List of the first women holders of political offices in Europe

Main article: List of the first women holders of political offices

This is a list of political offices which have been held by a woman, with details of the first woman holder of each office. It is ordered by the countries in Europe and by dates of appointment. Please observe that this list is meant to contain only the first woman to hold of a political office, and not all the female holders of that office.

Albania

People's Socialist Republic

• Member of Parliament – Naxhije Dume, Liri Gega and Ollga Plumbi – 1946
• Minister of Culture, Education and Science – Nexhmije Hoxha – 1946 ^[1]
• Member of the Praesidium of the People's Republic of Albania – Liri Belishova – 1950 ^[2]
• Chairperson of the State-Planning Committee in the Council of Ministers – Petra Dode – 1972 ^[3]
• Minister of Agriculture – Themie Thomai – 1975 ^[3]
• President of the Praesidium of the People's Republic of Albania – Mine Guri – 1978 ^[4]
• Minister of Light Industry – Esma Ulqinaku – 1982 ^[3]
• Minister for Light- and Food Industry – Vito Kapo – 1982 ^[3]

Republic

• Foreign Minister – Arta Dade – 2001 ^[5]
• Deputy Prime Minister – Ermelinda Meksi – 2003 ^[6]
• Chairwoman of the Parliament – Jozefina Topalli – 2005 ^[7]
• European Integration Minister – Majlinda Bregu – 2005 ^[8]
• Defence Minister – Mimi Kodheli – 2013 ^[9]
• Education and Sport Minister – Lindita Nikolla – 2013 ^[10]
• Minister of Economy – Milva Ekonomi – 2015 ^[10]
• Minister of Justice – Etilda Gjonaj – 2017 ^[11]

Andorra

National level

• Councillor/Parliamentarian – Mercè Bonell – 1984
• Cabinet minister - Minister for Public Service – Mercé Sansa Renyer – 1985 ^[12]
• Mayor of Andorra la Vella – Conxita Mora Jordana – 1999 ^[13]
• Representative of the French Co-Prince of Andorra – Emmanuelle Mignon – 2007
• Speaker of the Parliament – Roser Suñé Pascuet – 3 May 2019 ^[14]

Individual ministries

• Secretary General of Tourism and Sport – Monserrat Roncheras Santacreu – 1985 ^[12]
• Secretary General of the Conceil Generall – Susangna Arasanz Serra – 1991 ^[12]
• Minister for Education, Sport and Youth – Rosa Maria Mandico Alcobe – 1994 ^[12]
• Minister of Finance – Susangna Arasanz Serra – 1994 ^[12]
• Secretary of State for Health in the Ministry of Health and Welfare – Lidia Magallon Font – 1995 ^[12]
• Secretary of State of Agriculture – Olga Adellach Coma – 1997 ^[12]
• Minister of Agriculture and Environment – Olga Adellach Coma – 1998 ^[12]
• Minister of Health and Welfare – Mònica Codina Tort – 2001 ^[12]
• Foreign Minister – Meritxell Mateu i Pi – 2007 ^[15]

Armenia

Kingdom of Armenia

• Monarch — Erato of Armenia – 1st century BC & first half of 1st century ^[16]

First Republic of Armenia

• Member of Parliament — Katarine Zalyan-Manukyan — 1919 ^[17]
• Member of Parliament — Perchuhi Partizpanyan-Barseghyan — 1919 ^[17]
• Member of Parliament — Varvara Sahakyan — 1919 ^[17]

Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic

• Deputy Premier Minister – Rema Khristoforovna Svetlova – 1975 ^[18]
• Minister of Trade – Nina Asmayan – 1991 ^[19]

Republic of Armenia

• Ombudsman – Larisa Alaverdyan – 1 March 2004 ^[20]
• Minister of Culture — Hasmik Poghosyan – 8 June 2007 ^[21]
• Minister of Diaspora — Hranush Hakobyan – 1 October 2008 ^[22]
• Deputy President of National Assembly —Hermine Naghdalyan – 31 May 2012 ^[23]
• Leader of Prosperous Armenia Political Party – Naira Zohrabyan – 5 March 2015 ^[24]
• Minister of Justice — Arpine Hovhannisyan – 4 September 2015 ^[25]
• Minister of Culture — Lilit Makunts — 12 May 2018 (Pashinyan government) ^[26]
• Minister of Labor and Social Affairs — Mane Tandilyan — 12 May 2018 (Pashinyan government) ^[27]

Austria

Imperial

• Monarch – Maria Theresia of Austria – 1740 ^[28]

Republic

• Member of Parliament – Anna Boschek – 1919 ^[29]
• President of the Bundesrat – Olga Ruder-Zeynek – 1927 ^[29]
• Understate secretary for Food – Helene Postranecky – 1945 ^[30]
• Government Minister (Minister of Social Affairs) – Grete Rehor – 1966 ^[31]
• Minister for Foreign Affairs – Benita Ferrero-Waldner – 2000 ^[32]
• Mayor of Innsbruck – Hilde Zach – 2002–2011 ^[33]
• Minister for Justice – Karin Gastinger – 2004 ^[34]
• European Commissioner for Trade and European Neighbourhood Policy – Benita Ferrero-Waldner – 2009 ^[35]
• Chancellor of Austria – Brigitte Bierlein – 2019

Azerbaijan

Soviet Socialist Republic

National level

• Cabinet Minister – Ayna Sultanova – 1938
• Deputy Premier Minister – Tahira Tahirova – 1963 ^[36]
• Vice-President – S.M. Mamedaliyeva – 1963 ^[36]
• Chairwoman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet – Elmira Gafarova – 1989 ^[37]
• Speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan – Elmira Gafarova – 1990

Individual ministries

• Minister of Justice – Ayna Sultanova – 1938
• Chairperson of the Committee for Science and Technology at the Council of Ministers – Tahira Tahirova – 1957
• Minister of Education – Sakina Aliyeva – 1958
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Tahira Tahirova – 1959 ^[38]
• Minister of Higher and Special Education – Zuleikha Ismail-Kyzy Guseinova – 1965
• Minister Social Affairs – L.P. Lykova – 1965 ^[36]
• Head of the Central Committee Department of Agriculture – L.D. Radzhabova – 1971 ^[36]
• Minister of Public Service/Consumers Protection – Zuleikha Mageran Kyzy Gasanova – 1974
• Minister of Trade – Svetlana Chingvitz-Kyzy Kasimova – 1979
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Elmira Gafarova – 1983

Republic

• Chairwoman of the National Assembly – Elmira Gafarova – 1991 ^[39]
• Secretary of State – Lala Shevket – 1993 ^[40]
• Minister of Justice – Südaba Hasanova −1995 ^{[41] [42]}
• Vice President of Azerbaijan – Mehriban Aliyeva – 2017 ^[43]

Belarus

Soviet Socialist Republic

• Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet – Nadezhda Grigoryevna Grekova – 1938 ^[44]
• Public Commisar of Education – Evdokiya Ilinichna Uralova – 1938 ^[45]
• Deputy Premier Minister for Culture – Nina Leonovna Snezhkova – 1970
• Minister of Food Industry – Ionna A. Stavrovskaia – 1980 ^[45]

Belgium

• Monarch (Count of Flanders) – Margaret I – 1191 ^[46]
• Governor (Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands) – Margaret of Austria – 1507 ^[47]

Kingdom

National level

• Member of Parliament (Senate) – Marie Janson – 1921 ^[48]
• Mayor – Léonie Keingiaert de Gheluvelt, (Gheluvelt) – 1921 ^[49]
• Member of Parliament (Chamber of Representatives) – Lucie Dejardin – 1929 ^[50]
• Cabinet minister – Family and Housing – Marguerite De Riemaecker-Legot – 1965 ^[51]
• Party leader of major political party – Antoinette Spaak – 1977 ^[52]
• Deputy Prime Minister – Laurette Onkelinx & Isabelle Durant – 1999 ^{[53] [54]}
• President of the Senate – Anne-Marie Lizin – 2004 ^[55]
• Prime Minister – Sophie Wilmès – 2019 ^[56]

Individual ministries or regions

• Minister for Flemish Affairs – Rika De Backer – 1974 ^[57]
• Mayor of Antwerp – Mathilde Schroyens – 1977 ^[58]
• Secretary of State for Brussels Region – Lydia De Pauw – 1979 ^[59]
• Secretary of State for the Dutch-speaking Community – Rika Steyeart – 1979 ^[60]
• Secretary of State for Environment and Social Emancipation – Miet Smet – 1985 ^[61]
• Secretary of State for Pensions – Leona Detiège – 1988 ^[60]
• Minister for Budget – Wivina Demeester – 1991 ^[62]
• Minister for Employment and Labour – Miet Smet – 1992 ^[61]
• Minister of Health – Laurette Onkelinx – 1992 ^[53]
• Minister-President of the French Community – Laurette Onkelinx – 1993 ^[53]
• Minister for Social Affairs – Magda De Galan – 1994 ^[63]
• Minister of Transport – Isabelle Durant – 1999 ^[54]
• Minister of Justice – Laurette Onkelinx – 2003 ^{[53] [64]}
• President of the Parliament of the French Community – Isabelle Simonis – 2004 ^[65]
• President of the Flemish Parliament – Marleen Vanderpoorten – 2006 ^[66]
• European Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs, Skills and Labour Mobility – Marianne Thyssen – 2014 ^[67]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

• Serb Member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina – Željka Cvijanović – 2022
• Chairwoman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina – Željka Cvijanović – 2022 ^[68]
• Chairwoman of the Council of Ministers – Borjana Krišto – 2023 ^[69]

Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

• President – Borjana Krišto – 2007 ^[70]
• Mayor of Sarajevo – Semiha Borovac – 2005 ^[71]

Republika Srpska

National level

• Cabinet minister – Finance – Petra Marković – 1992 ^[72]
• President – Biljana Plavšić – 1996 ^[73]
• Vice President of Parliament – Nada Tešanović – 2006 ^[74]
• Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economic relations and Regional cooperation – Jasna Brkić – 2006 ^[75]
• Prime Minister – Željka Cvijanović – 2013

Individual ministries

• Minister of Finance – Svetlana Cenić – 2004 ^[76]
• Minister of Self-government – Lejla Rešić – 2010 ^[77]
• Minister of Tourism and Trade – Gorana Zlatković – 2010 ^[78]
• Minister of Sport and youth – Nada Tešanović – 2010 ^[79]
• Minister of Justice – Biljana Marić – 2001 ^[80]
• Minister of Justice (Republika Srpska) – Gorana Zlatković – 2011 ^[81]
• Minister of Planning, Civil Engineering and Ecology – Srebrenka Golić – 2010 ^[82]
• Minister of Economic regional relations – Željka Cvijanović – 2010
• Minister of Tourism and Trade – Maida Ibširagić Hrstić – 2013 ^[83]

Bulgaria

Kingdom

• Regent – Maria Palaiologina Kantakouzene – 1271 or Irene Komnene of Epirus – 1246 (disputed) ^[84]

People's Republic

• Minister of Posts, Telegraphs and Telephones – Tsola Dragoycheva – 1947 ^[85]
• Deputy Minister of Finance – Vera Lukanova – 1954 ^[86]
• Member of the Politburo – Nadya Zenuka Vasileva Zhikova – 1961 ^[86]
• Minister, Chairperson of the Commission for Light Industry – Dora Pavlova – 1963 ^[86]
• Minister of Justice – Svetla Daskalova – 1966 ^[87]
• Minister of Culture - Lyudmilla Zhivkova - 1975 ^[86]
• Minister of Education - Drazha Deleva Vulcheva - 1977 ^[86]

Republic

• Prime Minister (acting) – Reneta Indzhova – 1994 ^[88]
• Foreign minister (acting) – Irina Bokova – 1996 ^[89]
• European Commissioner for Consumer Protection – Meglena Kuneva – 2007 ^[90]
• President of the National Assembly – Tsetska Tsacheva – 2009 ^{[91] [92]}
• Mayor of Sofia – Yordanka Fandakova – 2009 ^[93]

Croatia

Kingdom

• Regent (for Stjepan Držislav) – Jelena of Zadar, Queen of Croatia – 969 (disputed) ^[94]

Socialist Republic of Croatia

• Finance Minister – Anka Berus – 1945 ^[95]
• Prime minister – Savka Dabčević-Kučar – 1967 ^[96]
• President of the Presidency – Ema Derossi-Bjelajac – 1985 ^[97]

Republic

National level

• Cabinet minister – Minister for Education – Vesna Girardi-Jurkić – 1992 ^[98]
• President of County house of Parliament (Senate) – Katica Ivanišević – 1994 ^[99]
• Vice Prime Minister – Ljerka Mintas-Hodak – 1995 ^[100]
• Prime Minister – Jadranka Kosor – 2009 ^[101]
• President – Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović – 2015 ^[97]

Individual ministries

• Minister for Building and Construction – Marina Matulović-Dropulić – 1995 ^[102]
• Mayor of Zagreb – Marina Matulović-Dropulić – 1996 ^[103]
• Minister for European Integration – Ljerka Mintas-Hodak – 1998 ^{[100] [104]}
• Minister for Science – Milena Žic-Fuchs – 1999 ^[100]
• Minister for Health – Ana Stavljenić-Rukavina – 2000 ^[105]
• Minister for Tourism – Pave Župan-Rusković – 2000 ^[105]
• Minister for Justice – Ingrid Antičević-Marinović – 2001 ^{[105] [106]}
• Minister for Defence – Željka Antunović – 2002 ^[107]
• Minister without portfolio – Gordana Sobol – 2002 ^[107]
• Minister for Foreign Affairs – Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović – 2005 ^[108]
• Minister for Finance – Martina Dalić – 2010 ^[109]

Cyprus

Kingdom

• Regent – Alice of Champagne – 1218 ^[110]
• Monarch – Charlotte of Cyprus – 1458 ^[111]

Republic

• Member of the Turkish Communal Chamber – Kadriye Hulusi Hacıbulgur – 1960
• Minister of Justice and Public Order – Stella Soulioti – 1960 ^{[112] [113]}
• Member of the House of Representatives – Ayla Halit Kazım – 1963
• Mayor of Nicosia – Eleni Mavrou – 2006 ^[114]
• Foreign Minister – Erato Kozakou-Marcoullis – 2007 ^[115]
• European Commissioner for Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth – Androulla Vassiliou – 2010 ^[116]

Northern Cyprus

unrecognized, secessionist state

• Minister of Economy and Finance – Onur Boman – 1993 ^[117]
• Prime Minister – Sibel Siber – 2013 ^[118]
• Foreign Minister – Emine Çolak – 2015 ^[119]

Czech Republic

Duchy of Bohemia

• Regent – Ludmila of Bohemia, Duchess Regent of Bohemia – 921

Kingdom of Bohemia

• Monarch – Maria Theresa – 1740

Czechoslovakia (1918–1992)

National level

• Members of the first National Assembly: – Božena Ecksteinová, Anna Chlebounová, Irena Káňová, Františka Kolaříková, Luisa Landová-Štychová, Alice Masaryková, Eliška Purkyňová, Božena Viková-Kunětická, Ludmila Zatloukalová-Coufalová, Františka Zeminová – 1918
• Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly – Anežka Hodinová-Spurná – 1945 ^[120]
• Minister of Industry – Ludmila Jankovcová – 1947 ^[121]
• Deputy Prime Minister – Ludmila Jankovcová – 1954 ^[122]
• Speaker of the Chamber of People of the Federal Assembly – Soňa Pennigerová – 1969 ^[123]
• Deputy Speaker of the Chamber of People of the Federal Assembly – Eva Železníková – 1986 ^[123]
• Deputy Speaker of the Chamber of Nations of the Federal Assembly – Blanka Hyková – 1989 ^[123]

Individual Ministries

• Minister of Consumer Industry – Božena Machačová-Dostálová – 1954 ^[124]
• Minister of Post and Telecommunication – Růžena Urbánková – 1969 ^[125]
• Minister of State Audit – Květoslava Kořínková – 1989 ^[126]

Czech Republic (1992–onward)

National level

• Deputy Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies – Petra Buzková – 1996 ^[127]
• Vice-President of the Senate – Jaroslava Moserová – 1996 ^[128]
• Cabinet minister – Minister of Justice – Vlasta Parkanová – 1997 ^[129]
• President of the Senate – Libuše Benešová – 1998 ^[130]
• Vice-President of the Senate – Alena Gajdůšková – 2008 ^[131]
• Governor - Plzeň Region – Milada Emmerová – 2008 ^[132]
• Deputy Prime Minister – Vlasta Parkanová – 2009 ^[129]
• Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies – Miroslava Němcová – 2010 ^[133]
• Mayor of Prague (capital) – Adriana Krnáčová – 2014 ^[134]
• European Commissioner for Justice and Consumers – Věra Jourová – 2014 ^[135]

Individual ministries or regions

• Minister of Health – Zuzana Roithová – 1998 ^[136]
• Minister of Education, Youth and Sport – Petra Buzková – 2002 ^[137]
• Minister of Information Technologies – Dana Bérová – 2005 ^[138]
• Minister of Agriculture – Milena Vicenová – 2006 ^[139]
• Minister of Culture – Helena Třeštíková – 2007 ^[140]
• Minister of Defense – Vlasta Parkanová – 2007 ^[129]
• Minister without Portfolio – Džamila Stehlíková – 2007 ^[141]
• Governor of Ústí nad Labem Region – Jana Vaňhová – 2008 ^[142]
• Minister of Environment – Rut Bízková – 2010 ^[143]
• Governor of Central Bohemian Region – Zuzana Moravčíková – 2012 ^[144]
• Minister of Labour and Social Affairs – Ludmila Müllerová – 2012 ^[145]
• Minister of Regional Development – Věra Jourová – 2014 ^[146]
• Governor of Karlovy Vary Region – Jana Vildumetzová – 2016 ^[147]

Denmark

National level

• Regent – Margaret Sambiria – 1259 ^[148]
• Monarch – Margaret I – 1387 ^[149]
• Cabinet minister – Education – Nina Bang – 1924 ^[150]
• Speaker of the Landsting, Chamber of Parliament – Ingeborg Hansen – 1950 ^[151]
• European Commissioner for the Environment – Ritt Bjerregaard – 1995 ^[152]
• Lord Mayor of Copenhagen – Ritt Bjerregaard – 2006 ^[153]
• Prime Minister – Helle Thorning-Schmidt – 2011 ^[154]
• Speaker of the Folketing – Pia Kjærsgaard – 2015 ^[155]

Individual ministries or regions

• Minister without portfolio – Fanny Jensen – 1947 ^[156]
• Minister for Justice – Helga Pedersen – 1950 ^{[157] [158]}
• Ministry for Justice (Hjørring Retskreds) – Anne Mette Ovesen – 2003 ^[159]
• Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs – Bodil Koch – 1950 ^[160]
• Mayor of Stege: Eva Madsen (1950) ^[161]
• Minister for Trade – Lis Groes – 1953 ^[162]
• Minister for Economy – Marianne Jelved – 1993 ^[163]
• Minister of Finance – Pia Gjellerup – 2000 ^[164]
• Minister for Agriculture and Food – Mariann Fischer Boel – 2002 ^[165]
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Lene Espersen – 2010 ^[166]

Faroe Islands

• Minister of Economy, Statistics, Transport and Justice – Jóngerð Purkhús – 1989–1991 ^[167]
• Prime Minister – Marita Petersen – 1993 ^[168]
• Speaker of the Løgting – Marita Petersen – 1994 ^[168]
• High Commissioner – Vibeke Larsen −1995 ^[169]

Greenland

• Foreign minister – Aleqa Hammond – 2007 ^[170]
• Speaker of the Inatsisartut – Ruth Heilmann – 2008 ^{[171] [172]}
• High Commissioner – Mikaela Engell – 2011 ^[173]
• Prime Minister – Aleqa Hammond – 2013 ^[170]

Estonia

Danish Estonia

• Regent – Margaret Sambiria of Denmark – 1259 ^[148]

Swedish Estonia and Livonia

• Monarch – Christina of Sweden – 1632 ^[174]

Autonomous Governorate of Estonia

• Member of the Provincial Assembly – Anna Leetsmann – 1917 ^[175]

Republic of Estonia

• Members of the Constituent Assembly – Emma Asson-Petersen, Marie Helene Aul, Minni Kurs-Olesk, Alma Ostra-Oinas, Johanna Päts, Helmi Press-Jansen and Marie Reisik – 1919 ^[176]
• Members of the Riigikogu – Emma Asson-Petersen and Alma Ostra-Oinas – 1920 ^[177]
• Members of the National Assembly – Linda Marie Eenpalu and Alma Jeets – 1937 ^[178]
• Member of National Council (Second Chamber) – Linda Marie Eenpalu – 1938 ^[179]

Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

• Minister of Social Welfare – Olga Lauristin – 1944
• Minister of Social Security – Erna Visk – 1958 ^[180]
• Minister of Public Service – Meta Vannas (Jangolenko) – 1967 ^[180]
• Minister of Education – Elsa Gretškina – 1985
• Party leader – Lagle Parek of the National Independence Party – 1988 ^[181]
• Minister of Social Welfare – Siiri Oviir – 1990 ^[182]

Estonian Government in Exile

• Minister without portfolio (in Exile) – Renate Kaasik – 1971 ^[182]
• Secretary of State (in Exile) – Katrin Nyman-Metcalf – 1990 ^[183]
• Minister of Justice (in Exile) – Aino Lepik von Wirén – 1990 ^[182]

International level

• European Commissioner – Kadri Simson – 2019

National level

• Minister of Internal Affairs – Lagle Parek – 1992 ^[184]
• Mayor of Tallinn – Ivi Eenmaa – 1995 ^[185]
• County Governor (Tartu County) – Eha Pärn – 2003 (acting governor until 2004) ^[186]
• President of the Riigikogu – Ene Ergma – 2003 ^[187]
• President – Kersti Kaljulaid – 2016 ^[188]
• Election-winning party leader – Kaja Kallas of the Estonian Reform Party – 2019
• Prime Minister – Kaja Kallas – 2021

Individual ministries

• Minister of Social Affairs – Marju Lauristin – 1992 ^[189]
• Minister of Reforms – Liia Hänni – 1994 ^[182]
• Minister of Economic Affairs – Liina Tõnisson – 1995 ^[190]
• Minister of Culture – Signe Kivi – 1999 ^[182]
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Kristiina Ojuland – 2002 ^[191]
• Minister of Education – Mailis Rand – 2002 ^[192]
• Mayor of Tartu – Laine Jänes – 2003 ^[193]
• Minister of Agriculture – Ester Tuiksoo – 2004 ^[194]
• Members of the European Parliament – Marianne Mikko and Siiri Oviir – 2004 ^[195]
• Minister of Population Affairs – Urve Palo – 2007 ^[196]
• Minister of Environment – Keit Pentus – 2011 ^[197]
• Minister of Foreign Trade and Entrepreneurship – Anne Sulling – 2014 ^[198]
• Minister of Finance – Maris Lauri – 2014 ^[199]
• Chancellor of Justice – Ülle Madise – 2015 ^[200]
• Minister of Entrepreneurship – Ülle Madise – 2015 ^[200]
• Minister of Social Protection – Signe Riisalo – 2021

