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The following is a list of adjectival forms of cities in English and their demonymic equivalents, which denote the people or the inhabitants of these cities.
Demonyms ending in -ese are the same in the singular and plural forms.
The ending -man has feminine equivalent -woman (e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman). The French terminations -ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine; adding 'e' (-oise / aise) makes them singular feminine; 'es' (-oises / aises) makes them plural feminine. The Spanish termination "-o" usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the "-o" and adding "-a". The plural forms are usually "-os" and "-as", respectively.
Adjectives ending -ish can be used as collective demonyms (e.g. the English, the Cornish). So can those ending in -ch / -tch (e.g. the French, the Dutch) provided they are pronounced with a 'ch' /tʃ/ sound (e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify as its -ch is pronounced /k/).
Where an adjective is a link, the link is to the language or dialect of the same name.
Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms also refer to various other things, sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words. Additionally, sometimes the use of one or more additional words is optional. Notable examples are cheeses, cat breeds, dog breeds, and horse breeds.
Note: Many of these adjectivals and demonyms are not used in English as frequently as their counterparts in other languages. A common practice is to use a city's name as if it were an adjective, as in "Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra", "Melbourne suburbs", etc.
City | Adjective | Demonym |
---|---|---|
Aalborg | Aalborgenser | Aalborgenser |
Aarhus | Aarhusian | Aarhusian |
Aberdeen | Aberdonian | Aberdonian |
Abidjan | Abidjanais | Abidjanais |
Accra | Accran | Accran |
Adana | Adanite | Adanite |
Adelaide | Adelaidean | Adelaidean |
Addis Ababa | Addis Ababan, Addis Ababian | Addis Ababan, Addis Ababian |
Ahmedabad | Amdavadi | Amdavadi |
Aguascalientes | Hidrocálido | Hidrocálido |
Agde | Agathois | Agathois |
Aix-en-Provence | Aixois | Aixois |
Albany | Albanian | Albanian |
Albuquerque | Albuquerquean | Albuquerquean, Burqueño |
Aleppo | Aleppine | Aleppine |
Alexandria | Alexandrian | Alexandrine |
Algiers | Algérois | Algérois |
Almería | Almerian, Almeriense, Urcitano | Almerian, Almeriense, Urcitano |
Alpine [ which? ] | Alpinian | Alpinian |
Amalfi | Amalfitan | Amalfitan |
Amman | Ammani | Ammani |
Ammon | Ammonite | Ammonite |
Amparo | Amparense | Amparense |
Amsterdam | Amsterdammer | Amsterdammer |
Anchorage | Anchorageite | Anchorageite |
Andong | Andong, Andongite | Andongite |
Ankara | Ankarite | Ankarite |
Angeles | Angelino | Angelino |
Angers | Anjou | Angevin |
Annapolis, Maryland | Annapolitan | Annapolitan |
Antakya | Antakyan, Antiochian | Antakyan, Antiochian |
Antalya | Antalyan | Antalyan |
Antipolo | Antipoleño | Antipoleño |
Aosta | Aostan, Aostain | Aostan, Aostain |
Aqaba | Aqabawi | Aqabawi |
Arequipa | Arequipeño (m), Arequipeña (f) | Arequipeño (m), Arequipeña (f) |
Arlington | Arlingtonian | Arlingtonian |
Armagh | Armachian | Armachian |
Armidale | Armidilian | Armidilian |
Ashdod | Ashdodi | Ashdodi |
Asheville | Ashevillain | Ashevillain |
Ashkelon | Ashkelonian | Ashkelonian |
Asmara | Asmaran | Asmaran |
Asunción | Asunceno | Asunceno |
Athens | Athenian, Attic [a] | Athenian |
Atlanta | Atlantan | Atlantan |
Auckland | Auckland | Aucklander, Jafa |
Austin | Austonian | Austinite |
Aydın | Aydinian | Aydinian |
Bacolod | Bacolodnon | Bacolodnon |
Bakersfield | Bakersfieldian | Bakersfieldian, Baker |
Baku | Bakuvian | Bakuvian |
Balıkesir | Balikesirian | Balikesirian |
Baltimore | Baltimorean, Baltimorese | Baltimorean, Baltimorese |
Bandung | Bandungite | Bandungite |
Bangalore | Bangalorean | Bangalorean |
Bangkok | Bangkokian | Bangkokian |
Barcelona | Barcelonian | Barcelonian |
Barisal | Barisali | Barisali, Borishali, Barisailla, Borishailla |
Basel | Basler | Basler, Bebbi |
Bath | Bathonian | Bathonian |
Baton Rouge | Baton Rougean | Baton Rougean |
Bedford | Bedfordian (not Bedfordite) | Bedfordian |
Beersheba | Beersheban | Beersheban |
Beijing | Beijingese | Beijinger |
Beirut | Beiruti | Beiruti |
Belém | Belenense | Belenense |
Belfast | Belfast, Belfastian | Belfastie, Belfaster, Belfastian, Belfastite |
Belford Roxo | Belforroxense | |
Belo Horizonte | Belo-Horizontino | Belo-Horizontino |
Belgrade | Belgradian | Belgradian, Belgrader |
