-billed woodpecker [488] [489]	Campephilus principalis principalis	Southern United States		Logging and hunting. [490]
	Laysan rail	Zapornia palmeri	Laysan, Hawaii, United States	1988 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction by introduced rabbits and guinea pigs, and predation by introduced rats. [491]
1944-1947	Aruba amazon	Amazona barbadensis canifrons	Aruba		Persecution by farmers and exotic pet trade. [69]
1945	Wake Island rail	Hypotaenidia wakensis	Wake Island, United States	1988 (IUCN)	Hunting and destruction caused by fighting in World War II. [492]
1948	Ash Meadows killifish	Empetrichthys merriami	Ash Meadows, Nevada, United States	1986 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced American Bullfrogs and red swamp crayfish. [316]
1949	Sinú parakeet	Pyrrhura subandina	Sinú Valley, Córdoba, Colombia		Possibly hunting and habitat loss. [69]
	Pink-headed duck [493]	Rhodonessa caryophyllacea	Northeast India, Bangladesh, and northern Myanmar		Habitat loss to agriculture. [494]

1950s

• 
  Japanese sea lion drawn by Philipp Franz von Siebold (1823-1829).

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1950	Little Swan Island hutia	Geocapromys thoracatus	Little Swan Island, Honduras	1996 (IUCN)	Introduced rats. [495]
1950-1959		Barbus microbarbis	Lake Luhondo, Rwanda	2006 (IUCN)	Introduced Tilapia and Haplochromis . [496]
		Eriocaulon jordanii	Sierra Leone coast	2020 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat destruction for rice cultivation. [497]
	San Martín Island woodrat	Neotoma bryanti martinensis	Isla San Martín, Mexico	2008 (IUCN)	Predation by feral cats. [498]
	Tawi-tawi buttonquail	Turnix sylvaticus suluensis	Jolo and Tawi-tawi, Sulu, Philippines		Possibly deforestation and predation by introduced animals. [69]
1951		Afrocyclops pauliani	Antananarivo, Madagascar	1996 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [499]
	Japanese sea lion [500]	Zalophus japonicus	Japanese Islands and Korea	1994 (IUCN)	Hunting. [501]
1952	Niceforo's pintail	Anas georgica niceforoi	Central Colombia		Possibly hunting and habitat degradation. [69]
	Deepwater cisco	Coregonus johannae	Lakes Michigan and Huron	1986 (IUCN)	Overfishing, predation by introduced lampreys, and hybridization with more common ciscoes. [316]
	Caribbean monk seal [502]	Neomonachus tropicalis	Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, and Gulf of Mexico	1994 (IUCN) 2008 [503]	Hunting. [504]
	San Benedicto rock wren	Salpinctes obsoletus exsul	San Benedicto, Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico		Eruption of the El Boquerón vent. [69]
	New Mexico sharp-tailed grouse	Tympanuchus phasianellus hueyi	New Mexico (and Colorado?), United States		Aridification and habitat destruction. [69]
1953	Ilin Island cloudrunner [505]	Crateromys paulus	Mindoro and Ilin Islands, Philippines		Deforestation? [506]
	Raycraft Ranch killifish	Empetrichthys latos concavus	Pahrump Valley, Nevada, United States		Predation by introduced carps and bullfrogs. [316]
		Faramea chiapensis	Selva Negra, Chiapas, Mexico	2020 (IUCN)	Deforestation for agriculture. [507]
	Negros fruit dove	Ptilinopus arcanus	Negros Island, Philippines		Deforestation? [69]
		Schizothorax saltans	Talas River basin, Kazakhstan	2020 (IUCN)	Water extraction, pollution, and fisheries. [508]
1954	Maravillas red shiner	Cyprinella lutrensis blairi	Maravillas Creek, Texas, United States	1987	Introduction of plains killifish. [316]
	Plateau chub	Evarra eigenmanni	Chalco and Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels, Valley of Mexico	1986 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction and pollution. [509]
1955 [510]	Itombwe nightjar	Caprimulgus prigoginei	Central Africa?		Deforestation? [69]
1956	Coosa elktoe	Alasmidonta mccordi	Coosa River, Alabama, United States	2000 (IUCN)	Impoundment of the Coosa River. [511]
	Imperial woodpecker	Campephilus imperialis	North-Central Mexico		Hunting and habitat loss. [512]
	Levuana moth [513]	Levuana iridescens	Viti Levu, Fiji	1994 (IUCN) [514]	Introduction of the parasitic fly Bessa remota by coconut farmers, as a form of biological pest control. However, it's been argued that L. iridescens was not actually native to Fiji and that lack of post-1956 records is the result of diminished enthomological research after Fiji's independence. [513]
	Crescent nail-tail wallaby [515]	Onychogalea lunata	Western and central Australia	1982 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced foxes and feral cats, human-induced habitat degradation. [516]
1957	Thicktail chub	Gila crassicauda	California Central Valley and San Francisco Bay, United States	1986 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction for agriculture and introduced fish. [316]
	Scioto madtom	Noturus trautmani	Big Darby Creek, Ohio, United States	2013 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [517]
	Hainan ormosia [518]	Ormosia howii	Hainan and Guangdong, China	1998 (IUCN)	Possibly deforestation for agriculture. [519]
1958	Pahrump Ranch poolfish	Empetrichthys latos pahrump	Nye County, Nevada, United States		Habitat destruction by excessive water pumping. [316]
	Blue Pike	Stizostedion vitreum glaucum	Lake Erie, Ontario, and Niagara River	1983	Overfishing and hybridization with walleye. [520]
	Sandhills crayfish	Procambarus angustatus	Sand Hills, Georgia, United States	2010 (IUCN)	[521]
1959	Rennell Island teal	Anas gibberifrons remissia	Rennell Island, Solomon Islands		Competition with introduced Tilapia. [69]
	Santa Barbara song sparrow	Melospiza melodia graminea	Santa Barbara Island, California, United States	1983	Wildfire. [520]