Finland

Swedish Realm

• Regent – Ingeborg of Norway – 1319 ^[201]
• Monarch – Margaret I – 1389 ^[202]
• Governor of Turku – Ebba Stenbock (acting interim governor) – 1597 ^[203]

Grand Duchy

• Member of Parliament – Miina Sillanpää, Alli Nissinen, Hilma Räsänen, Ida Aalle-Teljo, Anni Huotari, Mimmi Kanervo, Hilja Pärssinen, Maria Raunio, Jenny Upari, Eveliina Ala-Kulju, Hedvig Gebhard, Liisi Kivioja, Iida Vemmelpuu – 1907 ^[204]

Republic

National level

• Minister of Social Affairs – Miina Sillanpää – 1926 ^[205]
• Deputy Prime Minister of Finland – Tyyne Leivo-Larsson – 1958 ^[206]
• Mayor of Loviisa – Birgitta Landgren – 1973 ^[207]
• Governor of Lapland – Hannele Pokka – 1994 ^[208]
• Speaker of the Parliament – Riitta Uosukainen – 1995 ^[209]
• President – Tarja Halonen – 2000 ^{[210] [211]}
• Prime Minister – Anneli Jäätteenmäki – 2003 ^[212]
• Mayor of Tampere – Anna-Kaisa Ikonen – 2013 ^[213]

Individual ministries

• Minister without portfolio – Hertta Kuusinen – 1948 ^[214]
• Education Minister – Kerttu Saalasti – 1954 ^[215]
• Minister of Justice – Inkeri Anttila – 1975 ^{[207] [216]}
• Minister of Commerce and Industry – Pirkko Työläjärvi – 1981 ^[217]
• Minister of Interior – Kaisa Raatikainen – 1984 ^[218]
• Defence minister – Elisabeth Rehn – 1990 ^[219]
• Minister of Environmental Affairs – Sirpa Pietikäinen – 1991 ^[220]
• Foreign minister – Tarja Halonen – 1995 ^[210]
• Minister of Transport – Tuula Linnainmaa – 1995 ^[221]
• Mayor of Helsinki – Eva-Riitta Siitonen – 1996 ^[222]
• Minister of Labour – Sinikka Mönkäre – 1999 ^[223]
• Minister of Health and Social Services – Eva Biaudet – 1999 ^[224]
• Minister of Culture – Suvi Lindén – 1999 ^[225]
• Minister of Agriculture – Sirkka-Liisa Anttila – 2007 ^[226]
• Finance minister – Jutta Urpilainen – 2011 ^[227]

Åland

• Lantråd (Premier) – Viveka Eriksson – 2007 ^[228]
• Minister of Migration and European Affairs for Åland Islands – Astrid Thors – 2007–2011 ^[229]
• Member of Parliament in the Åland Islands – Elisabeth Nauclér – 2007 ^{[230] [231]}

France

National level

• Regent – Anne of Kiev – 1060 ^[232]
• Minister of Health – Germaine Poinso-Chapuis – 1947 (first government minister; Simone Veil who held the portfolio between 1974 and 1979 is often incorrectly cited as the first officeholder)
• Prefect – Yvette Chassagne (Loir-et-Cher) – 1981 ^[233]
• Mayor of Strasbourg – Catherine Trautmann – 1989 ^[234]
• European Commissioner for Taxation and Customs Union, Audit and Anti-Fraud – Christiane Scrivener – 1989 ^[235]
• Prime Minister – Édith Cresson – 1991 ^[236]
• Mayor of Paris – Anne Hidalgo – 2014 ^[237]
• President of the National Assembly of France – Yaël Braun-Pivet – 2022

Individual ministries or regions

• Undersecretary of State for national education – Cécile Brunschvicg – 1936 ^[238]
• Undersecretary of state for Public Health – Suzanne Lacore – 1936 ^[239]
• Undersecretary of state for Science – Irène Joliot-Curie – 1936 ^[240]
• Minister of Labour – Martine Aubry – 1997 ^[241]
• Minister of Culture – Catherine Trautmann – 1997
• Minister of Justice – Élisabeth Guigou – 1997 ^[242]
• Mayor of Lille – Martine Aubry – 2001 ^[241]
• Minister of Defence – Michèle Alliot-Marie – 2002 ^[243]
• Mayor of Montpellier – Hélène Mandroux – 2004 ^[244]
• Minister of the Overseas – Brigitte Girardin – 2002
• Minister of the Interior – Michèle Alliot-Marie – 2007 ^[243]
• Minister of Finance – Christine Lagarde – 2007 ^[245]
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Michèle Alliot-Marie – 2010 ^[243]
• Mayor of Nantes – Johanna Rolland– 2014 ^[246]
• Minister of Education – Najat Vallaud-Belkacem – 2014
• Mayor of Marseille – Michèle Rubirola– 2020 ^[247]

Georgia

Kingdom

• Regent – Mariam of Vaspurakan – 1027 ^[248]
• Monarch – Tamar – 1178–1210 ^[249]

Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic

• Minister of Trade – Zinaida Arsen'evna Kvachadze – 1957 ^[250]
• Minister of Education – Tamar Lashkarashvili – 1960 ^[250]
• Deputy Premier – Victoria M. Siradze – 1962 ^[250]
• Vice-President – Tamar Lashkarashvili – 1979 ^[250]

Republic

• Speaker of the Georgian Parliament – Nino Burjanadze – 2003 – 2004 and 2007 ^[251]
• President (acting) – Nino Burjanadze – 2003 ^[251]
• Minister for Foreign Affairs – Salomé Zurabishvili – 2004 ^[252]
• Minister of Economic Development – Ekaterine Sharashidze – 2008 ^[253]
• Minister of Defense – Tina Khidasheli – 1 May 2015 ^[254]

Abkhazia

• Minister of Justice – Liudmila Khojashvili – 2005^{[ citation needed ]}

Germany

Holy Roman Empire

• Regent – Adelaide of Italy and Theophanu (co-regents) – 983 ^[255]

Weimar Republic

• Weimar National Assembly – 36 women, among them being Marie Baum, Marie Juchacz, Louise Schroeder – 1919 ^{[256] [257]}

Allied Occupation

• Mayor of Berlin – Louise Schroeder – 1947 ^[258]

Democratic Republic

• Member of the Presidium of the Volkskammer – Friedel Malter – 1948 ^[259]
• Minister of Justice – Hilde Benjamin – 1953 ^{[260] [261]}
• President of the Volkskammer and Acting Head of state – Sabine Bergmann-Pohl – 1990 ^[262]

Federal Republic (West)

• State secretary of Youth and Family Affairs – Gabriele Wülker – 1957 ^[263]
• Minister of Health – Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt – 1961 ^[264]
• President of the Bundestag – Annemarie Renger – 1972 ^[265]

Federal Republic (United)

• Minister of Justice – Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger – 1992 ^[266]
• Minister-President of any German state – Heide Simonis (of Schleswig-Holstein) – 1993 ^{[267] [268]}
• European Commissioner for Regional Policy – Monika Wulf-Mathies – 1994 ^{[269] [270]}
• Mayor of Frankfurt – Petra Roth – 1995 ^[271]
• Chancellor – Angela Merkel – 2005 ^[272]
• Minister of Defence – Ursula von der Leyen – 2013 ^[273]
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Annalena Baerbock – 2021

Greece

Kingdom

• Regent – Amalia of Oldenburg – 1850
• Member of Parliament – Eleni Skoura – 1953 ^[274]
• Mayor (Corfu)– Maria Desylla-Kapodistria – 1953^{[ citation needed ]}
• Government minister and Minister for Social Welfare – Lina Tsaldari – 1956 ^[274]

Republic

National level

• Minister for Culture – Melina Mercouri – 1981 ^[275]
• European Commissioner for Employment and Social Affairs – Anna Diamantopoulou – 1999 ^[276]
• Mayor of Athens – Dora Bakoyannis – 2003 ^[277]
• President of Parliament – Anna Psarouda-Benaki – 2004 ^[278]
• Prime Minister (acting, not elected) – Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou – 2015 ^[279]
• President – Katerina Sakellaropoulou – 2020

Individual ministries

• Minister of Justice – Anna Benaki-Psarouda – 1992 ^[278]
• Minister of Education and Religious Affairs – Marietta Giannakou-Koutsikou – 1993 ^[280]
• Minister for Environment – Vassiliki "Vaso" Papandreou – 1999 ^[281]
• Minister for Foreign Affairs – Dora Bakoyannis – 2006 ^[277]
• Minister for Tourism – Fani Palli-Petralia – 2006 ^[282]

Hungary

Kingdom

• Regent – Helena of Serbia, Queen of Hungary – 1141
• Monarch – Mary of Hungary – 1382 ^[283]
• Member of Parliament – Margit Slachta – 1920 ^[284]

People's Republic

• Minister of Health – Anna Ratkó – 1950 ^[285]
• Minister of Light Industry - Józefné Nagy/ Nagy Jolán Szanka - 1955 ^[286]
• Minister of Education – Valéria Benke – 1958 ^[287]
• Speaker of the National Assembly – Erzsébet Metzker Vass – 1963 ^[288]
• Deputy Premier Minister – Csehák Judit – 1984 ^[286]
• Minister of Social Affairs and Health – Csehák Judit – 1987 ^[286]

Republic

• Minister for Justice – Ibolya Dávid – 1998 ^[289]
• Minister for Interior – Mónika Lamperth – 2002 ^[290]
• Minister for Equality – Katalin Lévai – 2004 ^[291]
• Foreign Minister – Kinga Göncz – 2006 ^[292]
• Health Minister – Ágnes Horváth – 2007 ^[293]
• Minister of National Development – Zsuzsanna Németh – 2011 ^[294]
• President – Katalin Novák – 2022 ^[295]

Iceland

See also: List of female cabinet ministers of Iceland

Kingdom

• Member of a City Council – Bríet Bjarnhéðinsdóttir – 1908 ^[296]
• Member of Parliament – Ingibjörg H. Bjarnason – 1922 ^[297]

Republic

• Mayor of Reykjavík – Auður Auðuns – 1960 ^[298]
• Speaker of Parliament (lower house) – Ragnhildur Helgadóttir – 1961 ^[299]
• Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs – Auður Auðuns – 1970 ^[300]
• President – Vigdís Finnbogadóttir – 1980 ^[301]
• Speaker of Parliament (upper house) – Salome Þorkelsdóttir – 1983 ^[302]
• Minister of Education, Science and Culture – Ragnhildur Helgadóttir – 1983 ^[299]
• Minister of Health and Social Security – Ragnhildur Helgadóttir – 1985 ^[299]
• Speaker of Parliament (bicameral united house) – Salome Þorkelsdóttir – 1991 ^[302]
• Speaker of Parliament (unicameral) – Salome Þorkelsdóttir – 1991 ^[302]
• Minister for the Environment – Siv Friðleifsdóttir – 1999 ^[303]
• Minister of Industry – Valgerður Sverrisdóttir – 1999 ^[304]
• Minister for Foreign Affairs – Valgerður Sverrisdóttir – 2006 ^[304]
• Prime Minister – Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir – 2009 ^[305]
• Minister of Finance – Oddný Guðbjörg Harðardóttir – 2011 ^[306]

Ireland

Kingdom of Ireland

• Queen regnant – Mary I – 1553

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

• Member of parliament – Constance Markievicz – 1918 ^[307]

Irish Republic

• Teachta Dála – Constance Markievicz – 1919 ^[307]
• Minister for Labour – Constance Markievicz – 1919 ^[308]

Free State

• Senator (Free State Senate) – Eileen Costello, Alice Stopford Green, Ellen Cuffe and Jennie Wyse Power – 1922 ^[309]
• Leader of a political party – Margaret Buckley – 1937 ^{[310] [311]}

Ireland (Republic of Ireland)

Main article: Electoral firsts in the Republic of Ireland

• Senator (Senate of the Republic) – Margaret Mary Pearse, Linda Kearns MacWhinney, Helena Concannon and Margaret L. Kennedy – 1938 ^[312]
• Lord Mayor of Dublin – Kathleen Clarke – 1939 ^[313]
• Lord Mayor of Cork – Jane Dowdall – 1959 ^[314]
• Department of State Secretary-General – Thekla Beere – 1959 ^[315]
• Mayor of Limerick – Frances Condell – 1963 ^[316]
• Council of State Member – Honor Crowley – 1964 ^[317]
• Mayor of Galway – Mary Byrne – 1975
• Minister of State – Máire Geoghegan-Quinn – 1977 ^[318]
• Member of the European Parliament – Eileen Desmond and Síle de Valera – 1979 ^{[319] [320]}
• Minister for the Gaeltacht – Máire Geoghegan-Quinn – 1979 ^[318]
• Leader of the Seanad – Gemma Hussey – 1981 ^[321]
• Minister for Health and Social Welfare – Eileen Desmond – 1981 ^[322]
• Minister for Education – Gemma Hussey – 1982 ^[321]
• Cathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann – Tras Honan – 1982 ^[323]
• President – Mary Robinson – 1990 ^{[324] [325] [326] [327]}
• Minister for Tourism, Transport and Communications – Máire Geoghegan-Quinn – 1992 ^[318]
• Leader of a political party in Dáil Éireann – Mary Harney – 1993 ^[328]
• Minister for Justice – Máire Geoghegan-Quinn – 1993 ^[318]
• Tánaiste (Deputy Prime Minister) – Mary Harney – 1997 ^[328]
• Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment – Mary Harney – 1997 ^[328]
• Minister for Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands – Síle de Valera – 1997 ^[320]
• Minister for Agriculture and Food – Mary Coughlan – 2004 ^[329]
• Government Chief Whip – Mary Hanafin – 2002 ^[330]
• European Commissioner – Máire Geoghegan-Quinn – 2009 ^[331]
• Attorney General – Máire Whelan – 2011 ^[332]
• Minister for Children and Youth Affairs – Frances Fitzgerald – 2011 ^[333]
• Leader of the Opposition – Mary Lou McDonald – 2020 ^[334]
• Leas-Cheann Comhairle – Catherine Connolly – 2020 ^[335]
• Minister for Rural and Community Development – Heather Humphreys – 2020

Italy

Main article: Electoral firsts in Italy

• Undersecretary of Industry and Trade – Angela Maria Guidi Cingolani – 1951 ^[336]
• Minister of Labour and Social Security – Tina Anselmi – 1976 ^[336]
• Minister for Health – Tina Anselmi – 1978 ^[337] (First female governmental minister)
• President of the Chamber of Deputies – Nilde Iotti – 1979 ^[338]
• Minister of Education – Franca Falcucci – 1982 ^[339]
• Senator for Life – Camilla Ravera – 1982 ^[340]
• Minister of Tourism – Margherita Boniver – 1992 ^[341]
• President of Lombardia – Fiorella Ghilardotti – 1992 ^[342]
• Minister for Agriculture and Forests – Adriana Poli Bortone – 1994 ^[343]
• European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Protection – Emma Bonino – 1995 ^[344]
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Susanna Agnelli – 1995 ^[345]
• Minister without Portfolio – Livia Turco – 1996 ^{[346] [347]}
• Minister for Equal Opportunities – Anna Finocchiaro – 1996 ^[348]
• Minister of Cultural Activities and Sport – Giovanna Melandri – 1998 ^[349]
• Minister of Interior – Rosa Russo Iervolino – 1998 ^[350]
• President of Trentino-Alto Adige – Margherita Cogo – 1999 ^[351]
• President of Umbria – Maria Rita Lorenzetti – 2000 ^[351]
• Mayor of Naples – Rosa Russo Iervolino – 2001 ^[352]
• President of Piedmont – Mercedes Bresso – 2006 ^[353]
• Minister of European Politics and International Trade – Emma Bonino – 2006 ^[354]
• Mayor of Milan – Letizia Moratti – 2006 ^[352]
• Minister of the Environment – Stefania Prestigiacomo – 2008 ^[355]
• President of Democratic Party (Italy) – Rosy Bindi – 2009 ^[356]
• President of Lazio – Renata Polverini – 2010 ^[357]
• Minister of Justice – Paola Severino – 2011 ^[358]
• President of Friuli-Venezia Giulia – Alessandra Guerra – 1994 ^[359]
• Minister of Integration – Cécile Kyenge – 2013 ^[360]
• Minister of Defence – Roberta Pinotti – 2014 ^[361]
• Minister of Economic Development – Federica Guidi – 2014 ^[362]
• Minister of Constitutional Reforms and Parliamentary Relations – Maria Elena Boschi – 2014 ^[363]
• Mayor of Rome – Virginia Raggi – 2016 ^[352]
• President of the Senate – Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati – 2018 ^{[364] [365]}
• Princess of Seborga – Nina Menegatto – 2019 ^[366]
• Prime Minister – Giorgia Meloni – 2022

Latvia

First Republic

• Member of Parliament – Berta Pīpiņa – 1931 ^[367]
• Deputy Minister of Education – Valērija Seile – 1921 ^[368]

Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic

• Government Minister (People's Comissar of State Control) – Olga Martynovna Auguste – 1941
• Minister of Justice – Emīlija Veinberga – 1951 ^[369]
• Chairman of the Supreme Soviet – Valentina S. Klibike – 1975 ^[370]

Second Republic

• President – Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga – 1999 ^[371]
• Member of the Saeima – Berta Pipina – 1931 ^[367]
• Speaker of the Saeima – Ilga Kreituse – 1995 ^[372]
• Foreign Minister – Sandra Kalniete – 2002 ^[372]
• European Commissioner for Agriculture and Fisheries – Sandra Kalniete – 2004 ^[372]
• Defence Minister – Linda Mūrniece – 2006 ^[373]
• Prime Minister – Laimdota Straujuma – 2014 ^[374]

Liechtenstein

• Deputy Government Councillor for Social Affairs – Maria Foser – 1984 ^[375]
• Minister of Transport and Building – Cornelia Gassner – 1993 ^{[376] [377]}
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Andrea Willi – 1993 ^[378]

Lithuania

Republic

• Members of Parliament – Felicija Bortkevičienė and Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė – 1920 ^[379]
• Speaker of the constituent session of the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania – Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė – 15 May 1920 ^[380]

Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

• Vice-President – Leokadija Diržinskaitė-Piliušenko – 1959 ^[381]
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Leokadija Diržinskaitė-Piliušenko – 1961 ^[381]
• Head of the Central Committee Department of Trade and Public Service – Jaina B. Tatsiavichenė – 1971 ^[381]
• Prime Minister – Kazimira Prunskienė – 1990 ^[382]

Republic of Lithuania

• European Commissioner for Financial Programming and the Budget – Dalia Grybauskaitė – 2004 ^[383]
• President – Dalia Grybauskaitė – 2009 ^{[383] [384]}
• Foreign minister (acting) – Rasa Juknevičienė – 2010 ^[385]

Luxembourg

County, Duchy and Grand Duchy

• Monarch – Ermesinde, Countess of Luxembourg – 1197 ^[386]

Grand Duchy

• Grand Duchess – Marie-Adélaïde – 1912 ^[387]
• Member of Parliament – Marguerite Thomas-Clement – 1919
• Minister of Family, Youth, Social Solidarity, Health, Culture and Religious Affairs – Madeleine Frieden-Kinnen – 1969 ^[388]
• Mayor of Luxembourg City – Colette Flesch– 1970 ^[389]
• Deputy Prime Minister – Colette Flesch – 1980 ^[389]
• President of the Council of the European Union – Colette Flesch – 1980 ^[390]
• Minister of Justice – Colette Flesch – 1980 ^[390]
• Minister for Foreign Affairs – Colette Flesch – 1980 ^[389]
• President of the Chamber of Deputies – Erna Hennicot-Schoepges – 1989 ^[391]
• European Commissioner for Justice, Consumers and Gender Equality – Martine Reicherts – 2009 ^[392]

Malta

Colony

• Member of Parliament – Agatha Barbara – 1947^{[ citation needed ]}
• Minister – Agatha Barbara – 1955^{[ citation needed ]}

Republic

• President – Agatha Barbara – 1982^{[ citation needed ]}
• Mayor (Għasri, Gozo) – Rita Cutajar – 1993 ^[393]
• Speaker of the House of Representatives – Myriam Spiteri Debono – 1996 ^[394]

Moldova

• Minister of Education – Agrippina Nikitichna Krachun – 1959 ^[395]
• Minister of Justice – Valeria Șterbeț – 1999 ^[396]
• Speaker of the Parliament – Eugenia Ostapciuc – 2001 ^[397]
• Prime Minister – Zinaida Greceanîi – 2008 ^[398]
• Finance minister – Marianna Durlesteanu – 2008 ^[399]
• Foreign minister – Natalia Gherman – 2013 ^[400]
• President – Maia Sandu – 2021

Transnistria

unrecognized, secessionist state

• Foreign minister – Nina Shtanski – 2012 ^[401]
• Prime Minister – Tatiana Turanskaya – 2013 ^[402]

Monaco

• Communal Council – Roxane Noat-Notari – 1955
• National Council – Roxane Noat-Notari – 1963
• Mayor of Monaco – Anne-Marie Campora – 1991
• Government Councillor of Finance and Economy – Sophie Thevenoux – 2009 ^[403]
• Government Councillor of Department of Infrastructure, Environment and Urbanization – Marie-Pierre Gramaglia – 2011 ^[403]

Montenegro

Serbia and Montenegro

• Speaker of Parliament – Vesna Perović – 2001 ^[404]
• Supreme State Attorney – Vesna Medenica – 2004 ^[405]
• Mayor of City/President of Municipality (first elected) – Marija-Maja Ćatović – 2005 ^[406]

Republic of Montenegro

• Deputy Prime Minister – Gordana Đurović – 2006 ^[407]

Netherlands

Spanish Netherlands

• Governor – Margaret of Austria- 1507–1530 ^[408]

Dutch Republic

• Diplomat – Bartholda van Swieten – 1615 ^[409]
• Regent (acting stadtholder) – Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange – 1751 ^[410]

