TRPA (ion channel)

Last updated
transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1
Identifiers
SymbolTRPA1
Alt. symbolsANKTM1
IUPHAR 485
NCBI gene 8989
HGNC 497
OMIM 604775
RefSeq NM_007332
UniProt O75762
Other data
Locus Chr. 8 q13
Search for
Structures Swiss-model
Domains InterPro
TRPA subfamilies. TRPA Phylogeny.svg
TRPA subfamilies.

TRPA is a family of transient receptor potential ion channels. The TRPA family is made up of 7 subfamilies: TRPA1, TRPA- or TRPA1-like, TRPA5, painless, pyrexia, waterwitch, and HsTRPA. TRPA1 is the only subfamily widely expressed across animals, while the other subfamilies (collectively referred to as the basal clade) are largely absent in deuterostomes (and in the case of HsTRPA, only expressed in hymenopteran insects). [2] [1] [3] [4]

TRPA1s have been the most extensively studied subfamily; they typically contain 14 N-terminal ankyrin repeats and are believed to function as mechanical stress, temperature, and chemical sensors. TRPA1 is known to be activated by compounds such as isothiocyanate (which are the pungent chemicals in substances such as mustard oil and wasabi) and Michael acceptors (e.g. cinnamaldehyde). These compounds are capable of forming covalent chemical bonds with the protein's cysteins. [5] Non-covalent activators of TRPA1 also exists, such as methyl salicylate, menthol, and the synthetic compound PF-4840154. [6] [1] [7]

The thermal sensitivity of TRPAs varies by species. For example, TRPA1 functions as a high-temperature sensor in insects and snakes, but as a cold sensor in mammals. [8] The basal TRPAs have evolved some degree of thermal sensitivity as well: painless and pyrexia function in high-temperature sensing in Drosophila melanogaster, and the honey bee HsTRPA underwent neofunctionalization following its divergence from waterwitch, gaining function as a high-temperature sensor. [9]

TRPA1s promiscuity with respect to sensory modality has been the source of controversy, particularly when considering its ability to detect cold. [10] More recent work has alternatively (or additionally) proposed that reactive oxygen species activate TRPA1, across species. [11] [12]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ion channel</span> Pore-forming membrane protein

Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore. Their functions include establishing a resting membrane potential, shaping action potentials and other electrical signals by gating the flow of ions across the cell membrane, controlling the flow of ions across secretory and epithelial cells, and regulating cell volume. Ion channels are present in the membranes of all cells. Ion channels are one of the two classes of ionophoric proteins, the other being ion transporters.

In physiology, nociception, also nocioception; from Latin nocere 'to harm/hurt') is the sensory nervous system's process of encoding noxious stimuli. It deals with a series of events and processes required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal to trigger an appropriate defensive response.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nociceptor</span> Sensory neuron that detects pain

A nociceptor is a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending "possible threat" signals to the spinal cord and the brain. The brain creates the sensation of pain to direct attention to the body part, so the threat can be mitigated; this process is called nociception.

Transient receptor potential channels are a group of ion channels located mostly on the plasma membrane of numerous animal cell types. Most of these are grouped into two broad groups: Group 1 includes TRPC, TRPV, TRPVL, TRPM, TRPS, TRPN, and TRPA. Group 2 consists of TRPP and TRPML. Other less-well categorized TRP channels exist, including yeast channels and a number of Group 1 and Group 2 channels present in non-animals. Many of these channels mediate a variety of sensations such as pain, temperature, different kinds of taste, pressure, and vision. In the body, some TRP channels are thought to behave like microscopic thermometers and used in animals to sense hot or cold. Some TRP channels are activated by molecules found in spices like garlic (allicin), chili pepper (capsaicin), wasabi ; others are activated by menthol, camphor, peppermint, and cooling agents; yet others are activated by molecules found in cannabis or stevia. Some act as sensors of osmotic pressure, volume, stretch, and vibration. Most of the channels are activated or inhibited by signaling lipids and contribute to a family of lipid-gated ion channels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TRPV1</span> Human protein for regulating body temperature

The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), also known as the capsaicin receptor and the vanilloid receptor 1, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the TRPV1 gene. It was the first isolated member of the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor proteins that in turn are a sub-family of the transient receptor potential protein group. This protein is a member of the TRPV group of transient receptor potential family of ion channels. Fatty acid metabolites with affinity for this receptor are produced by cyanobacteria, which diverged from eukaryotes at least 2000 million years ago (MYA). The function of TRPV1 is detection and regulation of body temperature. In addition, TRPV1 provides a sensation of scalding heat and pain (nociception). In primary afferent sensory neurons, it cooperates with TRPA1 to mediate the detection of noxious environmental stimuli.