Bellinzona | Bellinzonese | |
Benevento | Beneventan | Beneventan |
Bengeo | Bengean | Bengean |
Bergamo | Bergamasque | Bergamasque |
Bergen | Bergener | Bergenese |
Berlin | Berliner, Berlinese | Berliner |
Bern | Bernese | Bernese |
Béziers | Bitterois | Bitterois |
Bhopal | Bhopali | Bhopali |
Birmingham | Brummie | Brummie |
Birmingham, Alabama | Birminghamian | Birminghamian, Birminghamster, Ham'r |
Blackburn | Blackburnian | Blackburnian |
Blois | Blesois | |
Bnei Brak | Bnei Brakian | Bnei Brakian |
Bodrum | Bodrumian | Bodrumite |
Boise | Boisean | Boisean |
Bologna | Bolognese | Bolognese |
Bogotá | Bogotano (m), Bogotana (f) | Bogotano (m), Bogotana (f), Rolo (m), Rola (f) |
Bolgatanga | Guruŋa | Guruŋa |
Bolton | Boltonian | Boltonian |
Bordeaux | Bordelais | Bordelais |
Bossangoa | Bossangoan | Bossangoan |
Boston | Bostonian | Bostonian, Bostonite, Bostoner, Hubbite |
Bradford | Bradfordian | Bradfordian |
Brasília | Brasiliense | Brasiliense |
Bratislava | Bratislavan | Bratislavan |
Bremen | Bremer | Bremer |
Brescia | Brescian | Brescian |
Brighton | Brightonian | Brightonian |
Brisbane | Brisbanian | Brisbanite, Brisbanian, Brisvegan (slang), Briswegian (slang) |
Bristol | Bristolian | Bristolian |
Brooklyn | Brooklynite | Brooklynite |
Brussels | Brusseler [1] | Brusseler |
Bucaramanga | Bumangués (m), Bumanguésa (f), Santandereano (m), Santandereana (f) | Bumangués (m), Bumanguésa (f), Santandereano (m), Santandereana (f) |
Bucharest | Bucharestian | Bucharester |
Budapest | Budapestian | Budapester, Budapestian |
Buenos Aires | Porteño | Porteño |
Buffalo | Buffalonian | Buffalonian |
Burlington | Burlingtonian | Burlingtonian |
Bursa | Bursanese | Bursanese |
Busan | Busan, Busanian | Busanian |
Cádiz | Gaditano, | Gaditano |
Calais | Calais | Calaisiens |
Cagayan de Oro | Cagayanon | Cagayanon |
Cairns | Cairnsite | Cairnsite |
Cairo | Cairene | Cairene |
Calgary | Calgarian | Calgarian |
Cali | Caleño | Caleño |
Cambridge | Cantabrigian [b] | Cantabrigian [b] |
Cambridge, Massachusetts | Cantabrigian | Cantabrigian |
Campinas | Campineiro | Campineiro |
Campo Grande | Campo-grandense | campo-grandense |
Canberra | Canberran | Canberran |
Cape Town | Capetonian | Capetonian, Kapenaar |
Caracas | Caraquenian | Caraqueño (m), Caraqueña (f) |
Cardiff | Cardiffian | Cardiffian |
Carlisle | Carlislian | Carlislian |
Carson City | Carsonite | Carsonite |
Cartagena | Cartagenero (m), Cartagenera (f) | Cartagenero (m), Cartagenera (f) |
Carystus | Carystian | Christian |
Casper | Casperite | Casperite |
Castlecrag | Castlecragian | Cragman |
Cebu | Cebuano | Cebuano |
Changwon | Changwon, Changwonian | Changwonian |
Charleston (South Carolina) | Charlestonian | Charlestonian |
Charleston (West Virginia) | Charlestonian | Charlestonian |
Charlotte | Charlottean | Charlottean |
Chelmsford | Chelmsfordian | Chelmsfordian |
Cheltenham | Cheltonian | Cheltonian |
Chennai | Chennaite | Chennaite |
Chester | Cestrian | Cestrian |
Chesterfield | Cestrefeldian | Cestrefeldian |
Cheyenne | Cheyenneite | Cheyenneite |
Chiasso | Chiassese | |
Chicago | Chicagoan | Chicagoan |
Chichester | Cicestrian | Cicestrian |
Chilliwack | Chilliwackian | Chilliwackian, Chilliwacker, Chilliwhacko |
Chittagong | Chittagonian | Chittagonian, Chottogrami, Chatigaiya, Sitainga, Chittagainga |
Christchurch | Cantabrian | Cantabrian |
Cincinnati | Cincinnatian | Cincinnatian |
Cleveland | Clevelander | Clevelander |
Coimbatore | Coimbatoreian | Coimbatoreian |
Colchester | Colchester | Colcestrian |
Columbus | Columbusite | Columbusite |
Copenhagen | Copenhagener | Copenhagener |
Córdoba | Cordobés, Cordobense | Cordobés |
Corinth | Corinthian | Corinthian |
Cork | Cork | Corkonian, Leesider |
Coventry | Coventrian | Coventrian |
Culiacán | Culichi | Culiacanense |
Cusco | Cusco | Cusqueño (m), Cusqueña (f), Cuzqueño (m), Cuzqueña (f) |
Curitiba | Curitibano | Curitibano |
Daegu | Daegu, Daeguite | Daeguite |
Dalaman | Dalamanian | Dalamanian |
Dallas | Dallasite | Dallasite |
Da Lat | Dalatese | Dalatese |
Dakar | Dakarois | Dakarois |
Damascus | Damascene | Damascene |
Darwin | Darwinian [c] | Darwinian [c] |
Davao | Davaoeño | Davaoeño (masc.) Davaoeña (fem.) |
Delhi | Delhiite | Delhiite |
Denizli | Denizlian | Denizlian |
Denver | Denverite | Denverite |
Derry | Derry | Derrian |
Des Moines | Des Moineser, Des Moinesite | Des Moineser, Des Moinesite |
Detroit | Detroiter | Detroiter |
Devonport | Devonportian | Devonportian |
Dhaka | Dhakai | Dhakai, Dhakaiya, Dhakaite |
Diyarbakır | Diyarbakirian | Diyarbakirian |