Kingdom

• Monarch – Queen Wilhelmina – 1890 ^[411]
• Member of the House of Representatives of the States-General – Suze Groeneweg – 1917 ^[412]
• Member of the Senate of the States-General – Carry Pothuis-Smit – 1920 ^[413]
• Alderman – Eiske ten Bos-Harkema – 1924 ^[414]
• Mayor – Truus Smulders-Beliën – 1946 ^[415]
• Minister of Social Work – Marga Klompé – 1956 ^[416]
• Minister of Education, Arts and Sciences – Marga Klompé – 1961
• Party chair – Haya van Someren – 1969 ^[417]
• Minister of Health and Hygiene – Irene Vorrink – 1973 ^[418]
• Parliamentary leader in the Senate – Haya van Someren – 1976 ^[417]
• Party leader – Ria Beckers – 1977 ^[419]
• Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives – Ria Beckers – 1977 ^[419]
• Minister of Transport, Public Works and Water Management – Neelie Kroes – 1982 ^[420]
• Minister for Development Cooperation – Eegje Schoo – 1982 ^[421]
• Minister of the Interior – Ien Dales – 1989 ^[422]
• Minister of Justice – Winnie Sorgdrager – 1994 ^[423]
• Minister of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment – Margreeth de Boer – 1994 ^[424]
• Deputy Prime Ministers – Annemarie Jorritsma and Els Borst – 1998 ^[425]
• Minister of Economic Affairs – Annemarie Jorritsma – 1998 ^[426]
• Speaker of the House of Representatives – Jeltje van Nieuwenhoven – 1998 ^[427]
• Minister of Education, Culture and Science – Maria van der Hoeven – 2002 ^[428]
• Minister for Integration and Immigration – Rita Verdonk – 2003 ^[429]
• President of the Senate – Yvonne Timmerman-Buck – 2003 ^[430]
• European Commissioner – Neelie Kroes – 2004 ^[420]
• Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality – Gerda Verburg – 2007 ^[431]
• Minister of Infrastructure and the Environment – Melanie Schultz van Haegen – 2010 ^[432]
• Minister of Defence – Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert – 2012 ^[433]
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Sigrid Kaag – 2018
• Minister of Social Affairs – Karien van Gennip – 2022
• Minister of Finance – Sigrid Kaag – 2022

North Macedonia

• Minister of Development – Sofija Todorova – 1992 ^[434]
• Minister without portfolio – Gordana Siljanovska – 1992 ^[434]
• Interior minister – Dosta Dimovska – 1999 ^[434]
• Foreign minister – Ilinka Mitreva – 2001 ^[435]
• Minister of justice– Meri Mladenovska Gjorgjievska – 2002 ^[436]
• Prime Minister (acting) – Radmila Šekerinska – 2004 ^[437]
• President of Social Democratic Union of Macedonia – Radmila Šekerinska – 2006 ^[437]
• Minister of Culture – Elizabeta Kanceska Milevska – 2008 ^[434]
• President – Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova – 2024 ^[438]

Norway

• Monarch – Margaret I – 1387 ^[149]
• Deputy member of the Norwegian Parliament – Anna Rogstad – 1911 ^[439]
• Member of the Norwegian Parliament – Karen Platou – 1921 ^[440]
• Mayor – Aasa Helgesen (in Utsira) – 1926 ^[441]
• Minister of Social Affairs – Kirsten Hansteen – 1945 ^[442]
• Minister of Justice – Elisabeth Schweigaard Selmer – 1965 ^[443]
• State Secretary – Elsa Rastad Bråten – 1971 ^[444]
• President of the Lagting – Torild Skard – 1973 ^[445]
• Minister of the Environment – Gro Harlem Brundtland – 1974 ^[446]
• County Governor – Ebba Lodden (in Aust-Agder) – 1974 ^[447]
• Prime Minister – Gro Harlem Brundtland – 1981 ^[448]
• Chief of Police (Halden) – Ann-Kristin Olsen ^[449]
• President of the Odelsting – Åshild Hauan – 1985 ^[450]
• Mayor of Oslo – Ann-Marit Sæbønes – 1992 ^[451]
• President of the Storting – Kirsti Kolle Grøndahl – 1993 ^[452]
• Minister of Defence – Eldbjørg Løwer – 2001 ^[453]
• Minister of Finance – Kristin Halvorsen – 2005 ^[454]
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Ine Marie Eriksen Søreide – 2017 ^[455]

Other political positions

• Party leader – Eva Kolstad (Liberal) – 1974 ^[456]

Svalbard

• Governor of Svalbard – Ann-Kristin Olsen – 1995 ^[449]

Poland

Kingdom (1385–1569)

• Monarch – Jadwiga of Poland – 1384 ^[457]

Second Republic

• First members of Sejm (lower house of the parliament) – Gabriela Balicka, Jadwiga Dziubińska, Irena Kosmowska, Maria Moczydłowska, Zofia Moraczewska, Anna Piasecka, Zofia Sokolnicka, Franciszka Wilczkowiakowa – 1919 ^[458]
• Senator – Zofia Daszyńska-Golińska – 1928 ^[367]

People's Republic

• Vice-Chairperson of the Provisoric Government – Wanda Wasilewska – 1944 ^[459]
• Minister of Justice – Zofia Wasilkowska – 1956 ^[460]
• Minister of Administration, Land Economy and Environment – Maria Milczarek – 1976 ^[461]
• Minister of Labor, Welfare and Social Policy – Maria Milczarek – 1979 ^[461]
• Minister of Education and Behaviour – Joanna Michałowska-Gumowska – 1985 ^[462]
• Minister of Health and Welfare – Izabela Płaneta-Małecka – 1988 ^[463]

Republic

• Minister of Culture and Art – Izabella Cywińska – 1989 ^[464]
• Minister of Industry and Commerce – Henryka Bochniarz – 1991 ^[465]
• Prime Minister – Hanna Suchocka – 1992 ^[466]
• Chairman of the National Bank of Poland – Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz – 1992 ^[467]
• Minister of Construction and Spatial Management – Barbara Blida – 1993 ^[468]
• Marshal of the Senate – Alicja Grześkowiak – 1997 ^[469]
• Minister of Finance – Halina Wasilewska-Trenkner – 2001 ^[470]
• Minister of State Treasury – Aldona Kamela-Sowińska – 2001 ^[471]
• Minister of European Affairs – Danuta Hübner – 2003 ^[472]
• Deputy Prime Minister – Izabela Jaruga-Nowacka – 2004 ^{[473] [474]}
• Minister of Social Policy – Izabela Jaruga-Nowacka – 2004 ^{[473] [474]}
• European Commissioner for Regional Policy – Danuta Hübner – 2004 ^[472]
• Minister of Regional Development – Grażyna Gęsicka – 2005 ^[475]
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Anna Fotyga – 2006 ^[476]
• President of Warsaw – Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz – 2006 ^[467]
• Minister of Sport and Tourism – Elżbieta Jakubiak – 2007 ^[477]
• Minister of Science and Higher Education – Barbara Kudrycka – 2007 ^[478]
• Marshal of the Sejm – Ewa Kopacz – 2011 ^[479]

Portugal

County

• Countess – Theresa, Countess of Portugal – 1112 ^[480]

Kingdom

• Monarch (disputed) – Beatrice of Portugal – 1383 ^[481]
• Monarch – Maria I – 1777 ^[480]

Republic

• Undersecretary of the Ministry of Health and Assistance – Maria Teresa Cárcomo Lobo – 1970 ^[482]
• Minister of Social Affairs – Maria de Lurdes Pintasilgo – 1974 ^[483]
• Prime Minister – Maria de Lurdes Pintasilgo – 1979 ^[483]
• Minister of Health – Leonor Beleza – 1985 ^[484]
• Judge of the Constitutional Court – Maria da Assunção Esteves – 1989 ^[485]
• Minister of Education – Manuela Ferreira Leite – 1993 ^[486]
• Minister of Environment – Teresa Patrício de Gouveia – 1993 ^[487]
• Minister for Qualification and Employment – Maria João Rodrigues – 1995 ^[488]
• Minister of Planning – Elisa Ferreira – 1999 ^[489]
• Minister of State and Minister of Finance – Manuela Ferreira Leite – 2002 ^[486]
• Minister of Justice – Celeste Cardona – 2002 ^[490]
• Minister of Science and Higher Education – Graça Carvalho – 2003 ^[491]
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Teresa Patrício de Gouveia – 2003 ^[487]
• Minister of Culture – Maria João Bustorff – 2004 ^[492]
• Minister of Environment and Territorial Organization – Dulce Pássaro – 2009 ^[493]
• Leader of the Opposition – Manuela Ferreira Leite – 2008 ^[494]
• President of the Assembly of the Republic – Maria da Assunção Esteves – 2011 ^[485]
• Minister of Agriculture, Sea, Environment and Territorial Organization – Maria de Assunção Oliveira Cristas Machado da Graças – 2011 ^[495]
• Vice-President of the Constitutional Court – Maria Lúcia Amaral – 2012 ^[496]
• Attorney General of the Republic – Joana Marques Vidal – 2012 ^[497]
• President of the Legislative Assembly of the Azores – Ana Luís – 2012 ^[498]
• Minister of Internal Administration – Anabela Rodrigues – 2014 ^[499]
• Minister of the Presidency and Administrative Modernization – Maria Manuel Leitão Marques – 2015 ^[500]
• Ombudswoman – Maria Lúcia Amaral – 2017 ^[501]

Romania

Main article: Electoral firsts in Romania

Kingdom

• Mayor (of Bogdănești, Vaslui) – Luiza Zavloschi – 1930 ^[502]

People's Republic

• Minister of Health – Florica Bagdasar – 1946
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Ana Pauker – 1947 ^[503]
• Minister of Social Affairs – Stella Ernestu – 1952 ^[504]
• Minister of Culture and Art – Constanța Crăciun – 1953 ^[505]
• Vice-President of the State Council – Constanța Crăciun – 1966 ^[505]
• Minister of Industry – Ana Mureson – 1966 ^[505]
• Member of the Politburo – Lina Ciobanu – 1977 ^[505]
• Minister of Education – Aneta Spornic – 1979 ^[505]
• First Deputy Prime Minister – Elena Ceauşescu – 1980 ^[506]
• Vice-President of the Council of State – Maria Ciocan – 1980 ^[505]
• Minister of the Food Industry – Paula Prioteasa – 1986 ^[505]
• Minister of Labour – Alexandrina Gainusa – 1986 ^[505]
• Minister of Justice – Maria Bobu – 1987 ^[505]

Republic

• Member of the Council of the National Salvation Front and Joint Collective Head of State – Christina Cioutu – 1989 ^[505]
• Prefect (of Bucharest) – Mioara Mantale – 2004 ^[507]
• President of the Chamber of Deputies – Roberta Anastase – 2008 ^[508]
• Minister of Tourism – Elena Udrea – 2008 ^[509]
• European Commissioner for Regional Policy – Corina Crețu – 2014 ^[510]
• Prime Minister – Viorica Dăncilă – 2018 ^[511]
• President of the Senate – Anca Dragu – 2020 ^[512]

Russia

Imperial

• Regent – Elena Glinskaya – 1533 ^[513]
• Monarch – Catherine I of Russia – 1725 ^[514]

Interim Republic

• Vice Minister of State Welfare and Vice Minister of Education – Sofia Panina – 1917 ^[515]

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

• Commissar (Minister) – Alexandra Kollontai – 1917 ^[516] (First female minister in the world)
• Commissioner of Foreign Affairs – Angelika Balabanoff – 1918 ^[517]
• People's Commissar of the Navy – Larisa Mikhailovna Reisner – 1918 ^[517]
• Candidate Member of the Politburo – Elena Stasova – 1919
• Member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union – Nadezhda Krupskaya – 1924 ^[518]
• Deputy minister (Commissar) of Education – Nadezhda Krupskaya – 1929 ^[518]
• People's Commissar of Finance – Varvara Nikolaevna Yakovleva – 1929
• Member of the Supreme Soviet – Nadezhda Krupskaya – 1931 ^[518]
• Member of Presidium of the Supreme Soviet – Nadezhda Krupskaya and Klavdiya Nikolayeva – 1937
• First Secretary of the Communist Party – Domina Komarova – 1948 ^[517]
• Minister of Health – Maria Kovrigina – 1953
• Full Member of the Politburo – Ekaterina Furtseva – 1957 ^[519]
• Minister of Culture – Ekaterina Furtseva – 1960
• Deputy Minister of Light Industry – Eudokiia F. Karpova – 1964 ^[517]
• Deputy Premier Minister and Head of the Central Committee Department of Light and Local Industry – Eudokiia F. Karpova – 1966
• Vice-chairman of the Council of ministres of the RSFSR – Lidia Lykova – 1967
• Vice-Chairperson of the Supreme Soviet – Tatyana G. Ivanova – 1985 ^[517]

Federation

• Member of the Consultative Council of the President – Tatyana Zaslavskaya – 1992
• Governor – Valentina Matviyenko – 2003 ^[520]
• Mayor of Saint Petersburg – Valentina Matviyenko – 2003 ^[520]
• Chairwoman of the Federation Council of Russia – Valentina Matviyenko – 2011 ^[520]

San Marino

• Minister of the Interior and of Justice – Clara Boscaglia – 1978 ^{[521] [522]}
• Co-Captain Regent – Maria Lea Pedini-Angelini – 1981 ^[523]
• Foreign minister – Antonella Mularoni – 2008 ^[524]

Serbia

Imperial

• Regent – Helena of Bulgaria – 1355–1357 ^[525]

Despotate

• Monarch – Jelena (Marija) – 1458 – 1459 ^[526]

Principality

• Education and Art adviser – Katarina Ivanović – 1870 ^[526]
• Member of the Great People's Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci and other Slavs in Banat, Bačka and Baranja – Milica Tomić, Mara Đorđević Malagurski, Anastasija Manojlović, Marija Jovanović, Olga Stanković, Katica Rajčić and Manda Sudarević – 1918. ^[527]

Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia

• Minister of Education – Mitra Mitrović – 1945–1948 ^[528]
• Minister of Labour – Spasenija Cana Babović – 1946–1948 ^[529]
• Minister of Health – Spasenija Cana Babović – 1948–1953 ^[529]
• Deputy Prime Minister – Spasenija Cana Babović – 1953–1963 ^[529]

Federal Yugoslavia

• President of the Federal Chamber – Stana Tomasević-Arnesen – 1979 ^[530]
• President of the Federal Executive Council (Prime Minister) – Milka Planinc – 1982 ^[531]
• Mayor of Belgrade – Slobodanka Gruden – 1992–1994 ^[532]
• Minister of Social affairs, family and equality – Margit Savović – 1994–1996 ^[533]
• Leader of Party Yugoslav (Left) – Mirjana Marković – 1994–2001 ^[534]
• Deputy Prime Minister – Maja Gojković – 1998–2000 ^[535]
• Minister of Self-government – Gordana Pop Lazić – 1998–2000 ^[536]
• Minister of Information – Radmila Milentijević – 1998–2000 ^[537]
• Minister of Economic transformation – Jorgovanka Tabaković – 1998–2000 ^[538]
• Minister of Labour and Employment – Gordana Matković – 2001–2004 ^[539]
• President of Party of successful women – Margit Savović – 2001–2004 ^[540]
• Minister of Environment – Anđelka Mihajlov – 2001–2002 ^[541]
• President of the Supreme Court – Leposava Karamarković – 2001–2002 ^[542]
• Minister of Traffic and Telecommunication – Marija Rašeta Vukosavljević – 2001–2004 ^[543]
• Speaker of the National Assembly of Serbia – Nataša Mićić – 2001– 2004 ^[544]
• President (acting) – Nataša Mićić – 2002–2003 ^[544]
• Minister of Energy and Mining – Kori Udovički – 2001–2003 ^[545]
• Governor of a National Bank of Serbia – Kori Udovički – 2003–2004 ^[545]
• Minister of Education – Ljiljana Čolić – 2004 ^[546]
• Mayor of Novi Sad – Maja Gojković – 2004–2008 ^[547]

Republic of Serbia

• Deputy Prime Minister – Ivana Dulić-Marković – 2006 ^[548]
• Minister of Science – Ana Pešikan – 2007–2008 ^[549]
• Minister of Telecommunication and Informatics – Aleksandra Smiljanić – 2007–2008 ^[550]
• President of the Constitutional Court of Serbia – Bosa Nenadić – 2007–2010 ^[551]
• Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economy – Verica Kalanović – 2011–2012 ^[552]
• Minister of Finance – Diana Dragutinović – 2008–2011 ^[553]
• Minister of Justice – Snežana Malović – 2008–2012 ^{[554] [555]}
• Mayor of Pančevo – Vesna Martinović – 2008–2012 ^[556]
• President of the Supreme Court of Cassation – Nata Mesarović – 2010–2013 ^[557]
• State Attorney – Zagorka Dolovac – 2012 ^[558]
• President (acting) – Slavica Đukić Dejanović – 2012 ^[559]
• President of Christian Democratic Party of Serbia – Olgica Batić – 2011 ^[560]
• President of party Together for Vojvodina – Olena Papuga – 2012 ^[561]
• Minister of Energy – Zorana Mihajlović – 2012–2014 ^[562]
• Deputy Prime Minister – Suzana Grubješić – 2012–2013 ^[563]
• Mayor of Smederevo – Jasna Avramović – 2012 ^[564]
• Governor of a National Bank of Serbia – Jorgovanka Tabaković – 2012 ^[565]
• Speaker of the National Assembly of Serbia – Maja Gojković – 2014 ^[566]
• Deputy Prime Minister and a Minister of Transportation, Construction and Infrastructure – Zorana Mihajlović – 2014 ^[562]
• Deputy Prime Minister and a Minister of State and Local Governments – Kori Udovički – 2014 ^[567]
• Minister of Agriculture and Environment – Snežana Bogosavljević Bošković – 2014 ^[568]
• Minister of European Integration – Jadranka Joksimović – 2014 ^[569]
• President of Democratic Party of Serbia – Sanda Rašković Ivić – 2014 ^[570]
• Mayor of Vršac – Dragana Mitrović – 2016 ^[571]
• Mayor of Sombor – Dušanka Golubović – 2016 ^[572]
• Prime Minister – Ana Brnabić – 2017 ^[573]
• Mayor of Kruševac – Jasmina Palurović – 2017 ^[574]
• Mayor of Niš – Dragana Sotirovski – 2020 ^[575]
• Mayor of Užice – Jelena Raković Radivojević – 2020 ^[575]
• Mayor of Sremska Mitrovica – Svetlana Milovanović – 2020 ^[576]

Kosovo

partially recognized secessionist state under nominal international administration

• Foreign minister (acting) – Vlora Çitaku – 2010 ^[577]
• President – Atifete Jahjaga – 2011 ^[578]

Slovakia

• Minister of Labour, Social Affairs and Family – Oľga Keltošová – 1993 ^[579] (also Minister of Labour, Social Affairs and Family of Slovakia within Czechoslovakia since 1992)
• Minister of Justice – Katarína Tóthová – 1993 ^[580] (also Minister of Justice of Slovakia within Czechoslovakia since 1992)
• Minister of Health – Irena Belohorská – 1993 ^[581]
• Deputy Prime Minister – Brigita Schmögnerová – 1994 ^[582]
• Minister of Education – Eva Slavkovská – 1994 ^[583]
• Minister of Foreign Affairs – Zdenka Kramplová – 1997 ^[584]
• Minister of Privatization – Mária Machová – 1998 ^[585]
• Minister of Finance – Brigita Schmögnerová – 1998 ^[582]
• Deputy Speaker of the National Council of the Slovak Republic – Zuzana Martináková – 2002 ^[586]
• Minister of Agriculture – Zdenka Kramplová – 2007 ^[587]
• Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Slovakia – Ivetta Macejková – 2007 ^[588]
• Prime Minister – Iveta Radičová – 2010 ^[589]
• President – Zuzana Čaputová – 2019 ^[590]

Please note: Independent Slovak Republic was established on January 1, 1993. The first female politicians of Slovak Republic as a part of Czech and Slovak Federative Republic are not included above.

