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Alexander Theodore "Sasha" Shulgin was an American biochemist, broad researcher of synthetic psychoactive compounds, and author of works regarding these, who independently explored the organic chemistry and pharmacology of such agents—in his mid-life and later, many through preparation in his home laboratory, and testing on himself. He is acknowledged to have introduced to broader use, in the late 1970s, the prior synthesized compound, MDMA ("ecstasy") in research psychopharmacology and in combination with conventional therapy, the latter through presentations and academic publications, including to psychologists; and for the rediscovery, occasional discovery, and regular synthesis and personal use and distribution, possibly of hundreds of psychoactive compounds. As such, Shulgin is seen both as a pioneering and a controversial participant in the emergence of the broad use of psychedelics.
PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story is a book by Alexander Shulgin and Ann Shulgin, published in 1991. The subject of the work is psychoactive phenethylamine chemical derivatives, notably those that act as psychedelics and/or empathogen-entactogens. The main title, PiHKAL, is an acronym that stands for "Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved".
2C-E is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and documented in his book PiHKAL. Like the other substances in its family, it produces sensory and cognitive effects in its physical reactions with living organisms.
TIHKAL: The Continuation is a 1997 book written by Alexander Shulgin and Ann Shulgin about a family of psychoactive drugs known as tryptamines. A sequel to PIHKAL: A Chemical Love Story, TIHKAL is an acronym that stands for "Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved".
Dimethoxybromoamphetamine (DOB), also known as brolamfetamine and bromo-DMA, is a psychedelic drug and substituted amphetamine of the phenethylamine class of compounds. DOB was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin in 1967. Its synthesis and effects are documented in Shulgin's book PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story.
4-Hydroxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine is a synthetic psychedelic drug. It is a higher homologue of psilocin, 4-HO-DET, and is a positional isomer of 4-HO-DPT and has a tryptamine molecular sub-structure.
2C-T-8 is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, sometimes used as an entheogen.
Diisopropyltryptamine is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug of the tryptamine family that has a unique effect. While the majority of hallucinogens affect the visual sense, DiPT is primarily aural.
4-HO-DET, also known as 4-hydroxy-diethyl-tryptamine, CZ-74, is a hallucinogenic drug and psychedelic compound of moderate duration. 4-HO-DET is a substituted tryptamine, structurally related to psilocin, ethocybin, and 4-HO-DIPT.
Laura Ann Shulgin was an American author and the wife of chemist Alexander Shulgin, with whom she wrote PiHKAL and TiHKAL.
N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine (MiPT) is a psychedelic tryptamine, closely related to DMT, DiPT and miprocin. It was first synthesized by David Repke in 1984 and was subsequently evaluated and described in Alexander Shulgin's 1997 book TiHKAL.
2C-T is a psychedelic and hallucinogenic drug of the 2C family. It is used by some as an entheogen. It has structural and pharmacodynamic properties similar to the drugs mescaline and 2C-T-2.
2C (2C-x) is a general name for the family of psychedelic phenethylamines containing methoxy groups on the 2 and 5 positions of a benzene ring. Most of these compounds also carry lipophilic substituents at the 4 position, usually resulting in more potent and more metabolically stable and longer acting compounds. Most of the currently known 2C compounds were first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin in the 1970s and 1980s and published in his book PiHKAL. Shulgin also coined the term 2C, being an acronym for the 2 carbon atoms between the benzene ring and the amino group.
2C-T-17 or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(β-secbutylthio)phenethylamine is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was presumably first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and reported in his book PiHKAL .
2C-H (2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) is a lesser-known substituted phenethylamine of the 2C family.
Ariadne, also known chemically as 4C-D or 4C-DOM, by its developmental code name BL-3912, and by its former tentative brand name Dimoxamine, is a little-known psychoactive drug of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and phenylisobutylamine families. It is a homologue of the psychedelics 2C-D and DOM.
α,N-Dimethyltryptamine (α,N-DMT; developmental code names SK&F-7024, Ro 3-1715), also known as N-methyl-α-methyltryptamine (N-methyl-αMT), is a lesser-known substituted tryptamine and psychoactive drug. It is the α,N-dimethyl positional isomer of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (N,N-DMT).
Substituted phenethylamines are a chemical class of organic compounds that are based upon the phenethylamine structure; the class is composed of all the derivative compounds of phenethylamine which can be formed by replacing, or substituting, one or more hydrogen atoms in the phenethylamine core structure with substituents.