Dresden | Dresdener | Dresdener |
Dublin | Dublin | Dubliner, Dub |
Dubai | Dubaite | Dubaite |
Duluth | Duluthian | Duluthian |
Dundee | Dundonian | Dundonian |
Dunedin | Dunedin | Dunedinite |
Durango | Durangoan | Duranguense, Durangoan |
Durban | Durban | Durbanite |
East Troy | East Trojan | East Trojan |
Edinburgh | Edinburgensian [d] [2] | Embran, Edinburger [e] [3] |
Edmonton | Edmontonian | Edmontonian |
Eilat | Eilatian | Eilatian |
El Paso | El Pasoan | El Pasoan |
Épalinges | Palinsard | Palinsard |
Epidaurus | Epidaurian | Epidaurian |
Erzurum | Erzurumian | Erzurumian |
Eskişehir | Eskishehirian | Eskishehirian |
Eugene | Eugenean, Eugenian | Eugenean, Eugenian |
Everett | Everettite | Everettite |
Exeter | Exonian | Exonian |
Famagusta | Salaminioti | Salaminioti |
Fargo | Fargoan | Fargoan |
Ferrara | Ferrarese | Ferrarese |
Fethiye | Fethiyennese | Fethiyennese |
Filettino | Filettinesi | Filettinesi |
Finchley | Finchleian | Finchleian |
Florence | Florentine | Florentine |
Fort Lauderdale | Fort Lauderdaler, Fort Lauderdalian | |
Fort Wayne | Fort Wayner | |
Fort Worth | Fort Worthian, Fort Worther | |
Foz do Iguaçu | Iguaçuense | Iguaçuense |
Frankfurt | Frankfurter | Frankfurter |
Fredericton | Frederictonian | Frederictonian |
Fresno | Fresnan | Fresnan, Fresnoan, Fresnian |
Galway | Galway | Galwegian |
Gaza | Gazan | Gazan |
Gaziantep | Antepian | Antepian |
Gibraltar | Gibraltarian | |
Geelong | Geelong | Geelongite, Pivotonian |
Geneva | Genevan, Genevese, Genfer | Genevan, Genevese, Genfer |
Genoa | Genoese | Genoese |
Geoje | Geoje | Geojeite |
Germiston | Germistonian | Germistonian |
Ghent | Ghentian | Ghentian |
Glasgow | Glaswegian | Glaswegian, Weegie [4] |
Godalming | Godhelmian | Godhelmian, Godalminger |
Gold Coast | Gold Coast | Gold Coaster |
Gosford | Gosford | Gosfordian |
Gothenburg | Gothenburger | Gothenburger |
Granada | Granadino, Granadí, Iliberitano | Granadino, Iliberitano |
Grand Rapids | Grand Rapidian | Grand Rapidian |
Graz | Grazer | Grazer |
Grenoble | Grenoblois | Grenoblois |
Guadalajara | Tapatío | Tapatío |
Guangzhou (Canton) | Cantonese | Cantonese |
Guayaquil | Guayaquilean | Guayaquilean |
Guelph | Guelphite | Guelphite [5] |
Gumi | Gumi, Gumite | Gumite |
Gwangju | Gwangju, Gwangjuite | Gwangjuite |
Gyeongju | Gyeongju, Gyeongjuite | Gyeongjuite |
The Hague | Haguer | Haguer |
Haifa | Haifan | Haifan |
Halifax | Haligonian | Haligonian |
Hamburg | Hamburgian | Hamburger |
Hamilton (Canada) | Hamiltonian | Hamiltonian |
Hamilton (New Zealand) | Hamiltonian | Hamiltonian |
Hanoi | Hanoian | Hanoian |
Hanover | Hanoverian | Hanoverian |
Harare | Hararean | Hararean |
Harbin | Harbinite | Harbinite |
Harrisburg | Harrisburger | Harrisburger |
Hartlepool | Hartlepudlian | Hartlepudlian, Monkey hanger |
Hastings | Hastingite | Hastingite |
Hastings | Hastinger | Hastinger |
Hatay | Hatayan (see also, Antakya) | Hatayan (see also, Antakya) |
Havana | Havanan; Habanero (m), Habanera (f) | Havanan; Habanero (m), Habanera (f) |
Helsinki | Helsinkian | Helsinkian |
Ho Chi Minh City | Saigonese | Saigoner, Saigonese |
Hobart | Hobartian | Hobartian |
Holon | Holonian | Holonian |
Hong Kong | Hong Kong, Hongkongish, Hongkongese | Hongkonger, Hongkongish, Honger, Hongkongese, Honkey |
Honolulu | Honolulan | Honolulan |
Houston | Houstonian | Houstonian, Houstonite |
Huelva | Onubense, Huelveño | Onubense, Huelveño |
Hyderabad | Hyderabadi | Hyderabadi |
Iloilo | Ilonggo | Ilonggo |
Incheon | Incheon, Incheoner | Incheoner |
Indianapolis | Hoosier | Hoosier, Indianapolitan |
Invercargill | Invercargill | Invercargillite, Invercargillonian |
Inverness | Invernessian | Invernessian |
Iowa City | Iowa Citian | Iowa Citian |
Ipoh | Ipohan, Ipohian, Ipohite | Ipohan, Ipohian, Ipohite |
Iqaluit | Iqalummiuq, Iqalummiut | |
Iriga | Irigueño | Irigueño |
Islamabad | Islamabadi | Islamabadian |
Itabira | Itabirano (m), Itabirana (f) | Itabirano (m), Itabirana (f) |
Itapira | Itapirense | Itapirense |
Istanbul | Istanbulite | Istanbulite |
Ithaca, New York | Ithacan | Ithacan |
Izmir | Izmirite, Izmirian | Izmirite, Izmirian |
Izmit | Izmitite | Izmitite |
Jacksonville | Jacksonvillian, Jaxon | Jacksonvillian, Jaxon [6] |
Jaén | Jienense, Jaenés, Aurgitano | Jienense, Aurgitano |
Jakarta | Jakartan | Jakartanais, Jakartan |
Jeonju | Jeonju, Jeonjuite | Jeonjuite |
Jerusalem | Jerusalemite, Yerushalmi | Jerusalemite, Yerushalmi |
Johannesburg | Johannesburg | Johannesburger, Joburger |
John o' Groats | Groater | |
Joshua, Texas | Joshuan | Joshuan, Joshuvian |