List of Slovak female holders of political offices before independence

Czechoslovakia

• Member of Parliament – Irena Kaňová – 1919 ^[591]
• Commissioner for Health and Social Welfare (equivalent to minister) – Emília Janečková-Muríňová – 1950 ^[592]
• Minister of Health and Social Affairs – Eva Tökölyová – 1986 ^[592]
• Minister of State Audit – Mária Kolaříková – 1989 ^[593]

Czech and Slovak Federative Republic

• Minister of Labour, Social Affairs and Family – Helena Woleková – 1991 ^[594]
• Minister of Trade and Tourism – Jana Kotová – 1992 ^[595]
• Minister of Justice – Katarína Tóthová – 1992 ^[596]
• Minister of Labour, Social Affairs and Family – Oľga Keltošová – 1992 ^[579]

Slovenia

• Ministry of Health – Katja Boh – 1990 ^[597]
• Minister of Labour, Family, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities – Jožica Puhar – 1990 ^[598]
• Minister of Veterans and War Invalides – Ana Osterman – 1990 ^[598]
• Ministry of Justice – Metka Zupančič – 1994 ^[599]
• Ministry of Economy Development and Technologies – Tea Petrin – 2000 ^[600]
• Ministry of Culture – Andreja Rihter – 2000 ^[601]
• Ministry of Education, Science and Sport – Lucija Čok – 2000 ^[598]
• Ministry without Portfolio (Regional Development) – Zdenka Kovač – 2002 ^[601]
• Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry – Zdenka Kovač – 2004 ^[601]
• Minister of the Interior – Katarina Kresal – 2008 ^[602]
• Ministry of Public Administration – Irma Pavlinič Krebs – 2008 ^[603]
• Minister of Defence – Ljubica Jelušič – 2008 ^[604]
• Prime Minister – Alenka Bratušek – 2013 ^[605]
• Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning – Irena Majcen – 2014 ^[606]
• European Commissioner for Transport – Violeta Bulc – 2014 ^[607]
• President – Nataša Pirc Musar – 2022 ^[608]

Spain

Kingdom

This list includes office holders after the unification of Spain in the 16th-century:

• Monarch – Joanna I – 1504–1555^{[ citation needed ]}
• Regent – Isabella of Portugal – 1535–1539 ^[609]
• First Female Mayor – Matilde Pérez Mollá – 1924 ^[610]
• First thirteen Members of National Assembly – Blanca de los Ríos de Lampérez, Isidra Quesada y Gutiérrez de los Ríos, Micaela Díaz y Rabaneda, María de Maeztu, María de Echarri y Martínez, María López de Sagredo, Concepción Loring y Heredia, Carmen Cuesta del Muro, Teresa Luzzatti Quiñones, Josefina Oloriz Arcelus, María López Moleón, María Natividad Domínguez de Roger y Trinidad Von Scholtzhermensdorff – 1927 ^[611]

Second Republic

• Members of Parliament – Margarita Nelken, Clara Campoamor and Victoria Kent – 1931 ^[612]
• First democratic mayor – María Domínguez Remón – 1932 ^[613]
• Minister of Health – Federica Montseny – 1936 ^[614]

Francoist Spain

• Mayor of Bilbao – Pilar Careaga – 1969 ^[615]

Kingdom (restored)

• Mayor of Vigo – Enma González – 1978 ^[616]
• Minister of Culture – Soledad Becerril – 1981 ^[617]
• Mayor of Valencia – Clementina Ródenas – 1988 ^[618]
• President of the Region of Murcia – María Antonia Martínez – 1993 ^[619]
• Mayor of Seville – Soledad Becerril – 1995 ^[620]
• Mayor of Saragossa – Luisa Fernanda Rudi – 1995 ^[621]
• Mayor of Málaga – Celia Villalobos – 1995 ^[622]
• President of the Parliament of Navarre – María Dolores Eguren – 1995 ^[623]
• Minister of Environment – Isabel Tocino – 1996 ^[624]
• Minister of Agriculture – Loyola de Palacio – 1996 ^[625]
• Minister of Justice – Margarita Mariscal de Gante – 1996 ^[626]
• President of Senate – Esperanza Aguirre – 1999 ^[627]
• Minister of Education – Esperanza Aguirre – 1999 ^[627]
• Mayor of Cordóba – Rosa Aguilar – 1999 ^[628]
• Mayor of Gijón – Paz Fernández – 1999 ^[629]
• Mayor of Pamplona – Yolanda Barcina – 1999 ^[630]
• European Commissioner for Transport and Energy – Loyola de Palacio – 1999 ^[631]
• Minister of Industry – Anna Birulés – 2000 ^[632]
• Foreign minister – Ana Palacio – 2002 ^[633]
• Minister of Public Administrations – Julia García-Valdecasas – 2003 ^[634]
• President of the Community of Madrid – Esperanza Aguirre – 2003 ^[627]
• Mayor of Las Palmas – Josefa Luzardo – 2003 ^[635]
• Mayoress of Palma de Mallorca – Catalina Cirer – 2003 ^[636]
• Minister of Public Works – Magdalena Álvarez – 2004 ^[637]
• Minister of Presidency – María Teresa Fernández de la Vega – 2004 ^[638]
• Minister of Housing – María Antonia Trujillo – 2004 ^[639]
• First Vice President of the Government – María Teresa Fernández de la Vega – 2004 ^[638]
• President of the Basque Parliament – Izaskun Bilbao – 2005 ^[640]
• Minister of Defense – Carme Chacón – 2008 ^[641]
• Minister of Science and Innovation – Cristina Garmendia – 2008 ^[641]
• Minister of Equality – Bibiana Aído – 2008 ^[642]
• Mayor of Alicante – Sonia Castedo – 2008 ^[643]
• Minister of Economy – Elena Salgado – 2009 ^[644]
• President of the Parliament of Catalonia – Nuria de Gispert – 2010 ^{[645] [646]}
• Mayor of Madrid – Ana Botella – 2011 ^[647]
• President of Navarre – Yolanda Barcina – 2011 ^[648]
• Mayor of Barcelona – Ada Colau – 2015 ^[649]
• Mayor of Vitoria-Gasteiz – Maider Etxebarria – 2023 ^[650]
• Deputy General (president) of Gipuzkoa – Eider Mendoza – 2023 ^[651]
• Deputy General (president) of Biscay – Elixabete Etxanobe – 2023 ^[652]

Autonomous City

• Senator and Deputy (Melilla) – María del Carmen Dueñas ^{[653] [654]}

Sweden

Kingdom

During the Kalmar Union (1397–1523), Sweden was in union with Denmark and Norway, but maintained its own administration. Sweden was in union with Norway during the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (1814–1905), but each country had its own administration and laws, and thus should be listed separately.

• Regent: Ingeborg of Norway – 1319 ^[201]
• Monarch – Margaret I – 1389 ^[202]
• Governor (häradshövding) of Stranda Hundred – Sigrid Sture – 1577
• Member of a government committee – Sophie Adlersparre and Hilda Caselli – 1885 ^[655]
• Member of a Public Comity (Public School Board): Lilly Engström – 1889
• Member of the executive committee of a political party – Kata Dalström – 1900 ^[656]
• Chairperson of the Women's trades union – Anna Sterky – 1902 ^[657]
• Member of the City Council of Stockholm – Gertrud Månsson – 1910 ^[658]
• Member of a City Council – 37 women, among them Hanna Lindberg – 1910
• Member of the legislative assembly – Emilia Broomé – 1914 ^[659]
• Member of the Riksdag (lower house) – Elisabeth Tamm, Agda Östlund, Nelly Thüring and Bertha Wellin – 1921 ^[660]
• Member of the Riksdag (upper house) – Kerstin Hesselgren – 1921 ^[661]
• Minister without portfolio – Karin Kock-Lindberg – 1947 ^[662]
• Minister for Public Housekeeping – Karin Kock-Lindberg – 1948 ^[662]
• Minister of Family, Consumption, Aid and Immigration – Ulla Lindström – 1954 ^[162]
• Acting prime minister – Ulla Lindström – 1958 ^[162]
• Permanent Representative of Sweden to the United Nations – Agda Rössel – 1958 ^[663]
• Chairperson of City Council – Blenda Ljungberg – 1959 ^[664]
• Municipal commissioner – Ella Tengbom-Velander – 1967 ^[664]
• Supreme Court Justice – Ingrid Gärde Widemar – 1968 ^[665]
• County Governor – Camilla Odhnoff – 1974 ^[666]
• Minister for Foreign Affairs – Karin Söder – 1976 ^[667]
• Minister for Health and Social Affairs – Karin Söder – 1979 ^[667]
• Minister for Education – Lena Hjelm-Wallén – 1982 ^[668]
• Minister for Employment – Anna-Greta Leijon – 1982 ^[669]
• Leader of a political party represented in the Riksdag – Karin Söder – 1985 ^[667]
• Minister for Justice – Anna-Greta Leijon – 1987 ^[670]
• Minister for the Environment – Birgitta Dahl – 1987 ^[162]
• Speaker of the Riksdag – Ingegerd Troedsson – 1991 ^[671]
• Minister for Finance – Anne Wibble – 1991 ^[672]
• Minister for Culture – Birgit Friggebo – 1991 ^[673]
• Deputy Prime Minister – Mona Sahlin – 1994 ^[674]
• Minister for Agriculture – Margareta Winberg – 1994 ^[675]
• European Commissioner for Immigration, Justice, Home Affairs and Financial Control – Anita Gradin – 1995 ^[676]
• Minister for Defence – Leni Björklund – 2002 ^[677]
• Mayor of Stockholm – Annika Billström – 2002 ^[678]
• Prime Minister – Magdalena Andersson – 2021

Switzerland

• Member of a citizens' council – Trudy Späth-Schweizer – 1958 ^[679]
• President of a Cantonal Parliament (of Geneva) – Emma Kammacher – 1965 ^[680]
• Mayor (of Geneva) – Lise Girardin – 1968
• Member of the Swiss Council of States – Lise Girardin – 1971 ^[680]
• Member of the Swiss National Council – Nelly Wicky, Lilian Uchtenhagen, Hanny Thalmann, Liselotte Spreng, Hanna Sahlfeld, Martha Ribi, Gabrielle Nanchen, Josi Meier, Hedi Lang, Tilo Frey, Elisabeth Blunschy – 1971 ^[681]
• President of the Swiss National Council – Elisabeth Blunschy – 1977 ^[682]
• Member of a Cantonal Executive (of Zurich) – Hedi Lang – 1983 ^[683]
• Member of the Swiss Federal Council – Elisabeth Kopp – 1984 ^[684]
• Justice minister – Elisabeth Kopp – 1984 ^{[684] [685]}
• Mayor of Lausanne – Yvette Jaggi – 1990
• Vice-President of the Swiss Confederation – Elisabeth Kopp – 1989 ^[684]
• President of the Swiss Council of States – Josi Meier – 1991 ^[686]
• Landammann of Schwyz – Margrit Weber-Röllin – 1992 ^[687]
• Schultheiss of Lucerne – Brigitte Mürner-Gilli – 1992 ^[688]
• Landammann of Zug – Ruth Schwerzmann – 1993 ^[689]
• Landammann of Aargau – Stéphanie Mörikofer – 1997 ^[687]
• President of the Swiss Confederation – Ruth Dreifuss – 1999 ^[690]
• Landammann of Uri – Gabi Huber – 2002 ^[691]
• Foreign minister – Micheline Calmy-Rey – 2003 ^[692]
• Landammann of Nidwalden – Lisbeth Gabriel – 2005 ^[693]
• Economics minister – Doris Leuthard – 2006 ^[694]
• Landammann of Glarus – Marianne Dürst – 2008 ^[695]
• Member of the Conseil d'État of the canton of Valais – Esther Waeber Kalbermatten – 2009 ^[696]
• Mayor of Zurich – Corine Mauch – 2009 ^[697]
• Mayor of St. Gallen – Maria Pappa – 2021 ^[698]

Turkey

Main article: Women in Turkish politics

Ottoman

• Regent – Kösem Sultan – 1623 ^[699]

Republic

• Mayor of Kılıçkaya, Artvin – Sadiye Hanım – 1930 ^[700]
• muhtar (village head) – Gülkız Ürbül – 1933 ^[701]
• Members of Parliament – Hatı Çırpan and 17 others – 1935 ^[702]
• Mayor (of Mersin) – Müfide İlhan – 1950 ^[703]
• First senator of the senate (upper house) – Mebrure Aksoley – 1964 ^[704]
• First female Turkish party leader for Workers Party of Turkey – Behice Boran – 1970 ^[705]
• Minister of Health – Türkân Akyol – 1971 ^[706]
• First Turkish party founded by a woman, National Women's Party of Turkey – Mübeccel Göktuna Törüner – 1972 ^[707]
• Minister of Culture – Nermin Neftçi – 1974 ^[708]
• First female Ambassador – Filiz Dinçmen – 1982 ^[709]
• Minister of Labor Relations and Social Security – Dr. İmren Aykut – 1987 ^[710]
• Provincial Governor (Muğla Province) – Lale Aytaman – 1991 ^[711]
• Minister of State – Güler İleri – 1991 ^[705]
• Prime Minister (elected) – Tansu Çiller – 1993 ^[712]
• President of the Council of State (Turkey), highest administrative court – Füruzan İkincioğulları – 1994 ^[713]
• Minister of Environment – Işılay Saygın – 1996 ^[714]
• Minister of Tourism – Işılay Saygın – 1996 ^[714]
• Minister of the Interior – Dr. Meral Akşener – 1996 ^[715]
• Deputy Premier and Foreign Minister – Tansu Çiller – 1996 ^[712]
• Minister of Justice – Aysel Çelikel – 2002 ^{[716] [717]}
• Minister of National Education – Nimet Baş – 2009 ^[718]
• Minister of Family and Social Policies – Fatma Şahin – 2011 ^[719]
• Minister of European Union – Beril Dedeoğlu – 2015 ^[720]

Ukraine

Soviet Socialist Republic

• Government minister and Minister of Interior – Evgenia Bosh – 1918 ^[721]
• Acting Prime Minister – Evgenia Bosh – 1918 ^[721]
• Minister of Education and Science – Alla Bondar – 1962
• Minister of Culture – Z. Rakhimbaeva – 1965 ^[722]
• Chairperson of the State-Committee of the Protection of Nature – Dina Protsenko – 1975 ^[722]
• Chairperson of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet – Valentyna Shevchenko – 1984 ^[723]
• Deputy Premier Minister – Mariya A. Orlik – 1989 ^[722]

Republic

• Minister of Youth and Sports – Susanna Stanik – 1996
• Minister of Justice – Susanna Stanik – 1997 ^{[724] [725] [726]}
• Minister of Health – Raisa Bogatyrova – 1999
• Prime Minister – Yulia Tymoshenko – 2005^{[ citation needed ]}
• Minister of Culture – Oksana Bilozir – 2005
• Minister of Labor and Social Policy – Lyudmyla Denisova – 2007 ^[727]
• Minister of Finance – Natalie Jaresko – 2014
• Minister of Education and Science – Liliya Hrynevych – 2016
• Minister of Communities and Territories Development – Aliona Babak – 2019
• Minister of Temporarily Occupied Territories, IDPs and Veterans – Oksana Koliada – 2019
• Minister of Economy – Yulia Svyrydenko – 2021

United Kingdom

Main article: List of electoral firsts in the United Kingdom

Great Britain

• Monarch – Queen Anne – 1701 ^[728]
• City Council (Poor Board) – Mary Clifford – 1875
• Member of a City Council – Margaret Ashton – 1908
• Mayor (of Aldeburgh) – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson – 1908

Great Britain and Ireland

• Member of Parliament (elected) – Constance Markievicz – 1918 ^[307]
• Member of Parliament (who took her seat) – Nancy Astor – 1919 ^[307]

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

• Minister of Labour – Margaret Bondfield – 1929 ^[729]
• Minister for Education – Ellen Wilkinson – 1945 ^[730]
• Member of the House of Lords – Stella Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading – 1958 ^[731]
• Government Whip – Harriet Slater – 1964 ^[732]
• Minister of Pensions and National Insurance – Margaret Herbison – 1964 ^[733]
• Minister of Overseas Development – Barbara Castle – 1964 ^[734]
• Minister for Transport – Barbara Castle – 1965 ^[734]
• First Secretary of State – Barbara Castle – 1968 ^[734]
• Paymaster General – Judith Hart – 1968 ^[732]
• Secretary of State for Social Services (Health) – Barbara Castle – 1974 ^[734]
• Leader of the Opposition – Margaret Thatcher – 1975 ^[735]
• Prime Minister – Margaret Thatcher – 1979 ^[736]
• Leader of the House of Lords – Janet Young, Baroness Young – 1981 ^[737]
• Speaker of the House of Commons – Betty Boothroyd – 1992 ^[738]
• Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food – Gillian Shephard – 1993 ^[739]
• Secretary of State for National Heritage (later Culture, Media and Sport) – Virginia Bottomley – 1995 ^[740]
• Secretary of State for Northern Ireland – Mo Mowlam – 1997 ^[741]
• President of the Board of Trade – Margaret Beckett – 1997 ^[741]
• Leader of the House of Commons – Ann Taylor – 1997 ^[742]
• Chief Whip – Ann Taylor – 1998 ^[742]
• Solicitor General for England and Wales – Harriet Harman – 2001 ^[743]
• Secretary of State for Scotland – Helen Liddell – 2001 ^[744]
• Deputy General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress – Frances O'Grady – 2003 ^[745]
• Foreign Secretary – Margaret Beckett – 2006 ^[746]
• Lord Speaker – Helene Hayman, Baroness Hayman – 2006 ^[747]
• Home Secretary – Jacqui Smith – 2007 ^[748]
• Attorney General – Baroness Scotland – 2007 ^[749]
• European Commissioner for Trade – Catherine Ashton – 2008 ^[750]
• Welsh Secretary – Cheryl Gillan – 2010 ^[751]
• General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress – Frances O'Grady – 2013 ^[745]
• Vice-President of the European Commission – Catherine Ashton – 2010 ^[750]
• Lord Chancellor – Liz Truss – 2016
• Chairman of Ways and Means – Eleanor Laing – 2020 ^[752]
• Chancellor of the Exchequer – Rachel Reeves – 2024

England

• Regent – Edith of Scotland – 12th century ^[753]
• Monarch – Queen Mary I – 1553 ^[754]
• Mayor of a town in England (Aldeburgh) – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson – 1908 ^[755]
• Lord Mayor of Norwich – Ethel Colman – 1923 ^[756]
• Lord Mayor of Liverpool – Margaret Beavan – 1927 ^[757]
• Lord Mayor of Sheffield – Ann Eliza Longden – 1936 ^[758]
• Lord Mayor of York – Edna Annie Crichton – 1941 ^[759]
• Lord Mayor of Leeds – Jessie Beatrice Kitson – 1942 ^[760] (succeeded upon the death in office of Arthur Clark)
• Lord Mayor of Plymouth – Jacquetta Marshall – 1950 ^[761]
• Lord Mayor of Newcastle-upon-Tyne – Violet Hardisty Grantham – 1952 ^[762]
• Lord Mayor of Leeds (elected) – Mary Pearce – 1958 ^[763]
• Lord Mayor of Bristol – Florence Mills Brown – 1963 ^[764]
• Lord Mayor of Kingston upon Hull – Annie Major – 1965 ^[765]
• Lord Mayor of Oxford – Florence Kathleen Lower – 1965 ^{[766] [767]}
• Lord Mayor of Manchester – Nellie Beer – 1966 ^[768]
• Lord Mayor of Portsmouth – Phyllis Loe – 1972 ^[769]
• Lord Mayor of Birmingham – Marjorie Alice Brown – 1973 ^[770]
• Lord Mayor of London – Mary Donaldson – 1983 ^[771]
• Deputy Mayor of London – Nicky Gavron – 2000 ^[772]
• Chair of the London Assembly – Sally Hamwee – 2001 ^[773]
• Police and crime commissioner – Vera Baird, Ann Barnes, Katy Bourne, Jane Kennedy, Sue Mountstevens – 2012 ^[774]

Northern Ireland

Parliament of Northern Ireland

• Member of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland – Julia McMordie, Dehra Chichester – 1921 ^[775]
• High Sheriff of Belfast – Julia McMordie – 1928 ^[776]
• Minister of Health for Northern Ireland – Dehra Chichester – 1949 ^[777]
• Lord Mayor of Belfast – Grace Bannister – 1982 ^[778]

Northern Ireland Assembly

• Health Minister of Northern Ireland – Bairbre de Brún – 1999 ^[779]
• Presiding Officer of the Northern Ireland Assembly – Eileen Bell – 2007 ^[780]
• First Minister – Arlene Foster – 2016 ^[781]
• Minister of Justice – Claire Sugden – 2016 ^[782]

Scotland

• Monarch – Margaret I of Scotland – 1286 ^[783]
• Regent – Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland – 1437 ^[784]
• Lord provost– Lavinia Malcolm (in Dollar, Clackmannanshire) – 1913 ^[785]
• Lord Provost of Glasgow – Jean Roberts – 1960 ^[753]
• Lord Provost of Edinburgh – Eleanor McLaughlin – 1988 ^[786]
• Lord Provost of Aberdeen – Margaret Farquhar – 1996 ^[787]
• Lord Provost of Dundee – Helen Wright – 1999 ^{[788] [789]}
• Solicitor General for Scotland – Elish Angiolini – 2001 ^[790]
• Lord Advocate – Elish Angiolini – 2006 ^[790]
• Leader of the Scottish Conservative Party – Annabel Goldie – 2006 ^[791]
• Deputy First Minister – Nicola Sturgeon – 2007 ^[792]
• Leader of the Scottish Labour Party – Wendy Alexander – 2007 ^[793]
• Foreign Minister – Linda Fabiani – 2007 ^[794]
• Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament – Tricia Marwick – 2011 ^[795]
• Leader of the Scottish National Party – Nicola Sturgeon – 2014 ^[792]
• First Minister – Nicola Sturgeon – 2014 ^[792]

Wales

• Lord Mayor of Cardiff – Helena Evans – 1959 ^[796]
• Presiding Officer of the National Assembly for Wales – Jane Davidson – 1999 ^[797]
• Deputy First Minister for Wales – Jenny Randerson – 2001 ^[798]
• Leader of Plaid Cymru – Leanne Wood – 2012 ^[437]
• First Minister – Eluned Morgan – 2024

Vatican City

• Undersecretary of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life – Sister Enrica Rosanna – 2004 ^[799]
• Undersecretary of the Section for Relations with States (Vatican Secretariat of State) – Francesca Di Giovanni – 2020 ^[800]
• Prefect of the Dicastery for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life – Sister Simona Brambilla – 2024 ^[801]

See also

• List of women heads of state
• List of the first LGBT holders of political offices