1960s

• 
  Syr Darya sturgeon by K.T. Kessler (1874).

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1960	Lesser bilby	Macrotis leucura	Deserts of Australia	1982 (IUCN)	Probably predation by introduced cats and red foxes, and changes to the fire regime. [522]
1960	Candango mouse	Juscelinomys candango	Brasilia, Brazil	2008 (IUCN)	Urban sprawl. [523]
1960-1969		Pantanodon madagascariensis	Mahambo, Madagascar	2004 (IUCN)	Introduced Gambusia . [524]
	Syr Darya sturgeon	Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi	Syr Darya river		Draining of the Aral Sea. [525]
1961	Northern white-winged apalis	Apalis chariessa chariessa	Lower Tana river, Kenya		Deforestation. [69]
	Viesca mud turtle	Kinosternon hirtipes megacephalum	Southwestern Coahuila, Mexico		Aridification. [526]
	Semper's warbler [527]	Leucopeza semperi	St Lucia mountains		Predation by introduced Javan mongooses. [528]
	Durango shiner	Notropis aulidion	Tunal river, Durango, Mexico	1990 (IUCN)	Pollution and introduced species. [316]
	Zacatecas Worthen's sparrow	Spizella wortheni browni	Northwest Zacatecas, Mexico	1991	Habitat destruction caused by agriculture, overgrazing, cattle-induced erosion, and decline of native herbivores. [69]
1961-1963	Kākāwahie	Paroreomyza flammea	Molokai, Hawaii, United States	1979 1994 (IUCN)	Probably habitat destruction and introduced disease. [529]
1962	Du Toit's torrent frog	Arthroleptides dutoiti	Kenya-Uganda border		Possibly habitat degradation and chytridiomycosis. [530]
	Red-bellied gracile opossum	Cryptonanus ignitus	Jujuy, Argentina	2008 (IUCN)	Habitat loss to agriculture and industry development. [531]
	Saint Helena darter	Sympetrum dilatatum	Saint Helena	1996-2021 (IUCN)	Probably deforestation and predation by extinct aquatic carnivores including the African clawed frog. [532]
1963	Eskimo curlew [533]	Numenius borealis	Northwestern Canada and Alaska, and Southern Cone		Hunting and habitat destruction. [534] [535]
		Ptychochromis onilahy	Onilahy River, Madagascar	2004 (IUCN)	Overfishing, deforestation leading to increased sedimentation, and competition with introduced tilapias. [536]
1964	Hawaii chaff flower	Achyranthes atollensis	The atolls Kure, Midway, Pearl and Hermes, and Laysan of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, United States	2003 (IUCN)	Habitat loss due to the construction of military installations. [537]
		Barbodes disa	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	2020 (IUCN)	Overfishing and predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper. [538] [539] [540] [541] [542] [543]
	Katapa-tapa	Barbodes flavifuscus
	Kandar	Barbodes lanaoensis
	Bitungu	Barbodes pachycheilus
		Barbodes palata
	Bagangan	Barbodes resimus
	South Island snipe	Coenocorypha iredalei	South and Stewart islands, New Zealand	2014 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced animals. [544]
	Lake Ontario kiyi	Coregonus kiyi orientalis	Lake Ontario		Overfishing, introduction of exotic species, eutrophication, and water pollution. [316]
	Goldman's yellow rail	Coturnicops noveboracensis goldmani	Lerma River, Mexico		Undetermined. [69]
	Rio Grande bluntnose shiner	Notropis simus simus	Upper Rio Grande		Possibly habitat degradation and introduced species. [316]
	Crested shelduck [545]	Tadorna cristata	Primorye, Hokkaido, and Korea; Northeastern China?		Undetermined. [546]
1965	Turgid blossom	Epioblasma turgidula	Southern Appalachians and Cumberland Plateau, United States		Damming and water pollution. [547]
1966	Independence Valley tui chub	Gila bicolor isolata	Warm Springs, Nevada, United States		Predation by introduced species. [316]
1967	Narrow catspaw	Epioblasma lenior	Tennessee River system, United States	1983-2000 (IUCN)	Damming. [548]
	Saint Helena earwig	Labidura herculeana	Saint Helena	2014 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced animals. [549]
	New Zealand greater short-tailed bat	Mystacina robusta	New Zealand	1988 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced Polynesian and black rats. [550]
1968	Amistad gambusia	Gambusia amistadensis	Goodenough Spring, Texas, United States	1986 (IUCN) 1987	Flooding of the spring by the Amistad Reservoir, hybridization and predation. [520] [316]
	San Clemente wren	Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys	San Clemente, Channel Islands of California, United States		Vegetation destruction by introduced goats and sheep. [69]
1969	Kauaʻi ʻakialoa	Akialoa stejnegeri	Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States	2016 (IUCN)	Possibly habitat destruction and introduced disease. [551]
	Blackfin cisco	Coregonus nigripinnis	Lakes Michigan and Huron	1996 (IUCN)	Overfishing, predation by introduced sea lampreys, and hybridization with other ciscoes. [316]
	Tubercled blossom	Epioblasma torulosa torulosa	Tennessee and Ohio River systems, United States		Impoundment, siltation, and pollution. [552]
1969-1970 [553]	Kouprey	Bos sauveli	Northeastern Cambodia		Hunting. [554]