Juba | Juban | Juban |
Juiz de Fora | Juiz-forano | Juiz-forano |
Juneau City/Borough | Juneauite | |
Kabul | Kabuli | Kabuli |
Kahramanmaraş | Marashian | Marashian |
Kaluga | Kaluzhanin | Kaluzhane |
Kandy | Kandian | Kandian |
Kansas City, Kansas | Kansas Citian [f] | Kansas Citian; Kansas Cityan; Kansas City, Kansan [g] |
Kansas City, Missouri | Kansas Citian [f] | Kansas Citian; Kansas Cityan; Kansas City, Missourian [h] |
Karachi | Karachiite | Karachiite |
Karpasia | Karpasias | Karpasias |
Kastoria | Kastorian | Kastorian |
Kayseri | Kayserian | Kayserian |
Kenosha | Kenoshan | Kenoshan |
Khulna | Khulna | Khulnaiya, Khulnaite |
Kingston | Kingstonian | Kingstonian |
Kingston upon Hull | Hullensian | Hullensian |
Kitchener | Kitchenerite | Kitchenerite |
Klerksdorp | Klerksdorpian | Klerksdorper, Klerksdorpian |
Knoxville | Knoxvillian | Knoxvillian |
Kocaeli | Kocalian (see also İzmit) | Kocaelian (see also İzmit) |
Konya | Konyanite | Konyanite |
Kraków | Krakovian, Cracovian | Krakovian, Cracovian |
Kuala Lumpur | KLite, KL-ite, Kuala Lumpurian | KLite, KL-ite, Kuala Lumpurian |
Kuching | Kuchingite | Kuchingite |
Kyiv | Kyivan, Kievan | Kyivan, Kyyivan, Kievan, Kyivite, Kievite, |
Lagos | Lagosian | Lagosian |
Lahore | Lahori | Lahori |
Lancaster | Lancastrian | Lancastrian |
La Paz | Paceño | Paceño |
Larnaka | Larnakade | Larnakade |
Las Vegas | Las Vegan | Las Vegan |
Launceston | Launnie/Lonnie [7] | |
Laval | Lavalois, Lavaloise | Lavalois, Lavaloise |
Leeds | Leodensian | Leodensian, Loiner |
Leicester | Leicestrian | Chizzit |
Leipzig | Leipziger | Leipziger |
Legazpi | Legazpeño | Legazpeño |
León | Leonese | Leonese |
Lexington | Lexingtonian | Lexingtonian |
Liberal, Kansas | Liberalite | Liberarian, Libertarian, Liberalien |
Ligao | Ligaoeño | Ligaoeño |
Lima | Limeño | Limeño |
Limassol | Lemesouti | Lemesouti |
Limerick | Limerick | Limerickman, Shannonsider |
Lincoln | Lincolnite | Lincolnite |
Linz | Linzer | Linzer |
Lisbon | Lisboan, Lisboeta | Lisboan, Lisboeta, Lisboner, Alfacinha |
Liverpool | Liverpudlian, Scouse | Liverpudlian, Scouser |
Livorno | Leghornese, Livornese | Leghornese, Livornese |
Locarno | Locarnese | |
London | Londoner | Londoner, Londonite |
Londrina | Londrinense | Londrinense |
Los Angeles | Los Angeleno, Angeleno, Angeleño | Los Angeleno, Angeleno, Ángeleño |
Louisville | Louisvillian | Louisvillian |
Luanda | Luandan | Luandan |
Lucca | Lucchese | Lucchesi |
Lugano | Luganese | |
Lusaka | Lusakan | Lusakan |
Luton | Lutonian | Lutonian |
Lviv | Lvivite, Lvivian, Leopolitan | Lvivite, Lvivian, Leopolitan, Lemberger, Ukrainian Lvivianyn (m), Lvivianka (f) |
Lyon | Lyonese, Lyonnais | Lyonese, Lyonnais |
Macau | Macanese | Macanese |
Mackay | Mackayite | Mackayite |
Madrid | Madrilenian, Madrileño | Madrilenian, Madrileño |
Makati | Makiteño | Makiteño |
Malacca | Malaccan | Malaccan |
Málaga | Malagenean, Malagueño, Malacitano | Malagenean, Malagueño, Malacitano |
Malatya | Malatyan | Malatyan |
Managua | Managuan | Managuan |
Manaus | Manauara, Manauense | Manauara, Manauense |
Manchester | Mancunian | Mancunian, Manc |
Mandaluyong | Mandaleño | Mandaleño |
Manila | Manileño, Manilan | Manileño |
Manisa | Manisanian | Manisanian |
Mantua | Mantuan | Mantuan |
Maputo | Maputan | Maputan |
Marathon | Marathonian | Marathonian |
Mardin | Mardinian | Mardinian |
Marikina | Marikeño | Marikeño |
Marmaris | Marmarisian | Marmarisian |
Marseille | Marseillais | Marseillais |
Marshall | Marshall, [8] [9] Marshallite [i] [10] | Marshallite [11] [12] |
Masbate | Masbateño | Masbateño |
Mersin | Mersinite | Mersinite |
Mecca | Meccan | Meccan |
Medellín | Paisa | Paisa |
Medina | Medinan | Medinan |
Megara | Megarian | Megarian |
Melbourne | Melburnian | Melburnian, Melbournite |
Memphis | Memphian | Memphian |
Mendrisio | Mendrisiense, Mendrisiotto | |
Mersin | Mersinite | Mersinite |
Messina | Messinese | Messinese |
Mexico City | Capitalino | Capitalino, Chilango, Defeño |
Miami | Miamian | Miamian |
Middlesbrough | Smoggie | |
Milan, Italy | Milanese | Milanese |
Milan, New York | Milanite, Milaner | |
Milwaukee | Milwaukeean | Milwaukeean |
Minsk | Minskite | Minskite |
Misrata | Misratan | Misratan |
Minneapolis | Minneapolitan | Minneapolitan |
Minot | Minotian | Minoter |
Mississauga | Mississaugan | Mississaugan |
Missoula | Missoulian | Missoulian |
Modena | Modenese | Modenese |
Mogi Guaçu | Guaçuano | Guaçuano |
Mogi Mirim | Mogimiriano | Mogimiriano |
Monaco | Monegasque | Monegasque, Monacoan |
Monrovia | Monrovian | Monrovian |