TRPC is a family of transient receptor potential cation channels in animals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TRPV</span> Subgroup of TRP cation channels named after the vanilloid receptor

TRPV is a family of transient receptor potential cation channels in animals. All TRPVs are highly calcium selective.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TRPC1</span> Protein and coding gene in humans

Transient receptor potential canonical 1 (TRPC1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TRPM2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 2, also known as TRPM2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TRPA1</span> Protein and coding gene in humans

Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1, also known as transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, TRPA1, or The Wasabi Receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPA1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TRPM5</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5 (TRPM5), also known as long transient receptor potential channel 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM5 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TRPV4</span> Protein-coding gene in humans

Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 is an ion channel protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPV4 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TRPM3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM3 gene.

Mechanosensation is the transduction of mechanical stimuli into neural signals. Mechanosensation provides the basis for the senses of light touch, hearing, proprioception, and pain. Mechanoreceptors found in the skin, called cutaneous mechanoreceptors, are responsible for the sense of touch. Tiny cells in the inner ear, called hair cells, are responsible for hearing and balance. States of neuropathic pain, such as hyperalgesia and allodynia, are also directly related to mechanosensation. A wide array of elements are involved in the process of mechanosensation, many of which are still not fully understood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Julius</span> American physiologist and Nobel laureate 2021

David Jay Julius is an American physiologist and Nobel Prize laureate known for his work on molecular mechanisms of pain sensation and heat, including the characterization of the TRPV1 and TRPM8 receptors that detect capsaicin, menthol, and temperature. He is a professor at the University of California, San Francisco.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PF-4840154</span> Pyrimidine derivative chemical

PF-4840154 is a pyrimidine derivative discovered by Pfizer at its Sandwich, Kent research center. The compound is a potent, selective activator of both the human (EC50 = 23 nM) and rat (EC50 = 97 nM) TRPA1 channels. This compound elicits nociception in a mouse model through TRPA1 activation. PF-4840154 is used as a reference agonist of the TRPA1 channel for in-vitro high-throughput screening purposes, and is superior to allyl isothiocyanate for this use. The TRPA1 channel is considered an attractive pain target based on the fact that TRPA1 knockout mice showed near complete attenuation of pain behaviors in some pre-clinical development models.

The transient receptor potential Ca2+ channel (TRP-CC) family (TC# 1.A.4) is a member of the voltage-gated ion channel (VIC) superfamily and consists of cation channels conserved from worms to humans. The TRP-CC family also consists of seven subfamilies (TRPC, TRPV, TRPM, TRPN, TRPA, TRPP, and TRPML) based on their amino acid sequence homology:

  1. the canonical or classic TRPs,
  2. the vanilloid receptor TRPs,
  3. the melastatin or long TRPs,
  4. ankyrin (whose only member is the transmembrane protein 1 [TRPA1])
  5. TRPN after the nonmechanoreceptor potential C (nonpC), and the more distant cousins,
  6. the polycystins
  7. and mucolipins.
<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wasabi receptor toxin</span>

Wasabi receptor toxin (WaTx) is the active component of the venom of the Australian black rock scorpion Urodacus manicatus. WaTx targets TRPA1, also known as the wasabi receptor or irritant receptor. WaTx is a cell-penetrating toxin that stabilizes the TRPA1 channel open state while reducing its Ca2+-permeability, thereby eliciting pain and pain hypersensitivity without the neurogenic inflammation that typically occurs in other animal toxins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ASP-7663</span> Chemical compound