1970s

• 
  Yunnan lake newts by George Albert Boulenger (1905).

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1970	Socorro elf owl	Micrathene whitneyi graysoni	Socorro, Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico		Habitat degradation. [69]
1970	Mexican dace	Evarra bustamantei	Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels, Valley of Mexico	1986 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction and pollution. [555] [556]
	Endorheic chub	Evarra tlahuacensis	Lake Chalco, Valley of Mexico
	Saudi gazelle	Gazella saudiya	Arabian Peninsula	2008 (IUCN)	Hunting. [557]
	Clear Lake splittail	Pogonichthys ciscoides	Clear Lake and its tributaries, California, United States	1986 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction and pollution from agriculture. [316]
1970-1979	Pagan reed warbler	Acrocephalus yamashinae	Pagan, Northern Mariana Islands	1981 2016 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction and predation by introduced rats and cats. [69]
	Acornshell	Epioblasma haysiana	Tennessee and Cumberland River systems, United States	1994 (IUCN)	Exposure to domestic sewage. [558]
	Western Turner's eremomela	Eremomela turneri kalindei	Southeast D. R. Congo and southwest Uganda		Deforestation. [69]
	Nubian wild ass	Equus africanus africanus	Nubian Desert		Hunting and competition with livestock. [559]
1970-1989		Aplocheilichthys sp. nov. 'Naivasha'	Lake Naivasha, Kenya	2004 (IUCN)	Competition and predation by introduced fish. [560]
1971	Ticao Tarictic hornbill	Penelopidis panini ticaensis	Ticao Island, Philippines		Habitat destruction. [69]
1972	Tecopa pupfish	Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae	Tecopa Hot Springs, California, United States	1982	Habitat degradation and introduced bluegill sunfish and mosquito fish. [520]
	Tropical acidweed	Desmarestia tropica	Galápagos Islands, Ecuador		Undetermined. [561] [562]
	Mason River myrtle	Myrcia skeldingii	Mason River, Jamaica	1998 (IUCN)
	Bushwren	Xenicus longipes	New Zealand	1994 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced cats, rats, weasels, and stoats. [69]
1973	Moorea reed warbler	Acrocephalus longirostris	Moorea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1987	Possibly predation by introduced animals, deforestation, or avian malaria. [69]
	Bitungu	Barbodes truncatulus	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	2020 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper. [563]
	Bar-winged rail	Hypotaenidia poeciloptera	Fiji	1994 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced cats and mongooses. [564]
	Guadeloupe house wren	Troglodytes aedon guadeloupensis	Guadeloupe		Deforestation. [69]
1974		Barbodes herrei	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	2020 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper. [565]
	Vanua Levu long-legged thicketbird [566]	Cincloramphus rufus cluniei	Vanua Levu, Fiji		Undetermined. [69]
	Flores rail	Lewinia pectoralis exsul	South and west Flores, Indonesia
	Aragua robber frog	Pristimantis anotis	Henri Pittier National Park, Aragua, Venezuela		Chytridiomycosis? [567]
1975	Bagangan	Barbodes clemensi	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	2020 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper. [568] [569]
	Bitungu	Barbodes palaemophagus
	Round Island burrowing boa	Bolyeria multocarinata	Round Island, Mauritius?	1996 (IUCN)	Habitat degradation by introduced goats and rabbits. [570]
	Longjaw cisco	Coregonus alpenae	Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Erie	1986 (IUCN)	Overfishing, predation by introduced sea lampreys, and hybridization with introduced ciscoes. [316]
	Phantom shiner	Notropis orca	Rio Grande		Possibly habitat loss, hybridization with the bluntnose shiner, and introduction of exotic fishes. [316]
1976		Barbodes tras	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	2020 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper. [571]
	Jalpa false brook salamander	Pseudoeurycea exspectata	Cerro Miramundo, Jalapa, Guatemala		Possibly logging and cattle grazing. [572]
	Mexican grizzly bear	Ursus arctos nelsoni	Aridoamerica		Hunting. [573]
1977		Barbodes katolo	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	2020 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper. [574] [575]
		Barbodes manalak
	Gonâve eastern chat-tanager	Calyptophilus frugivorus abbotti	Gonâve Island, Haiti		Deforestation. [69]
	Colombian grebe	Podiceps andinus	Bogotá wetlands, Colombia	1994 (IUCN)	Habitat loss, pollution, hunting, and predation of chicks by introduced rainbow trout. [576]
	Eiao monarch	Pomarea fluxa	Eiao, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia	2006 (IUCN)	Possibly predation by introduced cats, black rats, and Polynesian rats; disease transmitted by introduced chestnut-breasted mannikin, and habitat loss due to grazing by sheep. [577]
1978		Craugastor myllomyllon	Finca Volcán, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala	2020 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction for agriculture. [578]
	White-eyed river martin	Eurochelidon sirintarae	Central Thailand		Hunting and habitat loss. [579]
	Little earth hutia	Mesocapromys sanfelipensis	Key Juan García, Cuba		Hunting, man-made fires, and competition with black rats. [580]
1979	Yunnan lake newt	Cynops wolterstorffi	Kunming Lake, Yunnan, China	2004 (IUCN)	Pollution, habitat destruction, and introduced fish and frog species. [581]
	Caspian tiger [582]	Panthera tigris virgata	Transcaucasia, Kurdistan, Hyrcania, Afghanistan, and Turkestan		Hunting and desertification. [284] Genetics do not support subspecific differentiation with extant mainland tigers. [285]
	Mount Glorious day frog	Taudactylus diurnus	Southeast Queensland, Australia	2002 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [583]