2C-T-16 is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It was originally named by Alexander Shulgin as described in his book PiHKAL, however while Shulgin began synthesis of this compound he only got as far as the nitrostyrene intermediate, and did not complete the final synthetic step. Synthesis of 2C-T-16 was finally achieved by Daniel Trachsel some years later, and it was subsequently reported as showing similar psychedelic activity to related compounds, with a dose range of 10–25 mg and a duration of 4–6 hours, making it around the same potency as the better-known saturated analogue 2C-T-7, but with a significantly shorter duration of action. Binding studies in vitro showed 2C-T-16 to have a binding affinity of 44 nM at 5-HT2A and 15 nM at 5-HT2C. 2C-T-16 and related derivatives are potent partial agonists of the 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptors and induce a head-twitch response in mice.
2C-Se is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It was originally named by Alexander Shulgin as described in his book PiHKAL. Shulgin considered 2C-Se to be around three times the potency of mescaline, but was too concerned about toxicity to test it extensively, though he considered it noteworthy as the only psychedelic drug to contain a selenium atom.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Sumnall HR, Evans-Brown M, McVeigh J (2011). "Social, policy, and public health perspectives on new psychoactive substances". Drug Test Anal. 3 (7–8): 515–523. doi:10.1002/dta.310. PMID 21744515.
Shulgin's PIHKAL[25] and TIHKAL[26] describe synthesis routes and basic human psychopharmacology of many potential hallucinogenic and entactogenic compounds [...] The Shulgin Index Volume 1, Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds (to be followed by a similar volume on tryptamines) was published in 2011,[119] providing a focused, fully referenced examination of the chemistry and pharmacology of 126 compounds, many of them new.
- 1 2 3 Francis, Arie P.; Smith, Silas W. (2022). "Availability and supply of novel psychoactive substances". Novel Psychoactive Substances. Elsevier. pp. 57–84. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818788-3.00001-2. ISBN 978-0-12-818788-3.
[Novel psychoactive substance (NPS)] development and manufacturing efforts are aided by those with scientific training who develop or scan research literature for novel tructures or derivatives [59]. Substituted henethylamines and tryptamines were explictly described in the 1990s by synthetic chemist lexander Shulgin in the books PiHKAL and TiHKAL, which maintain an online presence [101,102]. The Shulgin Index, cataloguing psychedelic phenethylamines, amphetamines, phenylpiperazines, and others, including synthesis and pharmacological properties, was released in 2011 [103].
- 1 2 3 Shulgin, A.; Manning, T.; Daley, P.F. (2011). The Shulgin Index, Volume One: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds. Vol. 1. Berkeley: Transform Press. ISBN 978-0-9630096-3-0 . Retrieved 2 November 2024.
The Shulgin Index is a comprehensive collection of the known psychedelic phenethylamines and related compounds. There are 126 main compounds with detailed physical properties, synthesis and analytical chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacological properties, and legal status. Fully referenced with over 2,000 citations. There are sub-tables of lesser-studied structural homologues and analogues, over 1300 total compounds covered. GCMS scans are included for 229 compounds. This book is an invaluable resource for researchers, physicians, chemists, and law enforcement.
- ↑ Shulgin, A.T.; Shulgin, A. (1991). PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. Transform Press. ISBN 978-0-9630096-0-9 . Retrieved 2 November 2024.
- ↑ Shulgin, A.; Shulgin, A. (1997). TiHKAL: The Continuation. Transform Press. ISBN 978-0-9630096-9-2 . Retrieved 2 November 2024.
- ↑ Weber, Bruce (7 June 2014). "Alexander Shulgin, Psychedelia Researcher, Dies at 88". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- 1 2 Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (Summer 2014). "In Memoriam: Alexander "Sasha" Shulgin, Ph.D. (June 17, 1925–June 2, 2014)" (PDF). MAPS Newsletter. 24 (2): 9–12 (11).
ON JUNE 2, 2014, AT THE age of 88, pioneering psychedelic researcher Alexander "Sasha" Shulgin died surrounded by friends and family at his home in Lafayette, California. [...] In 2011, his life's work was published in The Shulgin Index, Volume 1: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds. While the first volume contains over 1,300 compounds, there is more to come. The Shulgin Index, Volume 2 will be published in the near future. Sasha understood that the exploration of novel psychoactive compounds—and ways to use them—would not be completed in his lifetime, so he preserved his research in these volumes for future generations.