Urban rail transit in India

Cities in India with various Urban Transit Systems. Transit boxes are clickable upon viewing the original svg file.

The Magenta Line of the Delhi Metro

India's modern regional rail system in Meerut, the RapidX

Mylapore MRTS station in Chennai. The suburban rail is the largest urban transit mode in India by ridership.

Urban rail transit in India plays an important role in intracity transportation in the major cities which are highly populated. It consists of rapid transit, suburban rail, monorail, and tram systems.

According to a report published in 2021, a total of 2.63 billion people traveled annually in metro systems across India's seventeen major cities, placing the country as one of the busiest urban rapid transit hubs in the world in terms of commuters. The combined length of 905 kilometres (562 miles ) of metro systems in India makes it the third longest in operation in the world. ^[1]

The Ministry of Urban Development's Urban Transport wing is the nodal division for coordination, appraisal, and approval of Urban Transport matters including Metro Rail Projects at the central level. All the interventions in urban transport by the Ministry of Urban Development are carried out as per the provisions of the National Urban Transport Policy, 2006. ^[2]

The Delhi Meerut RRTS is the fastest Urban Transit system in India currently that can run at a speed of 160 kmph with average operational speed of 100 kmph.

Terminology

Indian cities have various types of urban transit systems operational, under construction and planned. These systems are being implemented based on the population of a city, financial feasibility and demand.

Urban transit type	Capacity	Speed	Frequency of stations / stops	Right of way	Rail based	Cost to build and operate
Metro	High	Moderate	High	Yes	Yes	High
Suburban Railway	High	Moderate	Medium	No †	Yes	Moderate
Medium-capacity metro	Medium	Moderate	High	Yes	Yes	High
Light rail	Medium	Moderate	High	Partial ‡	Yes	Moderate
Monorail	Medium	Moderate	High	Yes	Yes	High
Regional rapid rail	High	High	Low	Yes	Yes	High
Tram	Low	Slow	High	No	Yes	Low
Bus Rapid Transit	Low	Moderate	High	Yes	No	Low
Metro Neo	Low	Moderate	High	Yes	No	Moderate
Water Metro	Low	Slow	Medium	Yes	No	Low

^† Note: Suburban rail in India utilises the broad gauge network of Indian Railways and mostly shares the network and infrastructure with the rest of Indian Railway services.
^‡ Note: Light Rail systems are mostly fenced and can be built with complete right of way if preferred so.

• Rapid transit: The rapid transit or popularly known as metro in India, is an urban high-capacity rail system, commonly operated in metropolitan cities. These systems are segregated from Indian Railways and have their right-of-way.
• Suburban Railway: Suburban rail or popularly known as local train system in India, is an urban rail transit system where the suburbs are connected to the city's centre. These systems are linked to and operated by Indian Railways. Example: Mumbai Suburban Railway
• Medium-capacity rail: It is a rapid transit (metro) system which has a capacity higher than light rail but lower than rapid transit system to serve a medium demand. It is built considering the future rise in demand, so that it can be converted into a regular metro. Example: Rapid Metro Gurgaon
• Light rail: Light rail which is also known as Metro Lite is used in cities that have low demand. It is a combination of rapid transit and tram systems. It has a higher capacity and speed compared to tram services and has dedicated tracks that are mostly fenced. Example: Srinagar Metro
• Monorail: This system has trains running on a single rail/beam. It has found its application in medium capacity transport, but due to low efficiency and high costs, it has been sidelined in India. Example: Mumbai Monorail
• Regional rapid rail: This system is operated either between two similarly sized cities, which are close to each other or between an urban city and smaller cities lying nearby. Example: Delhi–Meerut RRTS
• Tram: These systems are one of the oldest modes of urban transport in India. They are low capacity, slow-moving trains which run on tracks that are embedded in the urban streets. Example: Kolkata Tram

Non-rail based urban transit

• Bus Rapid Transit  : The Bus Rapid Transit systems in India use conventional buses or high capacity buses and have their own right-of-way, separated from the rest of the traffic. Example: Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System
• Metro Neo  : These are the Bus Rapid Transit systems that use overhead wires with power supply, similar to a trolleybus but with a higher capacity. They also have either a complete or partial right-of-way. Example: Greater Nashik Metro
• Water Metro  : A water-based urban transit system usually implemented in cities which are situated on river banks. These systems are basically integrated ferry systems. Example: Kochi Water Metro