1980s

• 
  Ivory-billed woodpecker pair photographed in 1935.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
1980 [584]	Olomaʻo	Myadestes lanaiensis	Maui, Lana'i, and Molokai, Hawaii		Disease and habitat degradation caused by introduced pigs, axis deer, and mosquitos. [585]
1980-1985	Roberts's lechwe	Kobus leche robertsi	Luongo and Kalungwishi drainage systems, Luapula, Zambia	1994 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [586]
1981		Anabarilius macrolepis	Yilong Lake, Yunnan, China	2011 (IUCN)	Drying of the lake for 20 days, after excessive water abstraction for agriculture. [587]
	Mariana mallard [588]	Anas platyrhynchos oustaleti	Mariana Islands	2004	Hunting and habitat loss to agriculture. [589]
	Yilong carp	Cyprinus yilongensis	Yilong Lake, Yunnan, China	1996 (IUCN)	Drying of the lake after excessive water abstraction for agriculture. [590]
	Canary Islands oystercatcher	Haematopus meadewaldoi	Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Spain; Senegal	1994 (IUCN)	Overharvesting of intertidal invertebrates. [591]
	Puhielelu hibiscadelphus	Hibiscadelphus crucibracteatus	Lana'i, Hawaii, United States	1998 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced axis deer. [292]
	Bishop's ʻōʻō	Moho bishopi	Molokai, Hawaii, United States	2000 (IUCN)	Habitat loss to agriculture and livestock grazing, followed by the introduction of black rats and disease-carrying mosquitos. [592]
	Southern gastric-brooding frog	Rheobatrachus silus	Southeast Queensland, Australia	2002 (IUCN)	Undetermined, possibly chytridiomycosis. [593]
1982-1983	Galápagos damsel	Azurina eupalama	Galápagos Islands, Ecuador		1982-83 El Niño event. [594]
1982	Pait	Barbodes amarus	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	2020 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced fishes. [595]
	Samaná eastern chat-tanager	Calyptophilus frugivorus frugivorus	Samaná Peninsula, Dominican Republic		Deforestation. [69]
1983	San Marcos gambusia	Gambusia georgei	San Marcos spring and river, Texas, United States	1990 (IUCN)	Reduced flow and pollution from agriculture, introduced fishes and plants ( Colocasia esculenta ), and hybridization with Gambusia affinis . [596]
	24-rayed sunstar	Heliaster solaris	Galápagos Islands, Ecuador		1982-83 El Niño event. [597]
	Japanese otter	Lutra nippon [598]	Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku, Japan	2012	Hunting and habitat loss. [599]
	Guam flycatcher	Myiagra freycineti	Guam	1994 (IUCN) 2004 [589]	Predation by the introduced brown tree snake. [600]
	Formosan clouded leopard [601] [ better source needed ]	Neofelis nebulosa brachyura	Taiwan	2013	Hunting. Subspecific status has been denied on morphological and genetic grounds. [285]
	Aldabra brush-warbler	Nesillas aldabrana	Malabar Island, Seychelles	1994 (IUCN)	Possibly predation by introduced cats and rats, and habitat degradation by goats and tortoises. [602]
	Guam bridled white-eye	Zosterops conspicillatus conspicillatus	Guam		Predation by introduced brown tree snakes. [69]
1983-1986	Atitlán grebe	Podilymbus gigas	Lake Atitlán, Guatemala	1994 (IUCN)	Predation and competition with introduced largemouth bass, water level fall after the 1976 Guatemala earthquake, and degradation of breeding sites due to reed-cutting and tourism development. [603]
1984	Green blossom	Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum	Tennessee River system, United States		Impoundment, siltation, and pollution. [552]