Monterrey | Regiomontano | Regiomontano |
Montevideo | Montevidean | Montevidean; Montevideano (m), Montevideana (f) |
Montreal | Montrealer | Montrealer, Montréalais |
Moose Jaw | Moose Jaw | Moose Javians |
Morphou | Morfitis | Morfitis |
Moscow, Idaho | Moscowite | Moscowite |
Moscow, Russia | Muscovite | Muscovite |
Muğla | Mughlanian | Mughlanian |
Mumbai | Mumbaikar | Mumbaikar |
Muncie | Munsonian | Munsonian |
Munich | Münchner, Münchener | Münchner, Münchener |
Mymensingh | Mymensinghi | Mymensinghi, Mymensinghiya, Mymensinghiyo |
Mysore | Mysorean | Mysorean, Mysurinavaru, Mysuriga |
Naga | Nagueño | Nagueño |
Nagoya | Nagoyan | Nagoyan |
Nairobi | Nairobian | Nairobian |
Nanaimo | Nanaimoite | Nanaimoite |
Nanjing (Nanking) | Nankinese | Nankinese |
Napier | Napieran | Napieran, Naperian |
Naples | Neapolitan | Neapolitan |
Nashua | Nashuan | Nashuan |
Nashville | Nashvillian | Nashvillian |
Nassau | Nassuvian | Nassuvian |
Navarre | Navarrian | Navarrian |
Nazareth | Nazarene | Nazarene |
Nelson | Nelson | Nelsonian |
Netanya | Netanyan, Netanian | Netanyan, Netanian |
Newport, Wales | Newportonian | Newportonian, Newporter |
New Orleans | New Orleanian | New Orleanian, New Orleaner, Yat |
New York City | New Yorker | New Yorker, Knickerbocker |
The Bronx | •Bronxite | Bronxite, Bronxer |
Brooklyn | •Brooklynite | Brooklynite, Trolley Dodger (archaic) |
Manhattan | •Manhattanite | Manhattanite |
Queens | •Queensite | Queensite |
Staten Island [j] | •Staten Islander | Staten Islander |
Newcastle | Novocastrian | Novocastrian |
Newcastle upon Tyne | Novocastrian, Geordie | Novocastrian, Geordie |
Nice | Niçois | Niçois |
Nicosia | Nicosian | Nicosian |
Norfolk | Norfolker, Norfolkian | Norfolker, Norfolkian |
Northampton | Northamptonian | Northamptonian |
Novara | Novarese | Novarese |
Nuremberg | Nuremberger, Nürnberger | Nuremberger, Nürnberger |
Oakbank | Oakbankian | Oakbankian |
Oakland | Oaklander | Oaklander |
Oamaru | Oamaru, Oamaruvian | Oamaruvian |
Oaxaca | Oaxacan | Oaxaqueño |
Odesa | Odesan, Odesite, Odessan, Odessite | Odesan, Odesite, Odessan, Odessite, Odesyt (m), Odesytka (f) |
Oklahoma City | Oklahoma Cityan, Oklahoma Citian | Oklahoma Cityan, Oklahoma Citian |
Omaha | Omahan | Omahan |
Omak | Omakian | Omakian [13] |
Ordu | Ordunite | Ordunite |
Orléans | Orléanais | Orléanais |
Osaka | Osakan | Naniwakko, Osakan |
Oshawa | Oshawian | Oshawian |
Oslo | Oslovian | Oslovian, Osloer |
Oswestry | Oswestrian | Oswestrian |
Ottawa | Ottawan | Ottawan |
Oxford | Oxonian [k] | Oxonian [k] |
Paddock Lake | Paddock Laker | Paddock Laker |
Padua | Paduan | Paduan |
Paducah | Paducahan | Paducahan |
Paita | Paiteño (m), Paiteña (f) | Paiteño (m), Paiteña (f) |
Panaji | Panjimite | Ponnjekar, Panjimite |
Paphos | Paphian | Paphian |
Palermo | Palermitan | Palermitan |
Palmerston North | Palmerstonian | Palmerstonian |
Palmyra | Palmyrene | Palmyrene |
Paris | Parisian | Parisian |
Parma | Parmesan | Parmesan |
Pasig | Pasigueño | Pasigueño |
Penang | Penangite | Penangite |
Pescara | Pescarese | Pescarese |
Perth | Perthert, Perthite, Perthian, Perthling, Perthonality, Pertho, Perthie | Perthert, Perthite, Perthian, Perthling, Perthonality, Perthette |
Perugia | Perugian | Perugian |
Peterborough | Peterbourian | Peterbourian |
Philadelphia | Philadelphian | Philadelphian |
Phnom Penh | Phnom Penh | Phnom Penher |
Phoenix | Phoenician, Phoenixer | Phoenician, Phoenixer |
Pissouri | Pissouriti | Pissouriti |
Pisa | Pisan | Pisan |
Pittsburgh | Pittsburgher | Pittsburgher, Yinzer |
Plymouth | Plymothian | Plymothian, Janner |
Pohang | Pohang | Pohangite |
Polmont | Polmontarian | Polmontarian |
Pompeii | Pompeian, Pompeiian | Pompeian, Pompeiian |
Ponferrada | Ponferradian | Ponferradian |
Pont-à-Mousson | Mussipontain | Mussipontain |
Port-au-Prince | Port-au-Princien | Port-au-Princien |
Port Harcourt | Harcourtian, Port Harcourtian | Harcourtian, Port Harcourtian |
Port Moresby | Port Moresbian | Port Moresbian |
Porto | Portuense | Portuense, Tripeiro |
Podgorica | Podgorician | Podgorician |
Porto Alegre | Porto-alegrense | Porto-alegrense |
Porto Cheli | Porto-Cheliki | Porto-Cheliki |
Portland | Portlander | Portlander, Portlandite |
Portsmouth | Portsmouthian | Portsmouthian |
Prague | Praguer | Praguer |
Preston | Prestonian | Prestonian |
Pretoria | Pretoria | Pretorian |
Pripyat | Pripyatin | Pripyatin |
Pristina | Prishtinali, Prishtina, Prištinci, Prištevci | |
Providence | Providentian | Providentian |
Provo | Provoan | Provoan |
Puebla | Poblano | Poblano |
Punta Arenas | Puntarenian | Puntarenian |