Footnotes and references

1. "Kuvendi i Republikës së Shqipërisë". Parlament.al. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
2. "Belishova, Liri (1923—)". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
3. "Albania Ministers".
4. Elsie, Robert (2010-03-19). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Scarecrow Press. ISBN   9780810873803.
5. "Albanian Parlament – Chairwoman of Foreign Policy Committee, Mrs. Arta Dade receives the Minister for Dialogue of the Republic of Kosovo, Mrs. Edita Tahiri and the delegation accompanying her". Parlament.al. 2016-11-14. Archived from the original on 2020-03-21. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
6. "Kryeministre e qeverisë teknike? Reagon për herë të parë Ermelinda Meksi, ja çfarë thotë". Balkanweb.com – News24 (in Albanian). 2017-03-15. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
7. "Regional Cooperation Council | INTERVIEW with Jozefina Çoba Topalli, Speaker of Albanian Parliament". rcc.int. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
8. "All-female race in Shkodra applauded". Tirana Times. 2015-05-29. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
9. Insight, Balkan (2017-08-28). "Albania: PM Edi Rama Reveals New Cabinet". Eurasia Review. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
10. Macmillan, Palgrave (2017-02-28). The Statesman's Yearbook 2017: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Springer. ISBN   9781349683987.
11. "E para grua në krye të Ministrisë së Drejtësisë që nga 1912, ka këtë premtim për gratë! – Dritare.net". dritare.net. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
12. "Andorra Ministers".
13. "El Periòdic d'Andorra – Actualitat Andorra, Notícies Andorra". El Periòdic d'Andorra. 6 October 2016.
14. "El Periòdic d'Andorra – Actualitat Andorra, Notícies Andorra". El Periòdic d'Andorra. 3 May 2019.
15. "Fotos de la composició del Govern". Archived from the original on 2006-10-05.
16. Townsend, George Henry (1862). The Manual of Dates: A Dictionary of Reference to All the Most Important Events in the History of Mankind to be Found in Authentic Records. p.  63.
17. "The women MPs of the First Republic of Armenia". Hayern Aysor. 2015-05-29. Archived from the original on 2019-06-29. Retrieved 2018-09-26.
18. "Directory of Soviet Officials". 1979.
19. "Armenia Ministers".
20. One, Studio. "Larisa Alaverdyan". Human Rights Defender of Armenia. Archived from the original on 2019-07-08. Retrieved 2019-07-08.
21. hy:Հասմիկ Պողոսյան
22. "National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia". parliament.am. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
23. hy:Հերմինե Նաղդալյան
24. hy:Նաիրա Զոհրաբյան
25. "Arpine Hovhannisyan appointed Armenia's Justice Minister". news.am. 27 May 2023.
26. "Lilit Makunts to head Ministry of Culture of Armenia". news.am. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
27. "Mane Tandilyan appointed as Minister of Labor and Social Affair". news.am. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
28. "What made Austria's Maria Theresa a one-of-a-kind ruler". Deutsche Welle. 2017-03-15. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
29. Bischof, Gunter; Pelinka, Anton; Thurner, Erika (1998). Women in Austria: Contemporary Austrian Studies, Vol. 6. Transaction Publishers. ISBN   9781412841641.
30. "Austria Ministers".
31. Bushell, Anthony (2013-06-15). Polemical Austria: The Rhetorics of National Identity from Empire to the Second Republic. University of Wales Press. ISBN   9781783165636.
32. Fichtner, Paula Sutter (2009-06-11). Historical Dictionary of Austria. Scarecrow Press. ISBN   9780810863101.
33. Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe, Official Report of Debates: 15th Session (27–29 May 2008). Council of Europe. 2009-08-24. ISBN   9789287166562.
34. "Gastinger kehrt BZÖ den Rücken". Wiener Zeitung (in German). 26 September 2006. Retrieved 22 September 2010.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
35. Voice, European (2000-03-15). "Austria's first lady". Politico. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
36. "Azerbaijan Ministers".
37. Azerbaijan Human Development Report. United Nations Development Programme. 1995.
38. "Azərbaycanın ilk qadın naziri – Tahirə Tahirova » Anaveusaq.az – İctimai-siyasi, pedogoji jurnal". anaveusaq.az. Archived from the original on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
39. Clements, Barbara Evans (2012). A History of Women in Russia: From Earliest Times to the Present. Indiana University Press. ISBN   9780253000972.
40. "Lala SHEVKET :: official site". lalashevket.az. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
41. Azvision (November 22, 2015). "Azərbaycanın ədliyyə nazirləri – 97 illik tarix". AzVision.az (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 2018-06-11.
42. "Südabə Həsənovanın vaxtında vətəndaşlar Avropa Şurasına deyil, elə Sədrin özünə şikayət edərdilər". YeniSözçü qəzeti. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
43. "First VP Mehriban Aliyeva: Ensuring women's active participation in all spheres – a priority task of Azerbaijan [UPDATE]". AzerNews.az. 2018-05-30. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
44. "Women in power 1900–1940" . Retrieved 15 March 2015.
45. "Belarus Ministers".
46. Weale, William Henry James (1859). Belgium, Aix-la-Chapelle and Cologne: An Entirely New Guide Book for Travellers : with Notes [and Maps]. Dawson.
47. Griffin, Julia Ortiz; Griffin, William D. (2007). Spain and Portugal: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. Infobase Publishing. ISBN   9780816074761.
48. "Place Marie Janson" Le Soir 28/03/2003. (in French)
49. "Zonnebeke herdenkt eerste vrouwelijke burgemeester" Nieuwsblad.be 30/11/2011. (in Dutch)
50. "Lucie Dejardin: la première femme élue députée" Archived 2012-09-10 at archive.today ps-bxl.be. Retrieved 16 May 2012. (in French)
51. "Femmes de Belgique, on vous aime!" Lalibre.be 09/06/2006. (in French)
52. "Antoinette Spaak. Le résultat des candidats FDF sera décisif pour les francophones le 10 juin" Archived 2012-02-29 at the Wayback Machine Fdf.be. Retrieved 19 May 2012. (in French)
53. "Laurette Onkelinx" Lesoir.be. Retrieved 19 May 2012. (in French)
54. "Isabelle Durant, vice-présidente du Parlement européen" Lelibre.be 24/06/2009. (in French)
55. "Anne-Marie Lizin, première présidente Constitution européenne : « Débattons-en au Sénat ! »" Le Soir 01/10/2004. (in French)
56. "De eerste vrouwelijke premier van België staat voor een ondankbare taak". demorgen.be (in Dutch).
57. "Gewezen CVP-minister Rika De Backer overleden" De Standaard 05/05/2002. (in Dutch)
58. "Antwerpse Burgemeesters – Mathilde Schroyens" Archived 2012-07-08 at archive.today Gva.be. Retrieved 19 May 2012. (in Dutch)
59. "Wonen in Brussel: Lydia De Pauw-Deveen (77)" brusselnieuws.be 27/10/2006. (in Dutch)
60. "Sénat de Belgique – Belgische Senaat 22/12/1999" senate.be. (in French and Dutch)
61. "Biografie van Miet Smet" Instituut voor de Gelijkheid van Vrouwen en Mannen, 2009. (in Dutch and French)
62. "Wivina Demeester – CV" Demeester.com. Retrieved 19 May 2012. (in Dutch)
63. "Magda De Galan: «On a eu un rêve»" Lelibre.be 13/03/2001. (in French)
64. "V/m vertegenwoordiging in de juridische wereld". Vrouwenraaddossier en aanbevelingen. September 18, 2008. Archived from the original on May 16, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
65. "Simonis Isabelle" pfwb.be. Retrieved 19 May 2012. (in French)
66. "Marleen Vanderpoorten" Archived 2012-03-07 at the Wayback Machine vlaamsparlement.be. Retrieved 19 May 2012. (in Dutch)
67. "Marianne Thyssen". European Commission. 2015-09-01. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
68. "Željka Cvijanović će biti prva žena u Predsjedništvu BiH od završetka rata". fokus.ba (in Bosnian). 2 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
69. N.V. (28 December 2022). "Borjana Krišto izglasana za predsjedavajuću Vijeća ministara BiH" (in Bosnian). Klix.ba. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
70. "Women and Political Life in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina: 1995–2015" (PDF). Sarajevo Open Centre. 2015.
71. "Diplomatic Diary: UN official in Cyprus to revive reunification talks". Southeast European Times . 17 January 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2010.
72. Coats, Warren (2007). One Currency for Bosnia: Creating the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Jameson Books, Incorporated. ISBN   9780915463992.
73. Steiner, Yvonne (1997). Vidjet ćemo: naši susreti u Bosni (in Croatian). Svjetlo riječi.
74. "Nada Tešanović, Omiljena profesorica preuzela ministarsku fotelju". Akta.ba. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
75. "Mađarski privrednici bit će upoznati o potencijalima RS-a". Akta.ba. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
76. "Ratna biografija Svetlane Cenić: Svjedokinja koja nije vidjela konc logor". BNN (in Bosnian). Retrieved 2019-02-11.
77. "Lejla Rešić, ministrica: Rado prihvatam svaki izazov". Akta.ba. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
78. "Gorana Zlatković: Sutkinja u ministarskim vodama". Akta.ba. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
79. ATV (2 August 2017). "Bivši ministar porodice, omladine i sporta RS Nada Tešanović pod istragom". Blic (in Serbian). Retrieved 2019-02-11.
80. Hercegovina, Bosnia and (2001). Službene novine Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine (in Croatian). Javno preduzeće Novinsko-izdavačka organizacija Službeni list BiH.
81. Горана Златковић врши дужност министра правде (in Serbian). Радио-телевизија Републике Српске. 2012.
82. "News Madam Minister Srebrenka Golić talked to the Republic of Srpska Vice President, Josip Jerković". vladars.net. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
83. "Maida Ibrišagić-Hrstić, ministarka trgovine i turizma RS – Svake godine sve više turista posjećuje Srpsku". ba.ekapija.com. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
84. "Women in the Byzantine Empire". World History Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2019-02-11.
85. Drachkovitch, Milorad M., ed. (1969). East Central Europe. Hoover Institution Press.
86. "Bulgaria Ministers". guide2womenleaders.com.
87. "The Other Frontier: Anglicist Gender Studies in Bulgaria", Rewriting Academia, Peter Lang, 2016, doi:10.3726/978-3-653-06121-5/29, ISBN   9783631669853 , retrieved 2018-07-18
88. Jalalzai, Farida (2013-02-12). Shattered, Cracked, or Firmly Intact?: Women and the Executive Glass Ceiling Worldwide. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780199943555.
89. Holder, Cindy; Reidy, David (2013-05-23). Human Rights: The Hard Questions. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9781107067141.
90. The Report: Emerging Bulgaria 2007. Oxford Business Group. 2007. ISBN   9781902339672.
91. "Цецка Цачева — първата жена председател на НС" (in Bulgarian). Lex.bg. 2009-07-14. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
92. "Lawyer Tsetska Tsacheva elected Speaker of the 41st National Assembly". National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria. 2009-07-14. Archived from the original on 2016-10-29. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
93. Ross, Karen (2013-12-04). The Handbook of Gender, Sex and Media. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   9781118721483.
94. "Helena Lekić, prof" . Retrieved 2020-03-15.^{[ dead link ]}
95. "Croatia Ministers".
96. "Odlazak najveće hrvatske političarke 20. stoljeća: Preminula Savka Dabčević Kučar". index.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 2019-02-11.
97. "Prva predsjednica Hrvatske bila je Istrijanka". istarski.hr (in Croatian). 17 February 2015. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
98. "3rd Government of the Republic of Croatia / Previous governments / About Croatian Government / Home / Government of the Republic Croatia – official web portal". Vlada.hr. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
99. "Katica Ivanišević". vecernji.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 2019-02-11.
100. "6th Government of the Republic of Croatia / Previous governments / About Croatian Government / Home / Government of the Republic Croatia – official web portal". Vlada.hr. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
101. "Croatia approves first female prime minister | 07.07.2009". Dw-world.de. 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
102. "5th Government of the Republic of Croatia / Previous governments / About Croatian Government / Home / Government of the Republic Croatia – official web portal". Vlada.hr. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
103. "Službene stranice Grada Zagreba – City of Zagreb – All Mayors". Zagreb.hr. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
104. "Ljerka Mintas Hodak, PhD". Zagreb, Croatia: Zagreb School of Economics and Management. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
105. "7th Government of the Republic of Croatia / Previous governments / About Croatian Government / Home / Government of the Republic Croatia – official web portal". Vlada.hr. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
106. "Ingrid Antičević Marinović predala kandidaturu za sutkinju Ustavnog suda – Zadarski list". zadarskilist.hr. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-05.
107. "8th Government of the Republic of Croatia / Previous governments / About Croatian Government / Home / Government of the Republic Croatia – official web portal". Vlada.hr. 2003-12-23. Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
108. "9th Government of the Republic of Croatia / Previous governments / About Croatian Government / Home / Government of the Republic Croatia – official web portal". Vlada.hr. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
109. "ŽIVOTNA PRIČA ŽENE KOJA ĆE VODITI HRVATSKO GOSPODARSTVO Čvrsta i oštra bankarica te vrsna pregovaračica koja se prva javno suprotstavila Karamarku – Jutarnji List". jutarnji.hr. 20 October 2016. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
110. Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl (1998). Women who ruled : a biographical encyclopedia. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN   9780760708859.
111. Commire, Anne; Klezmer, Deborah (1999). Women in World History: Brem-Cold . Yorkin Publications. ISBN   9780787640620.
112. "A woman who led the way for other women". Poly Pantelides. 2012-11-03. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
113. "Stella Soulioti". The Times. 2012-11-15. ISSN   0140-0460 . Retrieved 2017-09-27.
114. European Journal of Political Research. Elsevier. December 2007.
115. lidiya (20 April 2018). "Erato Kozakou−Marcoullis". University of Nicosia. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
116. "European Commission – Press release – Nomination of Mrs Androula Vassiliou as successor to Mr Markos Kyprianou". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 2018-05-15.
117. "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus".
118. "Women lost in politics: North Cyprus's 1st female PM". Hürriyet Daily News. 14 June 2013. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
119. "İlk kadın Dışişleri Bakanı Çolak: "Gurur duydum"" (in Turkish). Kıbrıs Postası. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
120. Ziegler, Aleš (2011). "Úloha žen v prvních československých parlamentních volbách roku 1920: Magisterská diplomová práce". MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ.
121. Volínová-Bernardová, Růžena (2003). Pohled zpět: život ve vírech 20. století : psáno v Readingu v letech 1999–2000 (in Czech). Akropolis. ISBN   9788073040291.
122. "Nenáviděla Masaryka, Židy i "cizáky". Kdo byla první žena české politiky?". Blesk. 27 December 2016. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
123. "Společná česko-slovenská digitální parlamentní knihovna". psp.cz. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
124. Hašková, Hana; Křížková, Alena; Linková, Marcela (2006). Mnohohlasem: vyjednávání ženských prostorů po roce 1989 (in Czech). Sociologický ústav Akademie věd ČR. ISBN   9788073301019.
125. "Czech Republic Ministers".
126. "Ženy ve vládách: 1. díl – Československo". cpssu.org. Archived from the original on 2006-06-21. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
127. Rakušanová, Petra (2003). "Ženy v politice a postoje veřejnosti" (PDF).
128. Zemřela bývalá senátorka Jaroslava Moserová – Czech Radio
129. "OBRAZEM: Noví ministři se svezli autobusem". Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). 9 January 2007. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
130. "PhDr. Libuše Benešová (aktuální k 23.02.1997)" (in Czech). 23 February 1997. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
131. Zpráva o zahraniční politice České republiky: za období od ledna 2007 do prosince 2007 (in Czech). Ministerstvo zahraničních věcí České republiky. 2008-01-08. ISBN   9788086345673.
132. "doc. MUDr. Milada Emmerová, CSc" (in Czech). Naši politici o.s. Archived from the original on 20 August 2015.
133. ODS. "Miroslava Němcová – ODS". Občanská demokratická strana (in Czech). Retrieved 2019-02-13.
134. Guides, Insight (2017-06-01). Insight Guides: Explore Prague. Rough Guides UK. ISBN   9781786717276.
135. Velinger, Jan (8 October 2014). "Jourová approved for European commissioner post". Radio Prague .
136. "Výsledek volby". volby.cz. Archived from the original on 2019-07-10. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
137. Zpráva ČTK: Gross a Buzková složili poslanecký mandát, aby měli čas na vládu, Datum vydání: 21.9.2004, Čas vydání: 19:29, ID: 20040921F02572.
138. noticka v týdeníku Ekonom, ročník 2007, číslo 3, vyšel 18. 1. – 24. 1., str. 17
139. "Radiožurnál – Dvacet minut Radiožurnálu (21.09.2007 17:32)". prehravac.rozhlas.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 2019-02-13.
140. "Cabinet minister resigns after two weeks in office | Radio Prague". Radio Praha. 25 January 2007. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
141. "Klaus jmenoval nové ministry. Nemáte sto dnů hájení, řekl jim". Mladá fronta DNES. 2009-01-23. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
142. Respekt (in Czech). Nezávislé tiskové středisko. 2009.
143. "Rut Bízková Becomes New Environment Minister | Government of the Czech Republic". vlada.cz. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
144. Fidler, Masako; Cvrček, Václav (2018-11-09). Taming the Corpus: From Inflection and Lexis to Interpretation. Springer. ISBN   9783319980171.
145. Turner, Barry (2013). The Statesman's Yearbook 2014: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Springer. ISBN   9781349596430.
146. "Minister of Regional Development" Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine , mmr.cz. Retrieved 27 May 2014
147. AC (22 November 2016). "Karlovarský kraj". kr-karlovarsky.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
148. NA, NA (2016-04-30). Medieval Queenship. Springer. ISBN   9781137088598.
149. "Margaret I | queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
150. Skou, Kaare R. (2005). Dansk politik A-Å(in Danish). Aschehoug, p. 110. ISBN   87-11-11652-8.
151. Sandvad, Karin. Ingeborg Hansen (1886–1954) (in Danish). Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
152. Jackson, Guida M.; Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl (1999). Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide . ABC-CLIO. ISBN   9781576070918.
153. Kamp om borgmesterposterne landet over (2005-11-16) (in Danish). Dagbladet Information. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
154. Elliott, Tim (2017-05-12). "Denmark's first female leader Helle Thorning-Schmidt: 'You need to fight'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
155. "Outspoken nationalist Kjaersgaard elected speaker of Danish parliament". Deutsche Welle. 2015-07-03. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
156. Haastrup, Lisbeth. Fanny Jensen (1890–1969) (in Danish). Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
157. Laneth, Pia Fris (2009). Lillys Danmarkshistorie (in Danish). Gyldendal A/S. ISBN   9788702067903.
158. "Helga Pedersen | Gyldendal". denstoredanske.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2018-06-07.
159. "Datteren følger i faderens fodspor" (in Danish). nordjyske.dk. Archived from the original on 2017-12-08. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
160. Skou, Kaare R. (2005) Dansk politik A-Å(in Danish). Aschehoug, p. 377. ISBN   87-11-11652-8.
161. Rimmen Nielsen, Hanne. "Eva Madsen (1884–1972)" (in Danish). Kvinfo. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
162. Dahlerup, Drude; Leyenaar, Monique (2013-06-20). Breaking Male Dominance in Old Democracies. OUP Oxford. ISBN   9780191653469.
163. Højgaard, Lis. Marianne Jelved (1943 – ) (in Danish). Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
164. Lewis, D. S.; Harvey, Aileen (January 2001). The Annual Register 2000. Gale Research International, Limited. ISBN   9781886994393.
165. "New commission one step closer to being completed". EUobserver. 3 August 2004. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
166. Holm, Nancy Graham (2011-03-08). "History, Feminism and the Growing Gender Jihad". HuffPost. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
167. "Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon – Jóngerð Purkhús". kvinfo.dk. 2003-05-15. Retrieved 2018-06-12.
168. Team, Freedom House Survey (1994). Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1992–1993. University Press of America. ISBN   9780932088819.
169. world Statesmen.org
170. Dollerup-Scheibel, Mads (16 April 2013). "Greenland's new leader inspired by Mandela". Nordic Labour Journal.
171. Harbsmeier, Michael. "Ruth Heilmann" (in Danish). Gyldensal: Den Store Danske. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
172. Rasmussen, Inge S. (2 May 2016). "Ruth Heilmann tildelt Nersornaat i guld" (in Danish). KNR: Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
173. Lansford, Tom (2017-03-31). Political Handbook of the World 2016–2017. CQ Press. ISBN   9781506327174.
174. "Christina | queen of Sweden". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
175. "EEESTIMAA KUBERMANGU AJUTISE MAANÕUKOGU LIIKMED". Archived from the original on 2018-04-26. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
176. "EESTI ASUTAV KOGU".^{[ permanent dead link ]}
177. "I Riigikogu". Archived from the original on 2009-07-26. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
178. "RAHVUSKOGU". Archived from the original on 2010-01-05. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
179. "VI RIIGIKOGU". Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
180. "Estonia Ministers".
181. Eesti Rahvusliku Sõltumatuse Partei (ERSP) Archived 2009-02-05 at the Wayback Machine (in Estonian)
182. "Valitsus.ee". Valitsus.ee. Archived from the original on 2019-05-10. Retrieved 2019-08-22.
183. "Riigikantselei". Riigikantselei. Archived from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2019-08-22.
184. "Siseministrid 1990–2008". Archived from the original on January 31, 2008.
185. "Tallinna linnapead". tallinn.ee.
186. "Tartu Maavalitsus – Struktuur ja töötajad – Endised maavanemad –". July 20, 2011. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011.
187. "Riigikogu". Riigikogu.
188. "Kersti Kaljulaid elected next President of Estonia". ERR. October 3, 2016.
189. "Sotsiaalministeeriumi ajalugu". Archived from the original on May 3, 2010.
190. "Avaleht | Majandus- ja Kommunikatsiooniministeeriumi". mkm.ee.
191. "Välisministrid läbi aegade". Archived from the original on December 7, 2008.
192. "Avaleht | Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium". hm.ee.
193. Tartu linnapead (in Estonian)
194. "Eesti põllumajandusjuhid-ministrid". Archived from the original on November 24, 2010.
195. "List of MEPs from Estonia". European Parliament. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
196. "Ministers of the Government of Estonia". Valitsus.ee. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
197. "Ministers of the Government of Estonia". Valitsus.ee. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
198. ERR (2014-03-25). "Move Into Politics Came Out of the Blue, Says Trade Minister Pick". ERR. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
199. ERR (2014-11-03). "Maris Lauri Becomes Estonia's First Female Finance Minister". ERR. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
200. "Ülle Madise". oiguskantsler.ee. Archived from the original on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
201. Layher, W. (2010-09-27). Queenship and Voice in Medieval Northern Europe. Springer. ISBN   9780230113022.
202. Bjørkvik, Halvard (2014-08-28), "Margrete Valdemarsdatter", Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian), retrieved 2019-02-13
203. Tegenborg Falkdalen, Karin, Vasadrottningen: en biografi över Katarina Stenbock 1535–1621 [The Vasa Queen: A biography of Catherine Stenbock, 1535–1621], Historiska media, Lund, 2015
204. "Centenary of women's full political rights in Finland". helsinki.fi. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
205. "Celebrating the 150th birth anniversary of Miina Sillanpää, the first female Minister of Finland". finland.or.kr. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
206. Voipio-Juvas, Anni; Ruohtula, Kaarina (1949). The Finnish Woman. WSOY.
207. "Oikeusministeri Anna-Maja Henrikssonin juhlapuhe Naisjuristit ry:n 70-vuotisjuhlassa 6.2.2015". Oikeusministeriö (in Finnish). 6 February 2015. Retrieved 2018-06-04.
208. "Hannele Pokka". eduskunta.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 2018-09-27.
209. "Riitta Uosukainen". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
210. "Finland's First Female President Discusses the Future of LGBT Advocacy". Harvard Political Review. 6 April 2015. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
211. Helvi Sipilä, Esq. was the first female to run as a presidential candidate in Finland 1982.
212. "Ministerikortisto". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 2009-05-03.; Skard, Torild (2014) "Finland's three national leaders" in Women of power – Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide, Bristol: Policy Press, ISBN   978-1-44731-578-0
213. "Anna-Kaisa Ikonen appointed as State Secretary to the ministerial group of the National Coalition Party". Valtioneuvosto. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