	Javan tiger	Panthera tigris sondaica	Java, Indonesia	1994	Hunting and habitat loss. [284] Genetics do not support subspecies differentiation with the extant Sumatran tiger; if placed in the same subspecies, this would have the name P. t. sondaica due to being older. [285]
	Guam rufous fantail	Rhipidura rufifrons uraniae	Guam		Predation by introduced brown tree snakes. [69]
c. 1985	California condor louse	Colpocephalum californici	North America		Delousing of all surviving California condors before beginning their captive breeding program. [15]
1985	Timucua heart lichen	Cora timucua	Florida, United States		Habitat destruction for urban development. [604]
	Christmas Island shrew	Crocidura trichura	Christmas Island, Australia		Undetermined. [605]
	Kāmaʻo [606]	Myadestes myadestinus	Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States	2004 (IUCN)	Habitat loss and disease spread by introduced mosquitos. [607]
	Ua Pou monarch [307]	Pomarea mira	Ua Pou, Marquesas, French Polynesia		Deforestation and predation by introduced black rats. [608]
	Northern gastric-brooding frog	Rheobatrachus vitellinus	Mid-eastern Queensland, Australia	2002 (IUCN)	Undetermined, possibly chytridiomycosis. [609]
	Alaotra grebe [610]	Tachybaptus rufolavatus	Lake Alaotra, Madagascar	2010 (IUCN)	Hunting, accidental capture in nylon gillnets, predation and competition with introduced largemouth bass, striped snakehead, and Tilapia ; habitat degradation from agriculture, and hybridization with the little grebe. [611]
1986	Pass stubfoot toad	Atelopus senex	Central Costa Rica	2020 (IUCN)	Possibly chytridiomycosis or climate change. [612]
	Zanzibar leopard [613]	Panthera pardus adersi	Unguja Island, Tanzania		Extermination campaign. [284] The subspecies has been subsumed into the extant African leopard on morphological grounds. [614]
	Eastern Canary Islands chiffchaff	Phylloscopus canariensis exsul	Lanzarote and Fuerteventura?, Canary Islands		Habitat loss? [69]
	Banff longnose dace	Rhinichthys cataractae smithi	Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada	1987	Habitat degradation, competition and hybridization with introduced fishes. [615]
1987	Dusky seaside sparrow [616]	Ammospiza maritima nigrescens	Merritt Island and the St. Johns River, Florida, United States	1990	Flooding and draining of marshes to reduce mosquito population. [617]
	Cuban ivory-billed woodpecker [618]	Campephilus principalis bairdii	Cuba		Habitat loss. [490]
	Kauaʻi ʻōʻō	Moho braccatus	Kauaʻi, Hawaii, United States	2000 (IUCN)	Habitat loss and introduced black rats, pigs, and disease-carrying mosquitos. The last female was killed by Hurricane Iwa during the 1982-1983 El Niño event. [619]
		Namibcypris costata	Southern Kaokoveld, Namibia	1996 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction. [620]
1988	Maui ʻakepa	Loxops ochraceus	Maui, Hawaii, United States		Undetermined. [621]
	Bachman's warbler [622]	Vermivora bachmanii	Southeastern United States and Cuba		Habitat destruction from swampland draining and sugarcane agriculture. [623]
1989	Golden toad	Incilius periglenes	Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, Costa Rica	2020 (IUCN)	Anthropogenic global warming, chytridiomycosis, and airborne pollution. [624]
	Jamaican golden swallow	Tachycineta euchrysea euchrysea	Jamaica		Deforestation? [69]
	Malabar large-spotted civet	Viverra civettina	Western Ghats, India		Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by domestic dogs. [625]