Pylos | Pylian | Pylian |
Quebec City | Québécois [l] | Québécois [l] |
Quito | Quitonian | Quiteño (m), Quiteña (f) |
Rajshahi | Rajshahiyo | Rajshahiya, Rajshahiyo |
Radnor | Radnorian | Radnorian |
Raleigh | Raleighite | Raleighite |
Randall | Randallite | Randallite |
Rangpur City | Rangpuri | Rongpuri, Rangpuri |
Reading | Readingite | Readingite |
Red Deer | Red Deerian | Red Deerian |
Regina | Regina, Reginan | Reginan |
Reno | Renoite | Renoite, Riennese, Renal |
Rethymno | Rethymnian | Rethymnian |
Reims (Rheims) | Rémois, Cornichon | Rémois |
Reykjavík | Reykjavikian | Reykjavikian |
Ribeirão Preto | Ribeirão Pretano | Ribeirão Pretano |
Richmond | Richmonder | Richmonder |
Riga | Rigan | Rigan |
Rio de Janeiro | Carioca | Carioca |
Rhodes | Rhodian | Rhodian |
Roanoke | Roanoker | Roanoker |
Rochester, Kent | Roffensian, Rochesterian | Roffensian |
Rochester, New York | Rochesterian | Rochesterian |
Rockford, Illinois | Rockfordian | Rockfordian |
Rockhampton | Rockhampton | Rockhamptonite |
Rome | Roman | Roman |
Roseville | Rosevillian | R osevillian |
Rotorua | Rotoruan | Rotoruan |
Rotterdam | Rotter | Rotterdammer |
Rouen | Rouennais | Rouennais |
Rye | Ryer | Ryer, Mudhead |
Sacramento | Sacramentan | Sacramentan |
Saint Helier | Saint-Helian | Saint-Helian |
Saint-Étienne | Stéphanois | Stéphanois |
Saint-Jude, Quebec | Rocquevillois | Rocquevillois |
Saint Paul | Saint Paulite, St. Paulite | Saint Paulite, St. Paulite |
St. Petersburg, Florida | Saint Petersburgite | Saint Petersburgite |
Saint Petersburg, Russia | Saint Petersburgian | Saint Petersburgian, Saint Petersburger, Petersburger |
Salem | Salemite | Salemite |
Salerno | Salernitan | Salernitan |
Salford | Salfordian | Salfordian |
Salt Lake City | Salt Lake | Salt Laker |
Salvador | Soteropolitano | Soteropolitano |
Salzburg | Salzburger | Salzburger |
Sambalpur | Sambalpuria | Sambalpuria |
Samsun | Samsunite | Samsunite |
San Antonio | San Antonian | San Antonian |
San Diego | San Diegan | San Diegan |
San Francisco | San Franciscan | San Franciscan |
San Jose | San Josean | San Josean |
San José | Josefino/a, San Josefinan | Josefino/a |
Şanlıurfa | Urfanian | Urfanian |
Santa Barbara | Santa Barbarian | Santa Barbaran |
Santa Clarita | Santa Claritan | Santa Claritan |
Santa Cruz de la Sierra | Cruceño | Cruceño |
Santa Fe | Santa Fean, Santafesino, -na | Santa Fean, Santafesino, -na |
Santa Monica | Santa Monican | Santa Monican |
Santiago | Santiaguinos (m), Santiaguinas (f) | Santiaguinos (m), Santiaguinas (f) |
São Carlos | Sãocarlense, Carlopolitano | Sãocarlense, Carlopolitano |
São Luís | Ludovicense | Ludovicense |
São Paulo | Paulistano | Paulistano |
Sapporo | Sapporokko | |
Sarajevo | Sarajevan | Sarajevan |
Saskatoon | Saskatoon, Saskatonian | Saskatonian, Saskabusher |
Sault Ste. Marie | Sooite, Saultite | Soos |
Savannah | Savannian | Savannian |
Seattle | Seattleite | Seattleite |
Sendai | Sendaikko | |
Seoul | Seoulite | Seoulite |
Serra Negra | Serrano | Serrano |
Serres | Serrean | Serrean |
Seville | Sevillian, Sevillano, Hispalense | Sevillian, Sevillano, Hispalense |
Shanghai | Shanghainese | Shanghainese, Shanghailander |
Sheffield | Sheffielder | |
Shillong | nong Shillong | |
Shkodër | Shkodran | Shkodran |
Shrewsbury | Salopian | Salopian |
Side | Sidetan | Sidetan |
Siena (Sienna) | Sienese, Siennese | Sienese, Siennese |
Silver Lake | Silver Laker | Silver Laker |
Singapore | Singaporean | Singaporean |
Skopje | Skopjan | Skopjan |
Sligo | Sligonian | Sligonian, Sligoman |
Slough | Sluff | Sluff |
Sofia | Sofian | Sofian |
Solihull | Silhillian | Silhillian |
Somers | Somersite | Somersite |
Sorrento | Sorrentine | Sorrentine |
Sorsogon | Sorsoganon | Sorsoganon |
Southampton | Sotonian | Sotonian |
Soweto | Sowetan | Sowetan |
Sparta | Spartan | Spartan |
Spokane | Spokanite | |
Spoleto | Spoletian | Spoletian, Spoletini |
Springfield, Illinois | Springfielder | |
Springfield, Missouri | Springfieldian | Springfieldian |
St. Louis | St. Louisan, Saint Louisan | St. Louisan, Saint Louisan |
Stockholm | Stockholmer | Stockholmer |
Strasbourg | Strasbourgeois | Strasbourgeois |
Stuttgart | Stuttgarter | Stuttgarter |
Sunderland | Mackem | |
Sunshine Coast | Sunshine Coast | Sunshine Coaster |
Suzhou | Suzhounese | Suzhounese |
Swansea | Jack | Jack |
Swindon | Swindonian | Swindonian |
Sydney | Sydnese | Sydneysider, Sydnese |
Sylhet | Sylheti | Sylheti, Siloti, Sileti |
Syracuse, Italy | Syracusan | Syracusan |
Syracuse, New York | Syracusian | Syracusian |
Tabaco | Tabaqueño | Tabaqueño |