214. Ssali, Sarah; Madanda, Aramanzani (2006). Negotiating the Public Space: Activism and Democratic Politics. Women and Gender Studies, Makerere University.
215. "Kerttu Saalasti". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
216. "Inkeri Anttila". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 2018-05-16. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
217. "Pirkko Työläjärvi". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
218. "Kaisa Raatikainen". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
219. "Elisabeth Rehn". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
220. "Sirpa Pietikäinen". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
221. "Tuula Linnainmaa". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
222. Guides, Insight (2017-05-01). Insight Guides Finland. Rough Guides UK. ISBN   9781786717061.
223. "Sinikka Mönkäre". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
224. "Women as ministers in independent Finland". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
225. "Suvi Lindén". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
226. "Sirkka-Liisa Anttila". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
227. "Jutta Urpilainen". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
228. "Worldwide Leaders – Female Heads of State". ElectWomen. 2009-02-16. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
229. "Astrid Thors". OSCE . Retrieved 2017-12-05.
230. "Mrs. Elisabeth Nauclér MP". Parliamentarians Network for Conflict Prevention. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
231. "Från Häljeboda till Mannerheimvägen". HD (in Swedish). Retrieved 2017-12-07.
232. "Anne de Kiev, princesse varègue devenue reine des Francs". revuemethode.org. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
233. "Yvette Chassagne, première femme nommée préfet" (in French). 2007-09-08. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
234. TRAUTMANN Catherine (1998-05-12). "Déclaration de Mme Catherine Trautmann, ministre de la culture et de l'information, sur la collaboration entre la France et l'Amérique latine concernant la protection du patrimoine architectural des centres villes, Paris le 12 mai 1998". discours.vie-publique.fr (in French). Retrieved 2019-02-10.
235. Denéchère, Yves (2004). Femmes et diplomatie: France, XXe siècle (in French). Peter Lang. ISBN   9789052012339.
236. Edmiston, William; Dumenil, Annie (2009-05-26). La France contemporaine (in French). Cengage Learning. ISBN   9781111781750.
237. "Anne Hidalgo, première femme de l'Histoire maire de Paris". Le Figaro. 2014-04-05. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
238. Eve (2013-10-04). "Cécile Brunschvicg, femme politique militante". L'Histoire par les femmes (in French). Retrieved 2019-02-10.
239. Eve (2013-06-01). "Suzanne Lacore, une des premières femmes au gouvernement français". L'Histoire par les femmes (in French). Retrieved 2019-02-10.
240. Eve (2013-03-02). "Irène Joliot-Curie, la relève de sa mère". L'Histoire par les femmes (in French). Retrieved 2019-02-10.
241. La Rédaction (2020-06-29). "Martine Aubry : biographie courte, dates, citations". linternaute.fr (in French). Retrieved 2024-12-27.
242. "Rachida Dati, première personnalité d'origine maghrébine à un ministère important". ladepeche.fr (in French). Retrieved 2018-06-07.
243. "Excerpts from 'Dawn Evening or Night'". The New York Times. 2007-08-23. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2018-06-06.
244. "Hélène Mandroux, une émancipation progressive". Le Monde (in French). 2010-02-03. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
245. La Rédaction (2019-07-02). "Christine Lagarde : biographie courte, dates, citations". linternaute.fr (in French). Retrieved 2024-12-27.
246. "Johanna Rolland, jeune pousse de la mairie de Nantes". La Croix. 2014-06-29. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
247. "Michèle Rubirola élue maire de Marseille". Le Figaro. 2020-07-04. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
248. Rayfield, Donald (2013-02-15). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. pp. 76–77. ISBN   9781780230702. Mariam was a formidable counsellor and diplomat: she held her own with nobles like Liparit iv Baghvash of Trialeti, who was co-regent. Thanks to a period as an abbess, she spoke Greek as fluently as Georgian and Armenian.
249. • Rapp, Stephen H. (2003). Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts. Leuven: Peeters. p. 338. ISBN   90-429-1318-5.
250. "Georgia Ministers".
251. parliament.ge. ნინო ბურჯანაძე – საქართველოს პარლამენტი. parliament.ge (in Georgian). Retrieved 2018-06-06.
252. "Georgia elects first woman president". 2018-11-29. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
253. Turner, B. (2017-01-12). The Statesman's Yearbook 2009: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Springer. ISBN   9781349740277.
254. Holehouse, Matthew (2015-08-28). "Georgia faces struggle for 'civilisation' against the Kremlin". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved 2017-10-20.
255. "ST. ADELAIDE (931–999 AD)". ewtn.com. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
256. Boak, Helen (2015-11-01). Women in the Weimar Republic. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9781526101624.
257. Walter S. G. Kohn (1980) Women in National Legislatures: A Comparative Study of Six Countries, p141
258. "German Resistance Memorial Center – Biographie". gdw-berlin.de. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
259. Mielke, Siegfried (2008). Gewerkschafterinnen im NS-Staat: Verfolgung, Widerstand, Emigration (in German). Klartext. ISBN   9783898619141.
260. McCauley, Martin (2016-02-05). The German Democratic Republic since 1945. Springer. ISBN   9781349184033.
261. Röwekamp, Marion (2005). Juristinnen: Lexikon zu Leben und Werk (in German). Nomos Verlagsges.MBH + Company. ISBN   9783832915971.
262. Torild Skard (2014) "Sabine Bergmann-Pohl" in Women of Power - Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide, Bristol: Policy Press, ISBN   978-1-44731-578-0
263. Volkheitskundliche Untersuchungen im deutschen Siedlungsgebiet in der südslawischen Batschka. München: J. F. Lehmanns Verlag 1938 (= Junge Wissenschaft 3)
264. "Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek". portal.dnb.de (in German). Retrieved 2019-02-13.
265. "Eulogy by the President of the Bundestag, Prof. Dr. Norbert Lammert, at the memorial session of the Bundestag honoring the late Annemarie Renger". Archived from the original on December 22, 2008.
266. Dowding, Keith; Dumont, Patrick (2008-11-19). The Selection of Ministers in Europe: Hiring and Firing. Routledge. ISBN   9781134085378.
267. "Heide Simonis tritt zurück". 2 February 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
268. Nitschmann, Johannes (17 May 2010). "Das ist schon heftig". Süddeutsche Zeitung. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
269. Piattoni, Simona; Schönlau, Justus (25 September 2015). Shaping EU Policy from Below: EU Democracy and the Committee of the Regions. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 69. ISBN   978-1-7834-7272-7.
270. "Was macht eigentlich... Monika Wulf-Mathies". Stern (in German). 26 October 2004. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
271. "Petra Roth als Ministerpräsidentin im Gespräch". FOCUS Online (in German). Retrieved 2019-02-13.
272. "Angela Merkel: her bio in brief". The Christian Science Monitor. 2013-09-20. ISSN   0882-7729 . Retrieved 2019-02-13.
273. Oltermann, Philip (2013-12-15). "Ursula von der Leyen appointed as Germany's first female defence minister". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2019-02-13.
274. Bacchetta, Paola; Power, Margaret (2013-01-11). Right-Wing Women: From Conservatives to Extremists Around the World. Routledge. ISBN   9781136615702.
275. Flint, Peter B. (1994-03-07). "Melina Mercouri, Actress and Politician, Is Dead". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-02-13.
276. "Anna Diamantopoulou – Portrait". European Commission. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
277. Constantinides, Maria (2017-03-29). "Women's History Month: Athens' 1st Female Mayor – Dora Bakoyannis" (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
278. Άννα Μπενάκη-Ψαρούδα: η πρώτη γυναίκα πρόεδρος της Βουλής των Ελλήνων – Times News. Times News (in Greek). 2017-03-19. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
279. Sheehan, Helena (2017-01-23). Syriza Wave: Surging and Crashing with the Greek Left. NYU Press. ISBN   9781583676271.
280. Women of Europe. Commission of the European Communities. 1988.
281. "Plaka: Today: Women in Politics". theplaka.com. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
282. Zajda, Joseph; Freeman, Kassie (2010-03-23). Race, Ethnicity and Gender in Education: Cross-Cultural Understandings. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   9781402097393.
283. "Mary, the first official woman ruler of the Kingdom of Hungary". Daily News Hungary. 2018-07-02. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
284. Gordon, Mary (August 2014). "Francis and the Nuns". Harper's Magazine. ISSN   0017-789X . Retrieved 2019-02-11.
285. Horvath, Sandor (2017-03-27). Stalinism Reloaded: Everyday Life in Stalin-City, Hungary. Indiana University Press. ISBN   9780253026866.
286. "Hungary Ministers".
287. The Annual Register. Longman Group. 1971.
288. Villám, Judit. "Istvánné Vass Biography" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-04.
289. Country Report: Hungary. The Unit. 1997.
290. Balogh, Eva S. (2015-10-14). "Viktor Orbán and women in politics". Hungarian Spectrum. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
291. Fábián, Katalin (2009-10-14). Contemporary Women's Movements in Hungary: Globalization, Democracy, and Gender Equality. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. ISBN   9780801894053.
292. Ramet, Sabrina P. (2010-02-18). Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9781139487504.
293. European Journal of Political Research. Elsevier. 2008.
294. "HUNGARY: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY" (PDF). Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011.
295. "Hungary elects Katalin Novak, first-ever female president". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
296. "Top 9 Most Famous Icelanders in History". Guide to Iceland. March 27, 2017. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
297. "Ingibjörg H. Bjarnason". Alþingi. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
298. Rønning, Olaf Halvorsen; Hammerslev, Ole (2017-12-21). Outsourcing Legal Aid in the Nordic Welfare States. Springer. ISBN   9783319466842.
299. "Ragnhildur Helgadóttir". Alþingi. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
300. "Auður Auðuns". Alþingi. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
301. "VigdÃs Finnbogadóttir". Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
302. "Salome Þorkelsdóttir". Alþingi. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
303. "Siv Friðleifsdóttir". Alþingi. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
304. "Valgerður Sverrisdóttir". Alþingi. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
305. "Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir". Alþingi. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
306. "Oddný G. Harðardóttir". Alþingi. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
307. "First lady of politics". BBC. 29 January 2008.
308. "Countess Constance Georgina de Markievicz". Oireachtas Members Database. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
309. "Members of the 1922 Seanad". Oireachtas Members Database. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
310. "Much has changed since Markievicz became first woman MP – Begley". sinnfein.ie. Archived from the original on 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2019-08-22.
311. "SAOIRSE – 50 Years Ago July 1998". homepage.tinet.ie.
312. "2nd Seanad". Oireachtas Members Database. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
313. Clarke, Kathleen (2008), Kathleen Clarke: Revolutionary Woman. Dublin, O'Brien Press. p.293
314. Oireachtas, Houses of the (30 April 2018). "Find a Senator – Houses of the Oireachtas". oireachtas.ie. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
315. "First Among Unequals". The Irish Times. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
316. "Frances Condell Delivers Entertaining Welcome". RTÉ Archives. 1963. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
317. Oireachtas, Houses of the (30 April 2018). "Find a TD – Houses of the Oireachtas". oireachtas.ie. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
318. "Mrs. Máire Geoghegan-Quinn". Oireachtas Members Database. Retrieved 17 June 2025.
319. "Eileen Desmond". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
320. "Síle de Valera". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
321. "Mrs. Gemma Hussey". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
322. "Mrs. Eileen Desmond". Oireachtas Members Database. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
323. Bourke, Angela (2002). The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing. NYU Press. ISBN   9780814799079.
324. "Elections Ireland: Presidential Elections". ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
325. "Mary Robinson: Human rights champion". BBC News. 2002-03-18. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
326. "African women driving change". The Elders. 5 February 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
327. "Current Chancellor – Chancellor's Biography". Trinity College Dublin. Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
328. "Ms. Mary Harney". Oireachtas Members Database. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
329. "Ms. Mary Coughlan". Oireachtas Members Database. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
330. "Ms. Mary Hanafin". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
331. "Geoghegan-Quinn is Irish nominee to commission". The Irish Times . 17 November 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
332. Cullen, Paul. "First female Attorney General a 'smart and able advocate'". The Irish Times. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
333. "Ms. Frances Fitzgerald". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
334. "'FF/FG government ignores a demand for change': Sinn Féin". independent. 16 June 2020.
335. Doyle, Maggie (23 July 2020). "Connolly 'shocked' to win Leas-Cheann Comhairle vote". RTÉ.
336. "Italy Ministers".
337. Zapperi, Cesare (2016-01-11). "Un anno fa moriva Tina Anselmi, prima ministra donna in Italia". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 2019-02-13.
338. "Fondazione Nilde Iotti". fondazionenildeiotti.it. Archived from the original on 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
339. "È morta Franca Falcucci, primo ministro donna dell'Istruzione". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 2014-09-04. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
340. Ap (1988-04-16). "Camilla Ravera, 98, Italy Communist, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-02-13.
341. "Your MEPs : Margherita BONIVER". European Parliament. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
342. "Remembering Fiorella Ghilardotti (1946–2005)". Party of European Socialists. Archived from the original on 2019-05-26. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
343. "Personal profile of Adriana Poli Bortone". European Parliament. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
344. Bull, Anna Cento (2016). Modern Italy: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780198726517.
345. Sassoon, Donald (2014-06-03). Contemporary Italy: Politics, Economy and Society Since 1945. Routledge. ISBN   9781317893783.
346. Lombardo, Emanuela; Sangiuliano, Maria (November–December 2009). "'Gender and employment' in the Italian policy debates: The construction of 'non employed' gendered subjects". Women's Studies International Forum . 32 (6): 445–452. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2009.09.007.
347. Time and territory. Time policies of the cities. The Barcelona Institute of Regional and Metropolitan Studies. Archived from the original on 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2019-02-13. Paper 49.
348. "Anna Finocchiaro". 2009-09-28. Archived from the original on 2009-09-28. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
349. Povoledo, Elisabetta (2006-03-27). "Politics in Italy: Still a man's world". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-02-13.
350. "Rosa Iervolino Russo". 2006-05-07. Archived from the original on 2006-05-07. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
351. Heads of State and Government 2000. St. Martin's Press. 2000. ISBN   9781349657711.
352. "Meet Virginia Raggi, the First Female Mayor of Rome". The Cut. 20 June 2016. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
353. "Bresso Redux". Politico. 2010-06-02. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
354. Willson, Perry (2009-12-07). Women in Twentieth-Century Italy. Macmillan International Higher Education. ISBN   9781137122872.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
355. Lépinard, Éléonore; Rubio-Marín, Ruth (2018-07-19). Transforming Gender Citizenship. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9781108429221.
356. "Addio all' elettrochoc - la Repubblica.it". Archivio – la Repubblica.it (in Italian). 25 February 1999. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
357. "Regionali, Bonino: Bagnasco fuori luogo Polverini: Chiesa è fonte autorevole". Il Messaggero (in Italian). 23 March 2010. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
358. Giuliani, Frencesca (9 May 2012). "Italian Minister of Justice Paola Severino To Visit the US Next Week". i-Italy. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
359. "Una storia politica". 12 September 2017.
360. "Italy's First Black Minister Cecile Kyenge Shrugs off Racial Attacks". International Business Times UK. 2013-05-03. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
361. "Roberta Pinotti". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
362. "Chi è Federica Guidi, il nuovo ministro dello Sviluppo economico". panorama.it. 21 February 2014. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
363. Alessandra Servidori (2015-07-31). "Dedicato a MEB, Maria Elena Boschi". Formiche.net (in Italian). Retrieved 2019-02-13.
364. "senato.it – Presidente". senato.it.
365. "Profile of Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati". The official website of the Senate of the Italian Republic.
366. "Nina Menegatto e Laura di Bisceglie candidate ufficiali alle Elezioni. Per la prima volta nella storia, Seborga avrà una Principessa. | Principato di Seborga". 13 October 2019.
367. Haan, Francisca de; Daskalova, Krasimira; Loutfi, Anna (2006-01-01). Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms in Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe: 19th and 20th Centuries. Central European University Press. ISBN   9789637326394.
368. Smith, Bonnie G. (2008-01-15). The Oxford encyclopedia of women in world history. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780195148909.
369. "Veinberga Emīlija – Vēsture". vesture.eu (in Latvian). Retrieved 2018-06-25.
370. Bleiere, Daina (2015). "SIEVIETES UN VARA PADOMJU LATVIJĀ: SIEVIETES LKP CK SASTĀVĀ (1940–1990)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
371. Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. Gale Group. 2003. ISBN   9780787673376.
372. Purs, Aldis; Plakans, Andrejs (2017-05-02). Historical Dictionary of Latvia. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN   9781538102213.
373. "The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia: Linda Mūrniece". 2010-01-30. Archived from the original on 2010-01-30. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
374. "Laimdota Straujuma to be Latvia's first female prime minister". The Independent. 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
375. "Liechtenstein Ministers". guide2womenleaders.com.
376. "Cornelia Gassner gestorben". Vaterland online (in German). Retrieved 2017-12-04.
377. Liechtensteiner Volksblatt (2012). "Alt-Regierungsrätin Cornelia Gassner verstorben" (in German). Retrieved 2017-12-04.^{[ dead link ]}
378. "SURPRISE EXPRESSED IN WOMEN'S ANTI-DISCRIMINATION COMMITTEE THAT WOMEN OF LIECHTENSTEIN RECEIVED RIGHT TO VOTE JUST 15 YEARS AGO | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". United Nations. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
379. Trencsényi, Balázs; Janowski, Maciej; Baár, Monika; Falina, Maria; Kopeček, Michal (2016). A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780198737148.
380. "Constituent Assembly (Seimas) 1920 – 1922". Seimas . Retrieved 2009-05-30.
381. "Lithuania Ministers".
382. Vitureau, Marielle (2009-05-18). "Lithuania elects first female president". France 24.
383. United States Congressional Record: Vol.155. Government Printing Office.
384. "EU budget chief wins Lithuania presidential election". Reuters. 2009-05-17. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
385. "New defence leadership in Lithuania: pitfalls and opportunities". ICDS. 20 November 2008. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
386. Yust, Walter (1953). Encyclopædia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge. Encyclopædia Britannica.
387. Tucker, Spencer (2014). European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN   9781135684259.
388. "Luxembourg Ministers".
389. "European Commission – PRESS RELEASES – Press release – COLETTE FLESCH IS APPOINTED HEAD OF THE DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR INFORMATION, COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 2019-02-12.
390. "Letzebuerger Gemengen De la pointe de l'épée". gemengen.lu (in French). Retrieved 2018-06-20.
391. "Erna Hennicot-Schoepges | European Cultural Parliament – ECP". Archived from the original on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
392. "Reicherts to be only woman on BCL board – Delano – Luxembourg in English". Delano (in French). 2017-12-20. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
393. ":: L-GHASRI LOCAL COUNCIL – GOZO – MALTA – KUNSILL LOCALI L-GHASRI". gozo-malta.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
394. Pirotta, Godfrey A. (2006). Malta's Parliament: An Official History. Office of the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Malta and the Department of Information. ISBN   9789993204435.
395. "Moldova Ministers".
396. Moldova, Constitutional Court of the Republic of (2013-03-26). "Valeria ȘTERBEȚ". Constitutional Court of the Republic of Moldova. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
397. Hayes, Carlton J. H. (2017-12-02). Nations in Transit – 2001–2002: Civil Society, Democracy and Markets in East Central Europe and Newly Independent States. Routledge. ISBN   9781351503556.
398. "Zinaida Greceanii | prime minister of Moldova". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
399. Independent Appeal: Moldova's Florence Nightingale, The Independent, 21 December 2010
400. "Natalia Gherman is aiming to become the first female Secretary General of the UN". Moldova Times. 2016-07-21. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
401. "Nina Shtanski, ministrul de Externe al regiunii separatiste Transnistria, a facut apel la Putin pentru anexarea zonei". Stirileprotv.ro. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
402. "Татьяна Туранская утверждена в должности Председателя Правительства ПМР | ИА "Рупор ПМР"". 2013-07-15. Archived from the original on 2013-07-15. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
403. "Monaco Ministers".
404. State, United States Dept of; Affairs, United States Congress House Committee on Foreign; Relations, United States Congress Senate Committee on Foreign; Relations, United States Congress House Committee on International (2003). Country reports on human rights practices: report submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives and Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate by the Department of State in accordance with sections 116(d) and 502B(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended. U.S. G.P.O.
405. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives and Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate by the Department of State in Accordance with Sections 116(d) and 502B(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended. U.S. Government Printing Office. 2004.
406. "Mayor Helene Schneider and Marija Maja Ćatović". Santa Barbara Independent. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
407. "Gordana Djurović Refused Offer to become Minister". total-montenegro-news.com. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
408. Tremayne, Eleanor E. (1918). The First Governess of the Netherlands, Margaret of Austria. Library of Alexandria. ISBN   9781465517579.
409. djr (2018-10-04). "Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland". resources.huygens.knaw.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2019-02-13.
410. "Dutch School, 18th century – Anne, Princess Royal, Princess of Orange (1709–1759)". rct.uk. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
411. "Wilhelmina | queen of the Netherlands". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
412. Andeweg, Rudy B.; Irwin, Galen A. (2009-07-16). Governance and Politics of the Netherlands. Macmillan International Higher Education. ISBN   9781137013484.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
413. "Wilhelmina Carolina Benjamina Smit (Carry Pothuis-Smit)". iisg.nl. 2006-01-02. Retrieved 2011-02-12. Wel kwam Pothuis-Smit in de Amsterdamse gemeenteraad (1919–1924) en in de Eerste Kamer (1920–1937), waar zij het eerste vrouwelijke lid was.
414. djr (2018-10-04). "Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland". resources.huygens.knaw.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2019-02-13.
415. "The first female mayors". Atria. 2015-11-12. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
416. Ap (1986-10-29). "Marga Klompe". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-02-13.
417. "H.V. (Haya) van Someren-Downer". parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 2019-02-13.
418. Leijenaar, Monique (2013-11-21). Political Empowerment of Women: The Netherlands and Other Countries. Springer. ISBN   9789401756068.