ASP-7663 is a chemical compound which acts as a potent, selective activator of the TRPA1 channel. It has protective effects on cardiac tissue, and is used for research into the function of the TRPA1 receptor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">JT-010</span> Chemical compound

JT-010 is a chemical compound which acts as a potent, selective activator of the TRPA1 channel, and has been used to study the role of this receptor in the perception of pain, as well as other actions such as promoting repair of dental tissue after damage.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Himmel NJ, Letcher JM, Sakurai A, Gray TR, Benson MN, Cox DN (November 2019). "Drosophila menthol sensitivity and the Precambrian origins of transient receptor potential-dependent chemosensation". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 374 (1785): 20190369. doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0369. PMC   6790378 . PMID   31544603.
  2. 1 2 Kang K, Pulver SR, Panzano VC, Chang EC, Griffith LC, Theobald DL, Garrity PA (March 2010). "Analysis of Drosophila TRPA1 reveals an ancient origin for human chemical nociception". Nature. 464 (7288): 597–600. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..597K. doi:10.1038/nature08848. PMC   2845738 . PMID   20237474.
  3. 1 2 Peng G, Shi X, Kadowaki T (March 2015). "Evolution of TRP channels inferred by their classification in diverse animal species". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 84: 145–57. Bibcode:2015MolPE..84..145P. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.016. PMID   24981559.
  4. Kozma MT, Schmidt M, Ngo-Vu H, Sparks SD, Senatore A, Derby CD (2018). "Chemoreceptor proteins in the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus: Expression of Ionotropic Receptors, Gustatory Receptors, and TRP channels in two chemosensory organs and brain". PLOS ONE. 13 (9): e0203935. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1303935K. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203935 . PMC   6150509 . PMID   30240423.
  5. Nilius B, Owsianik G, Voets T, Peters JA (January 2007). "Transient receptor potential cation channels in disease". Physiological Reviews. 87 (1): 165–217. doi:10.1152/physrev.00021.2006. PMID   17237345.
  6. Ryckmans T, Aubdool AA, Bodkin JV, Cox P, Brain SD, Dupont T, et al. (August 2011). "Design and pharmacological evaluation of PF-4840154, a non-electrophilic reference agonist of the TrpA1 channel". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 21 (16): 4857–9. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.035. PMID   21741838.
  7. Zygmunt PM, Högestätt ED (2014). "TRPA1". Mammalian Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Cation Channels. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 222. pp. 583–630. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54215-2_23. ISBN   978-3-642-54214-5. PMID   24756722.
  8. Panzano VC, Kang K, Garrity PA (June 2010). "Infrared snake eyes: TRPA1 and the thermal sensitivity of the snake pit organ". Science Signaling. 3 (127): pe22. doi:10.1126/scisignal.3127pe22. PMID   20571127. S2CID   13504270.
  9. Kohno K, Sokabe T, Tominaga M, Kadowaki T (September 2010). "Honey bee thermal/chemical sensor, AmHsTRPA, reveals neofunctionalization and loss of transient receptor potential channel genes". The Journal of Neuroscience. 30 (37): 12219–29. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2001-10.2010. PMC   6633439 . PMID   20844118.
  10. Caspani O, Heppenstall PA (March 2009). "TRPA1 and cold transduction: an unresolved issue?". The Journal of General Physiology. 133 (3): 245–9. doi:10.1085/jgp.200810136. PMC   2654088 . PMID   19237589.
  11. Arenas OM, Zaharieva EE, Para A, Vásquez-Doorman C, Petersen CP, Gallio M (December 2017). "Activation of planarian TRPA1 by reactive oxygen species reveals a conserved mechanism for animal nociception". Nature Neuroscience. 20 (12): 1686–1693. doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0005-0. PMC   5856474 . PMID   29184198.
  12. Miyake T, Nakamura S, Zhao M, So K, Inoue K, Numata T, et al. (September 2016). "Cold sensitivity of TRPA1 is unveiled by the prolyl hydroxylation blockade-induced sensitization to ROS". Nature Communications. 7: 12840. Bibcode:2016NatCo...712840M. doi:10.1038/ncomms12840. PMC   5027619 . PMID   27628562.