1990s

• 
  A Chiriqui harlequin frog, one of several recent amphibian extinctions.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
1990 [626]	Nechisar nightjar	Caprimulgus solala	Nechisar National Park, Ethiopia		Undetermined. [69]
1990-1999 [627]	Magdalena tinamou	Crypturellus erythropus saltuarius	Magdalena River Valley, Colombia
1991	Baolan	Barbodes baoulan	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	2020 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced fishes. [628]
Alvarez's dwarf crayfish	Cambarellus alvarezi	Potosí Spring, Nuevo León, Mexico	2010 (IUCN)	Water abstraction [629]
1992	Splendid poison frog	Oophaga speciosa	Western Panama		Chytridiomycosis. [630]
1993	Moroccan bustard	Ardeotis arabs lynesi	Western Morocco		Undetermined. [69]
1994		Pachnodus velutinus	Mahé, Seychelles	2000 (IUCN)	Hybridization with Pachnodus niger . [631]
1995	Aguijan reed warbler	Acrocephalus nijoi	Aguijan, Mariana Islands	2000-2009 2016 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction. [69]
	Maui nukupu'u	Hemignathus affinis	Maui, Hawaii, United States		Undetermined. [69]
1996	Chiriqui harlequin frog	Atelopus chiriquiensis	Talamanca-Chiriqui mountains, Costa Rica	2020 (IUCN)	Chytridiomycosis. [632]
	Norfolk Island boobook	Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata	Norfolk Island, Australia		Deforestation leading to increased competition for nest-hollows with honeybees and crimson rosellas. Descendants of hybrids with the New Zealand subspecies survive in the island. [69]
	Barbary leopard	Panthera pardus panthera	Atlas Mountains		Hunting. [284] The subspecies has been subsumed into the extant African leopard on morphological grounds. [614]
	Swollen Raiatea Tree Snail [633]	Partula turgida	Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1996 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails. [634]
1997	Green and red venter harlequin toad	Atelopus pinangoi	Mérida, Venezuela		Chytridiomicosis, habitat destruction, and predation by introduced trout. [635]
	Sangihe dwarf kingfisher	Ceyx fallax sangirensis	Sangihe Islands, Indonesia		Habitat destruction. [69]
	Sakaraha pygmy kingfisher	Corythornis madagascariensis dilutus	Southwestern Madagascar		Undetermined. [69] [636]
	Iberian lynx louse	Felicola isidoroi	Iberian Peninsula

3rd millennium CE

21st century

2000s

• 
  Illustration of a baiji ( Lipotes vexillifer )