Tacna | Tacneño (m), Tacneña (f) | Tacneño (m), Tacneña (f) |
Tacoma | Tacoman | Tacoman |
Taguig | Taguigeño | Taguigeño |
Tallahassee | Tallahasseean | Tallahasseean |
Tallinn | Tallinner | Tallinner |
Tampa | Tampan, Tampanian, Tampeño | Tampan, Tampanian, Tampeño (m), Tampeña (f) [14] |
Tartu | Tartuan | Tartuan |
Taranto | Tarantine, Tarentine | Tarantine, Tarentine |
Taunton | Tauntonian | Tauntonian |
Tauranga | Taurangan | Taurangian, Taurangan |
Tbilisi | Tbilisian | Tbilisian, Tbiliselebi |
Tehran | Tehrani, Tehranis [15] [ circular reference ] | Tehrani |
Tekirdağ | Tekirdanian | Tekirdaninan |
Tel Aviv | Tel Avivian | Tel Avivi, Tel Avivian |
Thebes | Theban | Theban |
Thessaloniki | Thessalonian | Thessalonian |
Thunder Bay | Thunderbite | |
Timaru | Timaru, Timaruvian | Timaruvians |
Tirana | Tiranas, Tirano (Italian) | Tirons |
Tokyo | Edokko, Tokyoite | |
Toowoomba | Toowoomban | Toowoomban |
Toronto | Torontonian | Torontonian [16] |
Toulouse | Toulousian | Toulousian |
Tournai | Tournaisian | Tournaisian |
Townsville | Townsvillian | Townsvillian |
Trabzon | Trabzonian, Trebizonian, Trapezian, Trapezuntine | Trabzonian, Trebizonian, Trapezian, Trapezuntine |
Traverse City | Traverse Citian | Traverse Citian |
Trevor | Trevorite | Trevorite |
Trent | Tridentine | Tridentine |
Trieste | Triestine | Triestine |
Tripoli, Greece | Tripolitano | Tripolitano |
Tripoli, Libya | Tripolitan | Tripolitan |
Trois-Rivières, Guadeloupe | Trois-rivieran | Trois-rivieran |
Trois-Rivières, Quebec | Trifluvien, Trifluvienne, Trifluvian | Trifluvien, Trifluvienne, Trifluvian |
Tucson | Tucsonian | Tucsonian, Tucsonan |
Tulsa | Tulsan | Tulsan |
Tunis | Tunisois | Tunisois |
Turin | Turinese | Turinese |
Twin Lakes | Twin Laker | Twin Laker |
Tyre | Tyrian | Tyrian |
Uberlândia | Uberlandense | Uberlandense |
Ulsan | Ulsan, Ulsanian | Ulsanian |
Vacaville | Vacavillian | Vacavillian |
Valencia | Valencian | Valencian |
Valladolid | Vallisoletano, Pucelano, Pinciano | Vallisoletano, Pucelano, Pinciano |
Valparaíso | Porteño (m), Porteña (f) | Porteño (m), Porteña (f) |
Van | Vanian | Vanian |
Vancouver, British Columbia | Vancouverite | Vancouverite |
Vancouver, Washington | Vancouverite | Vancouverite |
Venice | Venetian | Venetian |
Veracruz | Veracruzano | Veracruzano, Jarocho |
Verona | Veronese | Veronese |
Vicenza | Vicentine | Vicentine |
Vichy | Vichyssois | Vichyssois |
Victoria | Victorian | Victorian |
Vienna | Viennese, Wiener | Viennese, Wiener |
Villanova | Villanovan | Villanovan |
Ville Platte | Ville Platian | Ville Platian |
Vilnius | Vilnian | Vilnian |
Vizag | Vizagite | Vizagite |
Waco | Wacoite | Wacoite |
Warangal | Warangalite | Warangalite |
Warsaw | Varsovian | Varsovian |
Washington, D.C. | Washingtonian [m] | Washingtonian [m] |
Waterbury, Connecticut | Waterburian | Waterburian |
Waterford | Waterfordian | Waterfordian, Déise, Suirsider |
Waterloo | Waterluvian | Waterluvian |
Wellington | Wellington, Wellingtonian | Wellingtonian |
Wheatland | Wheatlander | Wheatlander |
Whitehorse | Whitehorser, Whitehorsian | Whitehorser, Whitehorsian |
Wichita | Wichitan | Wichitan |
Wilmot | Wilmotter | Wilmotter |
Winchester | Wintonian | |
Winnipeg | Winnipegger, Winnipeger | |
Wolverhampton | Wulfrunian | |
Wythenshawe | Wythenshavian | Wythenshavian |
Xalapa | Xalapeño | Xalapeño |
Xanthi | Xanthian | Xanthian |
Yellowknife | Yellowknifer | Yellowknifer |
Yeosu | Yeosu, Yeosuite | Yeosuite |
Yerevan | Yerevantsi | Yerevantsi |
Yogyakarta | Yogyakartan, Jogjan | Yogyakartan, Jogjan |
Yokohama | Yokohaman | Hamakko [17] |
York | Yorkie, Old Yorker | |
Zacatecas | Zacatecan | Zacatecano |
Zagreb | Zagrebian | Zagreber, Zagrebian |
Zamboanga | Zamboangueño | Zamboangueño |
Zaragoza | Zaragozan, Saragossan | Zaragoazan, Saragossan |
Zonguldak | Zonguldaki | Zonguldakian |
Zintan | Zintani | Zintani |
Zurich | Zuricher, Zürcher | Zuricher, Zürcher |
Zwolle | Zwollenaar | Zwollenaar |
Notes:
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In linguistics, declension is the changing of the form of a word, generally to express its syntactic function in the sentence, by way of some inflection. Declensions may apply to nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and determiners. It serves to indicate number, case, gender, and a number of other grammatical categories. Meanwhile, the inflectional change of verbs is called conjugation.
