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Trans–New Guinea (TNG) is an extensive family of Papuan languages spoken on the island of New Guinea and neighboring islands ‒ corresponding to the country Papua New Guinea as well as parts of Indonesia.
Bayono–Awbono is a recently discovered Papuan language cluster spoken in Papua Province, Indonesia, to the south of the Somahai languages. All that is known of them is a few hundred words recorded in first-contact situations recorded in Wilbrink (2004) and Hischier (2006).
Wambon is a Papuan language of Papua, Indonesia.
Aghu, or Central Awyu, is a Papuan language of Papua, Indonesia. It may actually be two languages, depending on one's criteria for a 'language'. The two varieties are: Mappi River Awyu (Aghu) and Pasue River Awyu.
Sawi or Sawuy is a language of the Sawi people of the Trans–New Guinea phylum spoken in sago swamps in the southwestern parts of the Indonesian province of Papua. Of the neighboring languages, it is most closely related to the Awyu languages to the east.
The Awyu languages are a cluster of Papuan languages in Indonesian New Guinea.
The Greater Awyu or Digul River languages, known in earlier classifications with more limited scope as Awyu–Dumut (Awyu–Ndumut), are a family of perhaps a dozen Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in eastern West Papua in the region of the Digul River. Six of the languages are sufficiently attested for a basic description; it is not clear how many of the additional names may be separate languages.
The Asmat – Kamrau Bay languages are a family of a dozen Trans–New Guinea languages spoken by the Asmat and related peoples in southern Western New Guinea. They are believed to be a recent expansion along the south coast, as they are all closely related, and there is little differentiation in their pronouns.
The Central and South New Guinea languages (CSNG) are a proposed family of Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG). They were part of Voorhoeve & McElhanon's original TNG proposal, but have been reduced in scope by half in the classification of Malcolm Ross. According to Ross, it is not clear if the pronoun similarities between the four remaining branches of Central and South New Guinea are retentions for proto-TNG forms or shared innovations defining a single branch of TNG. Voorhoeve argues independently for an Awyu–Ok relationship, and Foley echoes that Asmat may be closest to Awyu and Ok of the TNG languages. Regardless, the four individual branches of reduced Central and South New Guinea are themselves clearly valid families.
The Marind–Yaqai (Marind–Yakhai) languages are a well established language family of Papuan languages, spoken by the Marind-anim. They form part of the Trans–New Guinea languages in the classifications of Stephen Wurm and Malcolm Ross, and were established as part of the Anim branch of TNG by Timothy Usher.
The Kamula–Elevala languages are a small family of the Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the region of the Elevala River.
The Ok languages are a family of about a dozen related Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in a contiguous area of eastern Irian Jaya and western Papua New Guinea. The most numerous language is Ngalum, with some 20,000 speakers; the best known is probably Telefol.
Kombai (Komboy) is a Papuan language of Boven Digoel Regency in Indonesian New Guinea. It is spoken by the Kombai people. Tayan is a dialect.
Shiaxa (Sjiagha) and Yenimu, together known as South Awyu, are a Papuan language or languages of Papua, Indonesia. Whether they constitute one language or two depends on one's criteria for a 'language'. The two varieties are,
Pisa, also known as West Awyu and Asue Awyu, is an Awyu language of South Papua, Indonesia.
Mandobo, or Kaeti, is a Papuan language of Mandobo District in Boven Digoel Regency, Papua, Indonesia.
Maklew (Makleu) is a language of the proposed Trans-Fly – Bulaka River family in West Papua. It is spoken in Welbuti village, Merauke Regency.
Tsaukambo or Tsakwambo is one of the Greater Awyu languages of West Papua.
Edera or Edera River Awyu is a Papuan language of Papua, Indonesia, spoken along the Edera River. It is closely related to Kia River Awyu.
Kia River Awyu, or Jair (Djair), is a Papuan language of Papua, Indonesia, spoken along the Kia River. It is closely related to Edera River Awyu. Upper Kia River Awyu and Lower Kia River Awyu may be distinct languages, depending on one's criteria.
References
- ↑ North Awyu at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021)
- ↑ New Guinea World - Awyu
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