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
2000	Pyrenean ibex [637]	Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica	Pyrenees; [330] Cantabrian Mountains? [638]	2000 (IUCN) [639]	Hunting, competition for pastures and diseases from exotic and domestic ungulates. [640] [641]
2001	Glaucous macaw	Anodorhynchus glaucus	Border area of Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, and Uruguay		Deforestation for agriculture and livestock grazing, particularly of the Yatay palm in which it fed. [642]
	Slender-billed curlew	Numenius tenuirostris	Western Eurasia and northern Africa		Hunting and habitat destruction. [69]
2002	Chinese river dolphin [643]	Lipotes vexillifer	Middle and lower Yangtze, China	2007 [644]	Fishing, habitat destruction, and vessel strikes. [645]
	Polynesian tree snail [633]	Partula labrusca	Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	2007 (IUCN)	Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails. [646]
2003	Osgood's Ethiopian toad	Altiphrynoides osgoodi	South-central Ethiopian mountains		Habitat degradation. [647]
	Saint Helena olive [648]	Nesiota elliptica	Saint Helena	2004 (IUCN)	Deforestation for fuel and timber, and use of the land for plantations of New Zealand flax, leading to inbreeding depression and fungal infections from reduced numbers. [649]
	Chinese paddlefish	Psephurus gladius	Yangtze and Yellow River basins, China	2019 (IUCN)	Overfishing and construction of the Gezhouba Dam blocking the anadromous spawning migration [650] [651]
2004	Po'ouli	Melamprosops phaeosoma	Eastern Maui, Hawaii, United States		Introduced avian malaria and predators. [652]
2006	Western black rhinoceros	Diceros bicornis longipes	South Sudan to Nigerian-Niger border area	2011 (IUCN)	Hunting. [653]
2007	South Island kōkako [654]	Callaeas cinereus	South Island, New Zealand		Habitat destruction from logging and grazing ungulates, and predation by introduced black rats, brush-tailed possums, and stoats. [655]
	Cryptic Treehunter	Cichlocolaptes mazarbarnetti	Northeastern Brazil	2019 (IUCN)	Extensive habitat loss due to logging and sugar cane production. [656]
2009	Bramble Cay melomys	Melomys rubicola	Bramble Cay, Australia	2015 (IUCN) [657]	Sea level rise as a consequence of global warming. [658]
	Christmas Island pipistrelle	Pipistrellus murrayi	Christmas Island, Australia	2017 (IUCN)	Undetermined. [659]

2010s

• 
  "Lonesome George", the last full-blooded Pinta Island tortoise, photographed in 2006.

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
2010	Vietnamese rhinoceros	Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus	South China and Indochina	2011	Hunting. [660]
2011	Alagoas foliage-gleaner	Philydor novaesi	Alagoas and Pernambuco, Brazil	2019 (IUCN)	Deforestation. [69]
2012 [661]	Pinta Island tortoise	Chelonoidis abingdonii	Pinta, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador	2012 (IUCN) [662]	Hunting and overgrazing by introduced goats. Hybrid descendants exist in other Galapagos islands, as a result of human intervention. [663]
2014 [664]	Christmas Island forest skink	Emoia nativitatis	Christmas Island, Australia	2017 (IUCN)	Habitat loss to mining and predation by introduced Indian wolf snake and yellow crazy ant. [665]
2016 [666] [667]	Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog	Ecnomiohyla rabborum	El Valle de Antón, Panama	2016	Chytridiomycosis. [668]
2019 [669]	Oahu treesnail	Achatinella apexfulva	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	2019	Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails. [670]

See also

• List of extinct animals
• Extinction event
• Quaternary extinction event
• Holocene extinction
• Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
• Timeline of environmental history
• Index of environmental articles
• List of environmental issues