419. van Doornik, Johan; Nusselder, Arjan; Marx, Maarten (May 25, 2012). "Women in Dutch Parliament: what they did" (PDF). ILPS, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 26, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
420. Koopmans, Joop W. (2015-11-05). Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN   9781442255937.
421. Africa Now. Pan-African Publishers. 1984.
422. Europe. L'Agence. 1994.
423. Schultz, Ulrike; Shaw, Gisela (2013-07-10). Gender and Judging. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   9781782251101.
424. "M. (Margreeth) de Boer". parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 2019-02-13.
425. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2000.
426. "Annemarie Jorritsma (1950) Nederlandse politicus". absolutefacts.nl. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
427. "History of the position of President". houseofrepresentatives.nl. 2018-10-18. Archived from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
428. "Maria van der Hoeven, minister van Economische Zaken". cookiewall.vnumediaonline.nl. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
429. "Rita Verdonk stapt uit de politiek". nos.nl (in Dutch). 22 October 2011. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
430. "Mr. Y.E.M.A. (Yvonne) Timmerman-Buck". parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 2019-02-13.
431. Dodds, Felix; Strauss, Michael; Strong, Maurice F. (2012). Only One Earth: The Long Road Via Rio to Sustainable Development. Routledge. ISBN   9780415540254.
432. "Binnenland | Het laatste nieuws uit Nederland leest u op Telegraaf.nl". De Telegraaf (in Dutch). Retrieved 2019-02-13.
433. "Ms. Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert of the Netherlands – Special Representative for Iraq and Head of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI)". United Nations Secretary-General. 2018-08-31. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
434. Bechev, Dimitar (2009-04-13). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN   9780810862951.
435. Ilinka Mitreva Archived 2010-06-22 at the Wayback Machine , Columbia University World Leaders Forum. Retrieved February 15, 2011
436. Љубчо Ѓеоргиевски, македонски премиер кој најмногу им верувал на жените. Република Online (in Macedonian). 2013-07-04. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
437. Lamb, Peter (2015-12-17). Historical Dictionary of Socialism. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN   9781442258273.
438. "North Macedonia elects first woman president as centre-left crumbles". Euronews. 2024-05-09.
439. Grankvist, Rolf (2014-09-28), "Anna Rogstad", Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian), retrieved 2019-02-13
440. Hellberg, Lars (2014-08-28), "Karen Platou", Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian), retrieved 2019-02-13
441. Haugland, Ånund (2014-09-28), "Aasa Helgesen", Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian), retrieved 2019-02-13
442. "Hansteen, Kirsten (1903–1974)". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
443. Women Lawyers' Journal. Women Lawyers' Club. 1974.
444. "Biografi: Bråten, Elsa Rastad". Stortinget (in Norwegian). 2008-03-09. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
445. Haavio-Mannila, E.; Skard, T. (2013-10-22). Unfinished Democracy: Women in Nordic Politics. Elsevier. ISBN   9781483286327.
446. "Biography of Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland". United Nations. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
447. Ryssdal, Signe Marie Stray (2014-09-28), "Ebba Lodden", Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian), retrieved 2019-02-13
448. "Previous Prime Ministers". The norwegian government. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
449. Norby, Reginald. "Ann-Kristin Olsen". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
450. "Åshild Hauan", Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian), 2017-12-04, retrieved 2019-02-13
451. Holton, V.; Dent, F. (2012-04-17). Women In Business: Navigating Career Success. Springer. ISBN   9781137008398.
452. Association, Norwegian-American Historical (2000). Newsletter - The Norwegian-American Historical Association. Norwegian-American Historical Association.
453. "Biografi: Løwer, Eldbjørg". Stortinget (in Norwegian). 2008-03-09. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
454. Strom, Kaare; Bergman, Torbjörn (2011-06-22). The Madisonian Turn: Political Parties and Parliamentary Democracy in Nordic Europe. University of Michigan Press. ISBN   9780472025503.
455. "IPI Honors Ine Eriksen Søreide, Norway's First Woman Foreign Minister". International Peace Institute. 20 March 2018. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
456. Lønnå, Elisabeth (2014-09-28), "Eva Kolstad", Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian), retrieved 2019-02-13
457. "Woman Is Crowned King of Poland". History Channel. 2016-06-19. Archived from the original on 2019-10-08. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
458. "Opening of the exhibition 'Women in Parliament'" (in Polish). The Government Plenipotentiary for Equal Treatment, Otwarcie wystawy "Kobiety w Parlamencie": www.rownetraktowanie.gov.pl. 24 April 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 2012-08-27.
459. "First female ministers".
460. Kimble, Sara L.; Röwekamp, Marion (2016-07-01). New Perspectives on European Women's Legal History. Routledge. ISBN   9781317577157.
461. "Maria Mielczarek, Warszawa, 25.01.2011 – nekrolog". Gazeta Wyborcza. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
462. Lewiński, Jerzy (1986). Trzy lata porozumienia i walki (in Polish). Ksʾiążka i Wiedza. ISBN   9788305118705.
463. Perspektywy (in Polish). Wydawn. Współczesne RSW "Prasa". July 1988.
464. Tygiel kultury (in Polish). Fundacja ANIMA. 1996.
465. "Ranking najbardziej wpływowych kobiet w Polsce". Newsweek.pl. 2014-09-08. Archived from the original on 2014-09-08. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
466. "Hanna Suchocka | Biography & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
467. "Monika Olejnik i Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz na celowniku Brunona K." Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
468. Filipowicz, Danuta (2007-07-22). "Barbara Blida takes own life". The Krakow Post. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
469. "Alicja Grześkowiak". ww2.senat.pl. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
470. "Nie żyje była minister finansów Halina Wasilewska-Trenkner". wiadomosci.dziennik.pl. 16 November 2017. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
471. Janicki, Mariusz; Zagner, Agnieszka (2006). "Kamela – Sowińska Aldona". polityka.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
472. Środkowoeuropejskie studia polityczne (in Polish). Wydawn. Naukowe INPiD UAM. 2006.
473. "Prezydenckim Tu-154 leciały najważniejsze osoby w państwie (Polish)". wiadomosci.gazeta.pl. Archived from the original on April 15, 2010.
474. "Gay rights advocating former Polish Deputy PM among dead in plane crash". pinknews.co.uk. April 10, 2010.
475. "Grażyna Gęsicka – kobiecy punkt widzenia". kobieta.interia.pl (in Polish). 13 April 2010. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
476. "Anna Fotyga nowym ministrem spraw zagranicznych". Puls Biznesu (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
477. "PiS zawiesza Elżbietę Jakubiak. Za postawę". TVN24.pl. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
478. European Voice (2013-11-20). "Two MEPs appointed in government reshuffle". Politico. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
479. "Ewa Kopacz confirmed as Poland's new PM". Polskie Radio dla Zagranicy. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
480. Monter, William (2012-01-24). The Rise of Female Kings in Europe, 1300–1800. Yale University Press. ISBN   9780300178074.
481. Lawler, Jennifer (2018-01-16). Encyclopedia of Women in the Middle Ages. McFarland. ISBN   9781476601113.
482. "A primeira "senhora" no governo que foi... subsecretário de Estado". dn.pt (in Portuguese). 15 October 2019. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
483. "Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo". The Independent. 2004-07-14. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
484. "Três Belezas a forçar portas". dn.pt (in Portuguese). 28 October 2018. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
485. "Assunção Esteves é a primeira mulher presidente da Assembleia da República". SAPO Lifestyle (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
486. "Manuela Ferreira Leite – Biografia de Manuela Ferreira Leite" (in Brazilian Portuguese). 23 June 2017. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
487. "Teresa Gouveia é a nova ministra dos Negócios Estrangeiros". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). 8 October 2003. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
488. "Maria João Carioca: a primeira mulher à frente do Euronext". Semanario SOL (in Portuguese). 13 April 2016. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
489. "Elisa Ferreira no Banco de Portugal". Executiva (in Portuguese). 2016-04-13. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
490. Lusa. "Teresa Caeiro diz que CDS sempre 'deu cartas' em dar protagonismo às mulheres" (in Portuguese). Rádio e Televisão de Portugal. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
491. Pena, Teresa. "Entrevista a Graça Carvalho". spf.pt.
492. Coelho, Alexandra Lucas; Salema, Isabel (18 July 2004). "Nova ministra da Cultura é uma incógnita". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
493. "Cinco ministras no Governo mais feminino de sempre". dn.pt (in Portuguese). 23 October 2009. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
494. "Manuela Ferreira Leite, a primeira mulher a dirigir o partido de Sá Carneiro – Perfil". rtp.pt (in Portuguese). 31 May 2008. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
495. Oliveira, Luís. "Cristas quer 'subir de divisão' para ser primeira-ministra". cmjornal.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
496. "Mara Lúcia Amaral – Diario de Noticias". dn.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
497. "Joana Marques Vidal é a primeira mulher a ocupar o cargo de PGR". SAPO Lifestyle (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
498. "Ana Luís é a nova presidente da Assembleia Legislativa". Açoriano Oriental (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
499. Lopes, Maria (18 November 2014). "Anabela Rodrigues, a académica que enfrentou juízes, experimenta agora a política". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
500. "Maria Manuel Leitão Marques". portugal.gov.pt. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
501. "Mara Lúcia Amaral – Diário de Notícias". dn.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
502. "Luiza Zavloschi (1883–1967) – Women and the Transfer of Knowledge in the Black Sea Region". Archived from the original on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
503. "Ana Pauker". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
504. "Romania Ministers".
505. "Romania Ministers".
506. "Ceausescu, Elena (1916–1989)". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
507. "Guvernul o retrage pe Mioara Mantale din postul de consul general la Strasbourg – Q Magazine". qmagazine.ro (in Romanian). 5 April 2013. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
508. "Roberta Alma Anastase – EU40" . Retrieved 2019-02-10.
509. "Prima femeie prim-ministru din istorie. "Ce știe ea despre politică"". dcnews.ro. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
510. "Video România are prima femeie comisar la Bruxelles". Stiriletvr.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 2019-02-10.
511. "Romania is getting its first female prime minister". The Independent. 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
512. Liberă, Europa (21 December 2020). "Anca Dragu (USR PLUS), aleasă preşedinte al Senatului, al doilea om în stat". Europa Liberă România (in Romanian). Retrieved 2021-02-10.
513. Fuhrmann, Joseph T. (1981). Tsar Alexis, his reign and his Russia. Academic International Press. ISBN   9780875690407.
514. Timofeychev, Alexey (2017-09-12). "The first woman on the Russian throne: A foreigner blamed for witchcraft". rbth.com. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
515. Lindenmeyr, Adele (2016-10-17). ""The First Woman in Russia": Countess Sofia Panina and Women's Political Participation in the Revolutions of 1917". Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography. 9 (1): 158–181. doi:10.1163/22102388-00900009. ISSN   2210-2388.
516. "The first woman diplomat Alexandra Kollontai born". Presidential Library. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
517. "Russia Ministers".
518. Yegorov, Oleg; RBTH (2017-05-18). "Revolutionary First Lady: the life and struggles of Lenin's wife". rbth.com. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
519. "RUSSIA: O, Ekaterina". Time. 1956-03-12. ISSN   0040-781X . Retrieved 2019-02-13.
520. Black, J. L.; Johns, Michael (2013-05-02). Russia after 2012: From Putin to Medvedev to Putin – Continuity, Change, or Revolution?. Routledge. ISBN   9781134072590.
521. Bacciocchi, Lidia (1999-01-01). Dall'arengo Alla Democrazia Dei Partiti: Legislazione Elettorale E Sistema Politico a San Marino (in Italian). Edizioni del Titano. ISBN   9788886163361.
522. Epoca (in Italian). November 1974.
523. "San Marino Ministers". guide2womenleaders.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
524. "Antonella Mularoni reconfirmed as San Marino Judge – Ministry of foreign affairs – Republic of San Marino". esteri.sm. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
525. Schaus, Margaret (2017-07-12). Routledge Revivals: Women and Gender in Medieval Europe (2006): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN   9781351681582.
526. "The prominent women of Serbia, first among the famous". serbia.com. 14 August 2013. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
527. Schaus, Margaret (2019-07-12). Sedam žena poslanicа Velike narodne skupštine 1918 (in Serbian). Routledge. ISBN   9781351681582.
528. Batinić, Jelena; History, Stanford University Dept of (2009). Gender, revolution, and war: the mobilization of women in the Yugoslav Partisan resistance during world war II. Stanford University.
529. "Spasenija Babović". Kakva Zenska. 2016-05-09. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
530. Yugoslavia. Skupština (1977). Yugoslav Assembly. Univerzum. From 1958 to 1963, Stana Tomasevic-Arnesen was assistant federal secretary for labour and labour relations, and after that, until 1967, Yugoslav ambassador to Norway and Iceland. At that time she was also a member of the Central ...
531. "The Times & The Sunday Times". The Times. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
532. "Belgrade will get the 74th mayor today: Dr. Zoran Radojicic is a candidate". telegraf.rs (in Serbian). 7 June 2018. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
533. Keesing's Record of World Events. Longman. 1994.
534. Daily Report: East Europe. Supplement. The Service. 1993.
535. "H.E. Maja Gojković – Global Summit of Women Speakers of Parliament" . Retrieved 2019-02-14.
536. "Vreme – Žene u politici: Savesne ali malobrojne". vreme.com. 22 November 2006. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
537. "1997/02/18 12:51 ZENA ZA SVA VREMENA". aimpress.ch. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
538. "Jorgovanka Tabaković". istinomer.rs. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
539. Vuković, Piše: Ana (2009-10-09). "Mira Marković i Danica Drašković kompromitovale žensko liderstvo". Dnevni list Danas (in Serbian). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
540. "Margit Savović: Neki misle da sam lujka". Blic (in Serbian). 20 December 2015. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
541. "Sve srpske vlade od 2000. godine". Mondo Portal (in Serbian (Latin script)). 9 August 2016. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
542. B, E. (30 November 2015). "Uspešne žene o "Blicovoj" listi najmoćnijih". Blic (in Serbian). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
543. Tanjug (28 November 2015). "Marija Rašeta Vukosavljević oslobođena optužbi". Blic (in Serbian). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
544. Rubin, Alissa J.; Cirjakovic, Zoran (2003-01-20). "Unlikely Serb President Rises From Polls' Dust". Los Angeles Times. ISSN   0458-3035 . Retrieved 2019-02-14.
545. "Kori Udovicki". economicsummit.rs. Archived from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
546. "Anti-Darwin minister in Serbia resigns". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
547. "National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia | National Assembly Speaker Biography – Maja Gojković". parlament.gov.rs. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
548. "IVANA DULIĆ MARKOVIĆ: Bivši ministar u zatvor zbog 26, a ministarka po zakonu otuđuje 100.000 hektara". Autonomija (in Serbian). 16 January 2016. Archived from the original on 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
549. "Ana Pešikan, Minister of Science". ekapija.com. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
550. "Aleksandra Smiljanić, ministar za telekomunikacije i informatičko društvo Republike Srbije do 2008.godine". ekapija.com. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
551. "Sudija dr Bosa Nenadić". ustavni.sud.rs. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
552. "Kalanović: Konačno se u vladi odlučuje". Večernje novosti (in Serbian (Latin script)). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
553. Latković, Nataša (12 September 2018). "PROMENE U NBS Bivša ministarka ostaje bez funkcije u Narodnoj banci i PLATE OD POLA MILIONA". Blic (in Serbian). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
554. Правда је женски посао. Politika (in Serbian). Retrieved 2018-06-07.
555. Ђорђевић, Катарина. Кад роде слете у политичко гнездо. Politika (in Serbian). Retrieved 2018-06-07.
556. "Vesna Martinović". istinomer.rs. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
557. "Nata Mesarović u penziji". Večernje novosti (in Serbian (Latin script)). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
558. "SKUPŠTINA SRBIJE: Zagorka Dolovac i tužioci položili zakletvu". Kurir (in Serbian). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
559. "Slavica Đukić Dejanović". Kurir (in Serbian). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
560. "NAJLEPŠE U KAMPANJI: Za koga glasate?". Mondo Portal (in Serbian (Latin script)). 19 April 2016. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
561. "Olena Papuga". istinomer.rs. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
562. "Zorana Mihajlović". Biografija (in Serbian). 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
563. "Savesne ali malobrojne". Nedeljnik Vreme. 22 November 2006. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
564. Đ, M. (24 June 2016). "Jasna Avramović ponovo gradonačelnica Smedereva". Blic (in Serbian). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
565. Tanjug (26 December 2018). "Tabaković: Dinar je druga najjača valuta u svetu u ovoj godini". Blic (in Serbian). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
566. "ŽENA JE ŽENI VUK Maja Gojković: U srpskoj politici nedostaje solidarnosti među ženama... Neke vole da pričaju o ravnopravnosti, ali..." Kurir (in Serbian). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
567. "Udovički: Vreme je da žene postanu lideri". prva.rs (in Serbian). 20 February 2015. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
568. "Snežana Bogosavljević Bošković – Blic Online". Blic. 23 September 2016. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
569. "JADRANKA JOKSIMOVIĆ: Žene su veliki potencijal za razvoj Srbije". Kurir (in Serbian). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
570. Đokić, Ana (23 October 2016). "Sanda Rašković Ivić: Oterali su me jer se plaše uspešne žene". Blic (in Serbian). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
571. Vašalić, V. (16 May 2016). "Vršac dobio gradonačelnicu, izabrana Dragana Mitrović iz SNS". Blic (in Serbian). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
572. Pualić-Špero, S. (6 August 2016). "Sombor dobio gradonačelnicu, na vlasti SNS, SPO, SRS i SVM". Blic (in Serbian). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
573. "Ana Brnabić: Svi detalji života prve premijerke Srbije". Gloria. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
574. "Kruševac dobio gradonačelnicu – Jasmina Palurović prva žena na čelu grada – GRAD Kruševac". krusevacgrad.rs. 25 December 2017. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
575. "ŽENE OSVAJAJU SRBIJU: U jednom danu Užice i Niš dobili gradonačelnice i jedni i drugi PO PRVI PUT U ISTORIJI". informer.rs. Retrieved 2020-08-21.
576. "ŽENE OSVAJAJU SRBIJU: U jednom danu Užice i Niš dobili gradonačelnice i jedni i drugi PO PRVI PUT U ISTORIJI". informer.rs. Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2020-08-21.
577. "Kosovar Ambassador Vlora Çitaku". Georgetown Institute of Women Peace and Security. Retrieved 2019-02-14.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
578. "On the road with Kosovo's first female president". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
579. Zmena (in Slovak). Vydávajú študenti žurnalistiky FF UK Bratislava v spolupráci s Československým koordinačným štrajkovým výborom. 1998.
580. Daily Report: East Europe. The Service. 1996.
581. "Nehody politikov: Zavinili smrť, mnohí aj sami zahynuli". plus7dni.pluska.sk (in Slovak). 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
582. Azet.sk (25 August 2016). "Brigita Schmögnerová: Fico neskoncoval s korupciou vo vlastnej strane (rozhovor)". aktuality.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
583. a.s, Petit Press. "Téma: Eva Slavkovská". sme.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
584. a.s, Petit Press. "Ministerkou zahraničia bude po Hamžíkovi žena z Mečiarovho okolia – Ing. Zdenka Kramplová". sme.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
585. Azet.sk (16 August 2010). "Colníkom bude šéfovať bývalá ministerka privatizácie Machová". Nový Čas (in Slovak). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
586. "Prítomnosť žien v politike prináša iný pohľad na svet". legacy.blisty.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
587. "Hruštička húževnatá ministerkou". pluska.sk. 27 November 2007. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
588. a.s, Petit Press. "Ústavný súd povedie Ivetta Macejková". domov.sme.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
589. "Iveta Radičová (54): Prvá premiérka". pluska.sk. 16 November 2010. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
590. "Première femme à la présidence". Le Courrier (in French). 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
591. "Slovenky mohli voliť až v roku 1920: Prvých dvanásť statočných političiek". Topky.sk. 2016-03-15. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
592. a.s, Petit Press. "Prvé ženy v politike – Fuj, baby, feminy!". zena.sme.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
593. ONDŘEJOVÁ, Petra (2006). "ŽENY V ČESKOSLOVENSKÉM PARLAMENTU 1918 – 1938: magisterská diplomová práce" (PDF).
594. Gehrerová, Ria (2017-11-17). "Spomienky žien Novembra – Helena Woleková: Nikdy som neľutovala, že ma do toho priatelia zatiahli". Denník N (in Slovak). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
595. TREND.sk (4 March 2016). "Ministri na odstrel: Kto opustil doterajšie vlády predčasne". etrend.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
596. Justičná revue: časopis pre právnu prax (in Slovak). Právnický ústav Ministerstva spravedlnosti SR. 1992.
597. "Umrla prva slovenska veleposlanica v Avstriji Katja Boh". siol.net (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
598. "Šarčeva ekipa ena od šibkejših od osamosvojitve Slovenije". ljnovice.si (in Slovenian). 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
599. "Prva Vlada Republike Slovenije: Uspehi in Neuspehi" (PDF). dk.fdv.uni-lj.si. 2010.
600. "STA: Tea Petrin prva ministrica v Drnovškovi vladi". sta.si. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
601. "STA: Slovenija dobila novo, sedmo vlado po osamosvojitvi". sta.si. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
602. "Katarina Kresal, predsednica LDS in ministrica za notranje zadeve". Mladina.si. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
603. Vukelić, Majda (2017-09-08). "Kje je danes Irma Pavlinič Krebs?". delo.si (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
604. L, A. (2018-04-19). "FOTO: Se spomnite ministrice za obrambo Ljubice Jelušič? Poglejte, kakšna je danes". slovenskenovice.si (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
605. Božič, Anže; Grgič, Maja; Gole, Nejc; Vukelić, Majda; Belovič, Mario; Zupanič, Milena; Krečič, Jela; Vidmajer, Saša (2014-08-29). "Plusi in minusi vlade Alenke Bratušek". delo.si (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
606. "Irena Majcen: birokratka, ki v glavnem še bere z listka". Dnevnik. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
607. "Kdo je komisarska kandidatka Violeta Bulc?". RTVSLO.si (in Slovenian). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
608. "Slovenia elects Natasa Pirc Musar to become first female president". Le Monde. 2022-11-13. Retrieved 2022-11-14.
609. "JUANA DE AUSTRIA: DE REGENTE DE ESPAÑA A ÚNICA MUJER JESUITA DE LA HISTORIA". azperiodistas (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-09.
610. "La primera alcaldesa de España fue Matilde Pérez Mollá, regidora de Quatretondeta (Alicante)". Las Provincias (in European Spanish). 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2019-02-09.
611. Ramil, Raquel Vázquez (2012-03-01). Mujeres y educación en la España Contemporánea: La Institución Libre de Enseñanza y su estela: la Residencia de Señoritas de Madrid (in Spanish). Ediciones Akal. ISBN   9788446029205.
612. RLA. Purdue Research Foundation. 1995.
613. "María Domínguez, la primera alcaldesa republicana – GRUP DE DONES DE LA MARXA MUNDIAL VALÈNCIA". nodo50.org. Retrieved 2019-02-09.
614. "Federica Montseny, la primera mujer ministra de Europa". La Vanguardia. 2019-01-13. Retrieved 2019-02-09.
615. "PILAR CAREAGA, PRIMERA MUJER INGENIERO DE ESPAÑA". El Cadenazo (in Spanish). 2016-10-02. Retrieved 2019-02-09.