Latin declension is the set of patterns according to which Latin words are declined—that is, have their endings altered to show grammatical case, number and gender. Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives are declined, and a given pattern is called a declension. There are five declensions, which are numbered and grouped by ending and grammatical gender. Each noun follows one of the five declensions, but some irregular nouns have exceptions.
In grammar, the locative case is a grammatical case which indicates a location. In languages using it, the locative case may perform a function which in English would be expressed with such prepositions as "in", "on", "at", and "by". The locative case belongs to the general local cases, together with the lative and ablative case.
Latin is a heavily inflected language with largely free word order. Nouns are inflected for number and case; pronouns and adjectives are inflected for number, case, and gender; and verbs are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and mood. The inflections are often changes in the ending of a word, but can be more complicated, especially with verbs.
Adjectival may refer to:
A demonym or gentilic is a word that identifies a group of people in relation to a particular place. Demonyms are usually derived from the name of the place. Demonyms are used to designate all people of a particular place, regardless of ethnic, linguistic, religious or other cultural differences that may exist within the population of that place. Examples of demonyms include Cochabambino, for someone from the city of Cochabamba; Tunisian for a person from Tunisia; and Swahili, for a person of the Swahili coast.
Standard Romanian shares largely the same grammar and most of the vocabulary and phonological processes with the other three surviving varieties of Eastern Romance, namely Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian.
German declension is the paradigm that German uses to define all the ways articles, adjectives and sometimes nouns can change their form to reflect their role in the sentence: subject, object, etc. Declension allows speakers to mark a difference between subjects, direct objects, indirect objects and possessives by changing the form of the word—and/or its associated article—instead of indicating this meaning through word order or prepositions. As a result, German can take a much more fluid approach to word order without the meaning being obscured. In English, a simple sentence must be written in strict word order. This sentence cannot be expressed in any other word order than how it is written here without changing the meaning. A translation of the same sentence from German to English would appear rather different and can be expressed with a variety of word order with little or no change in meaning.
Czech names are composed of a given name and a family name (surname). Czechs typically get one given name – additional names may be chosen by themselves upon baptism but they generally use one. With marriage, the bride typically adopts the bridegroom's surname.
Gothic is an inflected language, and as such its nouns, pronouns, and adjectives must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension. There are five grammatical cases in Gothic with a few traces of an old sixth instrumental case.
Old Norse has three categories of verbs and two categories of nouns. Conjugation and declension are carried out by a mix of inflection and two nonconcatenative morphological processes: umlaut, a backness-based alteration to the root vowel; and ablaut, a replacement of the root vowel, in verbs.
In Spanish, grammatical gender is a linguistic feature that affects different types of words and how they agree with each other. It applies to nouns, adjectives, determiners, and pronouns. Every Spanish noun has a specific gender, either masculine or feminine, in the context of a sentence. Generally, nouns referring to males or male animals are masculine, while those referring to females are feminine. In terms of importance, the masculine gender is the default or unmarked, while the feminine gender is marked or distinct.
Old High German is an inflected language, and as such its nouns, pronouns, and adjectives must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension. There are five grammatical cases in Old High German.
Arabic nouns and adjectives are declined according to case, state, gender and number. While this is strictly true in Classical Arabic, in colloquial or spoken Arabic, there are a number of simplifications such as loss of certain final vowels and loss of case. A number of derivational processes exist for forming new nouns and adjectives. Adverbs can be formed from adjectives.