References

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2. Tyrberg, T. (2008). The Late Pleistocene continental avian extinction—An evaluation of the fossil evidence. Oryctos, 7, 249-269.
3. A previously obtained 8580-8260 BCE date is considered dubious. Barnett, R.; Shapiro, B.; Barnes, I. A. N.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Burger, J.; Yamaguchi, N.; Higham, T. F. G.; Wheeler, H. T.; Rosendahl, W.; Sher, A. V.; Sotnikova, M.; Kuznetsova, T.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Martin, L. D.; Harington, C. R.; Burns, J. A.; Cooper, A. (2009). "Phylogeography of lions (Panthera leo ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity". Molecular Ecology. 18 (8): 1668–1677. Bibcode:2009MolEc..18.1668B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x. PMID   19302360. S2CID   46716748.
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6. Naughton, D. (2003). Annotated bibliography of Quaternary vertebrates of northern North America: with radiocarbon dates. University of Toronto Press, 539 pages.
7. Steadman, David W.; Martin, Paul S.; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Jull, A. J. T.; McDonald, H. Gregory; Woods, Charles A.; Iturralde-Vinent, Manuel; Hodgins, Gregory W. L. (16 August 2005). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (33): 11763–8. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211763S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0502777102 . PMC   1187974 . PMID   16085711.
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11. Martin, Paul S.; Klein, Richard G. (1989). Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution. University of Arizona Press. ISBN   978-0-231-03733-4.
12. "Navahoceros fricki".
13. Bravo-Cuevas, V. M., & Jiménez-Hidalgo, E. (2018). Advances on the paleobiology of late Pleistocene mammals from central and southern Mexico. In The Pleistocene, Geography, Geology and Fauna, eds G. Huard and J. Gareau (New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers), 277-313.
14. Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. A.G.J. Rhodin, P.C.H. Pritchard, P.P. van Dijk, R.A. Saumure, K.A. Buhlmann, J.B. Iverson, and R.A. Mittermeier, Eds. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000e.fossil.checklist.v1.2015
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16. A previous datation to 8570-8270 BCE is considered dubious.
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24. Younger remains dated to 7250-6750 BCE could be E. conversidens or E. francisci . Toomey, R. S. (1993). Late Pleistocene and Holocene faunal and environmental changes at Hall's Cave, Kerr County, Texas (Doctoral dissertation).
25. Feranec, R.S., & Kozlowski, A.L. (2010) AMS radiocarbon dates from Pleistocene and Holocene mammals housed in the New York state museum, Albany, New York, USA. Radiocarbon, 52(1), 205-208.
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29. Faith, J.T. (2014) Late Pleistocene and Holocene mammal extinctions on continental Africa. Earth-Science Reviews, 128, 105-121.
30. Barnosky, A. D., & Lindsey, E. L. (2010). Timing of Quaternary megafaunal extinction in South America in relation to human arrival and climate change. Quaternary International, 217(1-2), 10-29.
31. Der Sarkissian, C. et al. (2015). Mitochondrial genomes reveal the extinct Hippidion as an outgroup to all living equids. Biology Letters, 11(3), 20141058.
32. Villavicencio, N. A., Corcoran, D., & Marquet, P. A. (2019). Assessing the causes behind the Late Quaternary extinction of horses in South America using Species Distribution Models. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 226.
33. Ubilla, M., et al. (2018) Mammals in last 30 to 7 ka interval (Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene) in southern Uruguay (Santa Lucía River Basin): last occurrences, climate, and biogeography. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 25(2), 291-300.
34. Samonds, K.E. 2007. Late Pleistocene bat fossils from Anjohibe Cave, northwestern Madagascar. Acta Chiropterologica 9(1):39–65.
35. Labarca, R., & Alcaraz, M. A. (2011). Presencia de Antifer ultra Ameghino (= Antifer niemeyeri Casamiquela)(Artiodactyla, Cervidae) en el Pleistoceno tardío-Holoceno temprano de Chile central (30-35° S). Andean geology, 38(1), 156-170.
36. Kosintsev, P. (2007). Late Pleistocene large mammal faunas from the Urals. Quaternary International, 160(1), 112-120.
37. Wang, Y., Pedersen, M.W., Alsos, I.G. et al. Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics. Nature (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04016-x
38. Dantas, M.A.T., & Cozzuol, M.A. (2016) The Brazilian intertropical fauna from 60 to about 10 ka BP: taxonomy, dating, diet, and Paleoenvironments. In Marine Isotope Stage 3 in Southern South America, 60 KA BP-30 KA BP, pages 207-226.
39. Cartelle, C., De Iuliis, G., & Pujos, F. (2015). Eremotherium laurillardi (Lund, 1842) (Xenarthra, Megatheriinae) is the only valid megatheriine sloth species in the Pleistocene of intertropical Brazil: A response to Faure et al., 2014. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 14(1), 15-23.
40. Routledge, J. (2020). Ostrich Eggshell from the Far Eastern Steppe: Stable Isotopic Exploration of Range, Commodification, and Extirpation (Doctoral dissertation, Trent University (Canada)).
41. Farmer, D. (2012) Avian Biology. Elsevier.
42. Turvey, S.T. et al. (2021). Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in India: How much do we know?. Quaternary Science Reviews, 252, p. 106740.
43. Remains assigned to Equus sp.; E. scotti is considered likely on the basis of size. A younger datation of E. scotti to 900-720 BCE is dubious according to Naughton (2003).
44. Miño-Boilini, A. R., Carlini, A. A., Chiesa, J. O., Lucero, N. P., & Zurita, A. E. (2009). First record of Scelidodon chiliense (Lydekker)(Phyllophaga, Scelidotheriinae) from the Lujanian stage (late Pleistocene-early Holocene) of Argentina. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen, 253, 373-381.
45. A younger datation to 3095-2775 BCE is considered dubious.