616. Vigo, Faro de (15 January 2014). "Fallece Emma González Bermello, primera alcaldesa de Vigo y Galicia". farodevigo.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-10.
617. "Soledad Becerril, la pionera que batalló por no ser la única". BURGOSconecta (in Spanish). 2018-10-15. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
618. "Clementina Ródenas, primera alcaldesa de Valencia, consigue financiación y estabilidad para su mandato | Valencia 1989". valenpedia.lasprovincias.es. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
619. "María Antonia Martínez, elegida presidenta de la autonomía murciana". El País (in Spanish). 1993-04-28. ISSN   1134-6582 . Retrieved 2019-02-10.
620. Cervilla, Paloma (22 July 2012). "Soledad Becerril se convertirá hoy en la primera mujer Defensora del Pueblo". ABC (in Spanish). Spain. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
621. "Luisa Fernanda Rudi, primera mujer que preside el gobierno de Aragón | Actualidad | yodona.com". El Mundo. Spain. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
622. Moraga, Carmen (23 December 2013). "Villalobos, sobre la ley del aborto: "Las mujeres del PP no necesitamos que nos digan lo que hacer"". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-10.
623. Muez, Mikel (1995-06-27). "La socialista Dolores Eguren, elegida presidenta del Parlamento de Navarra". El País (in Spanish). ISSN   1134-6582 . Retrieved 2024-01-06.
624. "La ex ministra de Medio Ambiente de Aznar, Isabel Tocino, nueva presidenta de Banco Pastor". ELMUNDO (in Spanish). 2017-11-28. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
625. admin (2018-09-10). "Loyola de Palacio gran política española, ministra y parlamentaria europea". Mujeres Notables (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-10.
626. Cruz, Jacqueline; Zecchi, Barbara (2004). La mujer en la España actual: evolución o involución? (in Spanish). Icaria Editorial. ISBN   9788474267051.
627. Madridiario. "Esperanza Aguirre aspira a convertirse en la primera mujer presidenta de una comunidad autónoma". Madridiario (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-10.
628. Córdoba, Diario (25 September 2018). "Rosa Aguilar aboga por una mayor presencia de mujeres en las más altas instituciones del ámbito de la Justicia". Diario Córdoba (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-10.
629. "Condena unánime al primer homicidio "sexista" en Asturias desde 2016". El Comercio (in Spanish). 2018-03-13. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
630. Muez, Mikel (1999-07-04). "Barcina se convierte en la primera alcaldesa de Pamplona". El País (in Spanish). ISSN   1134-6582 . Retrieved 2024-01-06.
631. "Loyola de Palacio, pionera de las mujeres 'fuertes' de la política española". 20minutos.es – Últimas Noticias (in Spanish). 2006-12-14. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
632. "Perfil de Anna Birulés, ministra de Ciencia y Tecnología. Acostumbrada a romper monopolios". El Mundo. Spain. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
633. "Ana Palacio: La canciller enamorada de Urrijate". Horizonte (in European Spanish). 2002-07-13. Archived from the original on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
634. "Biografía de Julia García-Valdecasas". Europa Press. 2009-02-05. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
635. "Excma. Sra. Diputada Josefa Luzardo Romano – Parlamento de Canarias". parcan.es. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
636. Mallorca, Diario de (16 March 2008). "Lo sabían todos, excepto Cirer". diariodemallorca.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-10.
637. Chicano, Enriqueta; Sorzano, Cruz Sánchez de Lara (2007-01-01). Mujeres: igualdad y libertad : un homenaje a Enriqueta Chicano (in Spanish). Thomson Civitas. ISBN   9788447028351.
638. Pereira-Muro, Carmen (2014-01-01). Culturas de Espana (in Spanish). Cengage Learning. ISBN   9781285965895.
639. Castells, Matilde Olivella de (March 2005). Mosaicos: Spanish as a world language (in Spanish). Prentice Hall. ISBN   9780131923256.
640. "Izaskun Bilbao, la primera mujer que preside el Parlamento vasco". El Mundo. Spain. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
641. Ramírez, Alicia Muñoz (2016-05-01). Movilización contra educación para la ciudadanía y los derechos humanos. Castilla-la Mancha, Castilla y León y Madrid (in Spanish). Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. ISBN   9788490126011.
642. Tuten, Donald N.; Garner, Lucia Caycedo; Esterrich, Carmelo (2010-01-22). Fuentes: Lectura y redaccion (in Spanish). Cengage Learning. p.  193. ISBN   9780495898641.
643. "Sonia Castedo: adiós a la primera alcaldesa de Alicante y la que más votos ha dado al PP". abc (in Spanish). 2014-12-23. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
644. "Salgado, primera mujer al frente de Economía por su "acreditada eficacia"". El País (in Spanish). 2009-04-08. ISSN   1134-6582 . Retrieved 2019-02-10.
645. "El Parlament escull com a presidenta Núria de Gispert, la primera dona que ocupa el càrrec". directe!cat (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 2018-02-23. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
646. Rico, Jose; Tomàs, Neus (2010-12-16). "Núria de Gispert, primera mujer presidenta del Parlament". elperiodico (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-02-22.
647. "Nace la primera nieta de José María Aznar y Ana Botella". abc (in Spanish). 2013-03-10. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
648. "Yolanda Barcina, primera presidenta de Navarra". El Mundo. Spain. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
649. "Ada Colau: Necesitamos del feminismo para que Barcelona sea más justa". efe.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-02-10.
650. Domaika, Eva (2023-06-17). "La socialista Maider Etxebarria, elegida primera alcaldesa de la historia de Vitoria". cadena SER (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2024-01-06.
651. "La jeltzale Eider Mendoza se convierte en la primera mujer al frente de la Diputación de Gipuzkoa con un voto del PP". Europa Press. 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
652. "Elixabete Etxanobe se convierte en la primera mujer en liderar la Diputación de Bizkaia, con los votos de PNV y PSE". Europa Press. 2023-07-05. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
653. "Dueñas Martínez, María del Carme". congreso.es.
654. "Dueñas asegura que trabajará en el Senado por toda Melilla "sin excepción". SUR.es". diariosur.es. 11 March 2008. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
655. Carli, Barbro (2004-01-01). The Making and Breaking of a Female Culture: The History of Swedish Physical Education 'in a Different Voice'. Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. ISBN   9789173464802.
656. Adams, Jad (2014). Women and the Vote: A World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780198706847.
657. Porter, Dorothy (1999). Health, Civilization, and the State: A History of Public Health from Ancient to Modern Times. Psychology Press. ISBN   9780415200363.
658. "skbl.se - Alfhild Valfrid Matilda Palmgren Munch-Petersen". skbl.se. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
659. Oldfield, Sybil (2003). International Woman Suffrage: October 1916 – September 1918. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   9780415257398.
660. Woman's Leader. 1921.
661. McNeely, Connie L. (2014-04-08). Public Rights, Public Rules: Constituting Citizens in the World Polity and National Policy. Routledge. ISBN   9781135598228.
662. News from Sweden. Swedish Information Service, Swedish Consulate General. 1950.
663. Sluga, Glenda; James, Carolyn (2015-06-12). Women, Diplomacy and International Politics since 1500. Routledge. ISBN   9781317497028.
664. Haglund, Ann-Cathrine; Petersson, Ann-Marie; Ström-Billing, Inger. "Moderata pionjärer: Kvinnor i politiskt arbete 1900–2000" (PDF). Sällskapet för Moderata Kvinnors Historia.
665. Sugarman, David; Pue, W. Wesley (2003). Lawyers and Vampires: Cultural Histories of Legal Professions. Hart Publishing. ISBN   9781841133126.
666. Leach, Henry Goddard (1973). The American-Scandinavian Review. American-Scandinavian Foundation.
667. Aggestam, Karin; Towns, Ann E. (2017-11-09). Gendering Diplomacy and International Negotiation. Springer. ISBN   9783319586823.
668. Bäck, Hanna; Björkdahl, Annika (2017). "Does Female Leadership Matter? An Analysis of Swedish Foreign Ministers and their Parliamentary Speeches, 1955–2016" (PDF). Lund University.
669. Ap (1984-06-07). "I.L.O. Group Elects Woman". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-02-14.
670. Bondeson, Jan (2014-01-31). Blood on the Snow: The Killing of Olof Palme. Cornell University Press. ISBN   9780801470127.
671. Scobbie, Irene (May 2010). The A to Z of Sweden. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN   9780810872189.
672. Findlay, Ragnar Nurkse; Findlay, Ronald; Jonung, Lars; Lundahl, Mats (2002). Bertil Ohlin: A Centennial Celebration, 1899-1999. MIT Press. ISBN   9780262062282.
673. Haavio-Mannila, E.; Skard, T. (2013-10-22). Unfinished Democracy: Women in Nordic Politics. Elsevier. ISBN   9781483286327.
674. Callaghan, John; Fishman, Nina (2010-01-15). In search of social democracy: responses to crisis and modernisation. Manchester University Press. ISBN   9780719079207.
675. "Feminist is the favourite to take over as Prime Minister in Stockholm". The Independent. 1995-08-23. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
676. Joachim, Jutta M. (2007-07-24). Agenda Setting, the UN, and NGOs: Gender Violence and Reproductive Rights. Georgetown University Press. ISBN   9781589012332.
677. Kronsell, Annica (2012-02-24). Gender, Sex and the Postnational Defense: Militarism and Peacekeeping. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN   9780199846061.
678. Ekman, Ivar (2005-12-04). "For Swedish mayor, a monumental task". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-02-14.
679. Khan, Zubair (2018-11-12). "100 years of female suffrage in Germany: the unknown story". The Muslim Times. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
680. "Switzerland (AP) – To (lie women of Switzerland, the current clamor of American women for liberation and equality sounds like reaching beyond the moon". newspaperarchive.com. June 7, 1970. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
681. "Späte Blüte am Baum der Demokratie". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). 2011-02-03. ISSN   0376-6829 . Retrieved 2019-02-14.
682. "14 fascinating facts about the history of women's rights in Switzerland". thelocal.ch. 2017-03-08. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
683. AN, Markus Bürgi /. "Lang, Hedi". HLS-DHS-DSS.CH (in French). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
684. Jaberg, Samuel. "Switzerland's first female cabinet minister blows out 80 candles". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 2018-06-12.
685. CZUCZKA, TONY (1989-01-29). "Scandals Tarnish Swiss Squeaky-Clean Image". Los Angeles Times. ISSN   0458-3035 . Retrieved 2018-06-12.
686. Bauer-Lagier, Monique (1996). Une femme en politique: mémoires d'une conseillère aux Etats de Genève (in French). Labor et Fides. ISBN   9782830908237.
687. Annuaire statistique de la Suisse (in French). Verlag des Art. Institut Orell Füssli in Zürich. 1993. ISBN   9783858234100.
688. "PDC Femmes". PDC suisse (in French). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
689. "Manuela Weichelt-Picard elected head of cantonal government". zug4you.ch. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
690. Swiss Federal Council#List of firsts in the Federal Council
691. "Gabriela Huber". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
692. "Swiss fact: women were the majority in Switzerland's cabinet from 2010 to 2012". Le News. 2016-11-25. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
693. "Zwei Frauen mit einem langen Atem". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). 2002-03-04. ISSN   0376-6829 . Retrieved 2019-02-14.
694. fédéral, Le Conseil. "Femmes au Conseil fédéral depuis 1984". admin.ch (in French). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
695. Fournier, Anne (2008-12-20). "Qu'avez-vous fait de ces 10 ans? Marianne Dürst: "J'ai mûri, c'est certain"". Temps (in French). ISSN   1423-3967 . Retrieved 2019-02-14.
696. "Esther Waeber-Kalbermatten: première femme élue au Conseil d'Etat valaisan – Vidéo". Play RTS (in French). Retrieved 2019-02-14.
697. "Corine Mauch: A passion for the city". alumni.ethz.ch. Archived from the original on 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
698. Voneschen, Reto (2020-11-29). "St.Gallen: Starkes Zeichen für Frauen in der Politik". St. Galler Tagblatt (in German). Retrieved 2024-05-02.
699. "Famous Women in History: Kosem Sultan". ENTITY. 2017-02-13. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
700. "Women will end one-man rule in 2019: CHP leader – Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
701. Cumhuriyetin 75.yılı, Tempo Yayıncılık, Istanbul, 1998 p.48
702. "Nine notable firsts for women in Turkish history". trtworld.com. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
703. Talhami, Ghada (2012-12-19). Historical Dictionary of Women in the Middle East and North Africa. Scarecrow Press. ISBN   9780810870864.
704. Arat, Yeşim (1989). The Patriarchal Paradox: Women Politicians in Turkey. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN   9780838633472.
705. Nelson, Barbara J.; Chowdhury, Najma, eds. (1994). Women and Politics Worldwide . Yale University Press. p.  713. ISBN   9780300054088.
706. Dowding, Keith; Dumont, Patrick (2014-08-13). The Selection of Ministers around the World. Routledge. ISBN   9781317634454.
707. "1859'dan bu yana 279 parti". Hürriyet Daily News. 2014-02-25. Archived from the original on 2014-02-25. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
708. "İlk kadın TBMM başkanvekili vefat etti". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 20 August 2003. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
709. Aggestam, Karin; Towns, Ann E. (2017-11-09). Gendering Diplomacy and International Negotiation. Springer. ISBN   9783319586823.
710. Kardam, Nüket (2017-11-30). Turkey's Engagement with Global Women's Human Rights. Routledge. ISBN   9781351143868.
711. McFarlane, Mary Anne; Canton, Rob (2014-06-26). Policy Transfer in Criminal Justice: Crossing Cultures, Breaking Barriers. Springer. ISBN   9781137300607.
712. "Tansu Çiller | Turkish prime minister and economist". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
713. "T.C. Danıştay Başkanlığı | Füruzan İKİNCİOĞULLARI". danistay.gov.tr. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
714. "Turkish Women: Decision makers in Turkish politic". EU Delegation to Turkey. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
715. "Stratejik Vizyon Ödülleri" . Retrieved 15 March 2015.
716. "Adalet'e ilk kadın bakan". Hürriyet Daily News (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-06-07.
717. "Adaletin peşinde bir ömür" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2018-06-07.
718. "Nimet Baş – GES 2016". ges.world. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
719. "Gaziantep Mayor Fatma Şahin becomes first woman to chair Turkish municipality union – Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. 10 May 2018. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
720. "Beril Dedeoğlu kimdir aslen nereli? Biyografisi". gazeteoku.com. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
721. "Em 25 anos, dobra número de mulheres no comando de países em todo o mundo". Revista Fórum (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2015-02-07. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
722. "Ukraine Ministers".
723. McCauley, Martin (2002-09-11). Who's Who in Russia since 1900. Routledge. ISBN   9781134772131.
724. Bolhov, Vadym (2004). Halychyna (in Ukrainian). Ukraïnsʹka akademii͡a heralʹdyky, tovarnoho znaku ta lohotypu. ISBN   9789667953478.
725. Ukraïna dyplomatychna (in Ukrainian). Heneralʹna dyrekt͡sii͡a po obsluhovuvanni͡u inozemnykh predstavnyt͡stv. 2004.
726. Shchekin, G.; Shchokin, Heorhiĭ; Ukraine), Miz͡h͡rehionalʹna akademii͡a͡ upravlinni͡a͡ personalom (Kiev (2000). Ukraïna na zlami tysi͡a͡cholitʹ: istorychnyĭ ekskurs, problemy, tendent͡s͡iï ta perspektyvy (in Ukrainian). Miz͡h͡rehionalʹna akademii͡a͡ upravlinni͡a͡ personalom. ISBN   9789666080168.
727. "Study visit of the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights Mrs Lyudmyla Denisova to the Council of Europe". Council of Europe Office in Ukraine. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
728. Anne was Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland from 8 March 1702, and from 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union 1707, became Queen of the Kingdom of Great Britain. She held that position, in addition to remaining as Queen of Ireland, until her death on August 1, 1714. The first female monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland following the Act of Union 1800 was Queen Victoria, while the first female monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was Queen Elizabeth II.
729. "Margaret Bondfield | British labour leader". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
730. Pidd, Helen (2017-01-09). "Britain to celebrate pioneering women with three new statues". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2019-02-14.
731. "Stella Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading and Baroness Swanborough (1894–1971)". UK Parliament. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
732. Mastermind (1984 ed.). Treasure Press. p. 340.
733. "Margaret Herbison". saltiresociety.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
734. Perkins, Anne (2010-09-03). "Barbara Castle: the Red Queen" . Retrieved 2019-02-14.
735. "Margaret Thatcher | Biography & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
736. BBC – History – Margaret Thatcher (1925 – ), BBC website . Retrieved 10 March 2008.
737. Baroness Young of Farnworth: Obituary, BBC News, 6 September 2002 . Retrieved 10 March 2008.
738. 1992: Betty Boothroyd is new speaker BBC News . Retrieved 8 July 2008.
739. Grice, Elizabeth (2013-03-17). "Gillian Shephard: 'Maggie Thatcher didn't rate me at all!'". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved 2019-02-14.
740. "Less than meets the eye". The Independent. 1998-03-09. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
741. "Firsts for women in parliament". BBC. Archived from the original on 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
742. "These are the pioneering women who blazed a trail in Parliament". jerseyeveningpost.com. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
743. Sylvester, Rachel (2 March 2003). "First female Solicitor General kicks the 'men in wigs' downstairs". The Daily Telegraph . London. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
744. Ashley, Jackie (2003-01-27). "Jackie Ashley meets Helen Liddell, the Scottish secretary". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2019-02-14.
745. Moylan, John (2012-07-10). "TUC appoints first female leader" . Retrieved 2019-02-14.
746. Profile:Margaret Beckett, BBC News, 5 May 2006 . Retrieved 22 January 2008.
747. Tweedie, Neil (2006-07-04). "Baroness Hayman makes history as first Lord Speaker". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved 2019-02-14.
748. Profile:Jacqui Smith, BBC News, 19 July 2007 . Retrieved 22 January 2008.
749. O'Neill, Sean; Hamilton, Fiona (21 April 2008). "Baroness Scotland of Asthal, QC – Times Online". The Times . London. Archived from the original on 2011-06-11. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
750. "Catherine Ashton | Biography & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
751. Cheryl Gillan, the first woman Welsh Secretary BBC News 12 May 2010
752. "Epping MP elected as principal Commons deputy speaker". Epping Forest Guardian. 9 January 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
753. Ewan, Elizabeth L.; Innes, Sue; Reynolds, Sian; Pipes, Rose, eds. (2007-06-27). The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN   9780748626601.
754. Empress Matilda, who 'reigned' for a few months in 1141, preceded Mary but is normally excluded from lists of English monarchs.
755. "Aldeburgh Town Council: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson" . Retrieved 12 April 2021.
756. Scrivens, Phyllida, The Lady Lord Mayors of Norwich, 1923–2017, (2018: Pen and Sword) . Retrieved 27 December 2020.
757. MARGARET BEAVAN: The National Archives. 1927–1928.
758. Hawson, Herbert Keeble (December 1968). Sheffield: the growth of a city, 1893–1926. J. W. Northend. ISBN   9780901100009.
759. Kightly, Charles; Semlyen, Rachel (1980). Lords of the City: The Lord Mayors of York and Their Mansion House. York City Council.
760. "Fantastic photo flashback to year Leeds had its first female Lord Mayor". News of Leeds. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
761. "List of past Lord Mayors". plymouth.gov.uk. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
762. "Women Councillors | Newcastle City Council". newcastle.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
763. Municipal Journal. 1958.
764. "Bristol Mayors – a collection of historical data". davenapier.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
765. "More Hull Firsts – Annie Major". Carnegie Hull. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
766. "Mayors and Lord Mayors". Oxford History. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
767. The first woman Mayor of Oxford (before the Lord Mayoralty was created) was Lily Sophia Tawney in 1934.
768. Holman, Bob; Holman, Robert; Work, National Institute for Social (August 1996). The corporate parent: Manchester Children's Department, 1948–1971. National Institute for Social Work. ISBN   9781899942091.
769. "Check out this lot – children show their skills in city chess tournament". portsmouth.co.uk. 22 June 2016. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
770. Hicks, Danielle (2015-01-13). "The first female Lord Mayor of Birmingham Honorable Alderman Marjorie Alice Brown CBE JP". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
771. "Mary Donaldson". First 100 Years. 2018-07-16. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
772. Paton, Maureen (2008-07-31). "Former London deputy mayor gives her first interview since leaving office". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2019-02-14.
773. "Assembly appoints Sally Hamwee as Chair". MayorWatch. 2005-05-11. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
774. "Police and crime commissioners: Their first year – Police.uk". police.uk. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
775. Breitenbach, Esther; Thane, Pat (2010-05-06). Women and Citizenship in Britain and Ireland in the 20th Century: What Difference Did the Vote Make?. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   9781441149008.
776. "McMordie Hall, Queen's University | Women, Ireland & Commemoration 1912-22". ul.ie. Archived from the original on 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
777. "Obituary: Robin Chichester-Clark – Unionist MP who was an early critic of Paisley". newsletter.co.uk. 19 August 2016. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
778. "Grace Bannister OBE – Bloomfield Collegiate School". 19 November 2017. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
779. "Profile: Bairbre de Brun". 2009-05-12. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
780. "Eileen Bell is new Assembly speaker". Irish Examiner. 2006-04-10. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
781. "Foster is elected as leader of DUP". 2015-12-18. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
782. "Who is NI's new justice minister?". 2016-05-25. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
783. "BBC – History – Scottish History". BBC. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
784. Jansen, S. (2008-04-14). Debating Women, Politics, and Power in Early Modern Europe. Springer. ISBN   9780230611238.
785. Ewan, Elizabeth; Innes, Sue; Reynolds, Sian, eds. (2006). The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women : from the earliest times to 2004. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 246. ISBN   978-0-7486-2660-1. OCLC   367680960.
786. "Independence wins favour of Labour ex-Lord Provost". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 2019-02-15. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
787. "Dr Margaret Farquhar, CBE, Lord Provost of Aberdeen". Art UK . Retrieved 2019-02-14.
788. "Provost removed over expenses row". BBC News. 2001-06-18. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
789. "Helen W. Wright (b.1943), Lord Provost of Dundee (1999–2001)". Art UK . Retrieved 2022-03-11.
790. Carrell, Severin (2006-10-05). "The Guardian profile: Scotland's first woman lord advocate Elish Angiolini". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2019-02-14.
791. "Tory leader Goldie to stand down". BBC News. 2011-05-09. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
792. Sim, Philip (2017-05-26). "The Nicola Sturgeon story". BBC News. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
793. Cramb, Auslan (2007-09-14). "Wendy Alexander: I'll lead Labour to power'". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved 2019-02-14.
794. "Scotland ranks third in the world for female political empowerment". The Scotsman. 18 February 2018. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
795. "Tricia Marwick MSP elected as the Scottish Parliament's first female Presiding Officer". parliament.scot. 2011-08-29. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
796. Pyke, Chris (2015-02-27). "Greatest Cardiffians: Politicians". walesonline. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
797. Wightwick, Abbie (2010-07-02). "Minister to leave Cardiff Bay for the good life". walesonline. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
798. Quinn, Thomas (2012-02-07). Electing and Ejecting Party Leaders in Britain. Springer. ISBN   9780230362789.
799. "Interview with Sr. Enrica Rosanna". nationalcatholicreporter.org. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
800. Aragón, Heraldo de (16 January 2020). "¿Quién es la primera mujer 'ministra' del Vaticano?". heraldo.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-11-13.
801. "Pope appoints Sr. Simona Brambilla as Vatican's first female prefect". Vatican News. 6 January 2025. Retrieved 6 January 2025.