History

Early history

Life-size model of a horse-drawn tram at the City Centre arcade, Salt Lake, Kolkata

The first-ever mode of the urban rail transit system in India was commuter rail (or suburban rail), built in Mumbai on 16 April 1853. The first passenger train was flagged off from Bori Bunder (present-day Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai) from where it travelled to Thane, covering a distance of 34 km in an hour and fifteen minutes. This made it the Asia's first suburban railway. ^[3] At the turn of the 20th century, tram systems began to sprawl across the four major cities of India, viz. Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai, and helped local population to meet their intracity transportation needs. Horse-drawn tram was first introduced in Kolkata in 1873 and the electric trams began to operate in Chennai in 1895, later the cities of Mumbai, Kanpur, and Delhi saw trams being introduced. These services were discontinued in all Indian cities between 1933 and 1964, except for Kolkata where they operate on streets to the present day as heritage. ^[4]

Metro and mass rapid transit

Old Kolkata Metro BHEL 1000 metro rake

In September 1919, during a session of the Imperial Legislative Council at Shimla, a committee was set up by W. E. Crum that recommended a metro line for Kolkata. ^[5] The next proposal for a metro system was mooted by government of West Bengal in 1949-50 and a survey was conducted by French experts. However, the proposal could not be brought into the effect and India had to wait for its first metro service. It was twenty three years later when the foundation stone was laid in Kolkata in 1972 to commence the construction of the ambitious metro system. On 24 October 1984, India saw its first metro system operational in Kolkata. After several struggles and bureaucratic hurdles, a stretch of 3.4 km was opened with five stations on the line. ^[6] On 1 November 1995, the Chennai MRTS began its operations, becoming the first elevated railway line in India and also the country's longest elevated mass rapid transit corridor spanning 17 km. ^{[7] [8]}

The first concept of an urban rapid transit system in Delhi came out during 1969, ^[9] when a traffic and travel characteristics study was conducted. The bus systems which catered the public transportation in the city soon began to run out of capacity and the traffic was on the rise, this soon became a growing concern. The concepts for an urban transit system were considered as the need for the country's capital. ^[9] After planning, a proposal was made in 1984, which revealed plans for constructing three underground corridors and augmentation of the existing suburban rail system. The construction began on 1 October 1998 and the first line was operational on 24 December 2002. ^{[6] [10]} With 348.12 kilometres (216.31 mi), the Delhi Metro went on to be the longest and by far the busiest metro system in India, which also served as a role model to other Indian cities. ^[11]

Monorails and their replacement

While the political capital of India was expanding on its success by constructing new metro lines, suburban railways remained as the dominant mode of transport in the financial capital, Mumbai. According to Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) the city bus services operating in narrow and crowded areas of the city were slow-moving and caused traffic congestion hence a rapid transit system was necessary. Since the city already had planned metro services and since the suburban railways also connected major parts of the city, a feeder system to these services was proposed in the form of Monorail. ^[12] After the construction was completed, On 1 February 2014, Mumbai Monorail became the first of its kind in India. ^{[13] [14]}

In the early 2010s, many cities had conceived the plan to build monorails as the major urban transportation solution to their cities. However, Mumbai's monorail soon began to reveal the underlying problems of a monorail system. ^[15] The issues such as low ridership, inefficient track maintenance (accessibility of the tracks during maintenance as well as the time taken to repair the tracks), train slowing down at the switches and for the fact that the monorail tracks had to be entirely elevated with a dedicated depot and set of rolling stocks, raised the concerns on feasibility, cost of construction and operation of the new lines significantly. Hence, almost all of the monorail systems around the world are seen in amusement parks or similar theme parks instead as a solution to the urban public transportation. ^[16] A traditional light rail system soon emerged as the efficient mode but with cheaper cost and greater capacity than what monorail offered. As a result, many Indian cities replaced their monorail projects with either a regular metro or a light rail system. ^[17]

Rapid transit

Millennium city centre metro station in Gurugram

Double decker viaduct in Nagpur, with Metro on top tier and highway on lower tier

Mumbai Metro in Andheri

There are currently 17 operational rapid transit (Officially and popularly known as 'Metro') systems in seventeen cities across India, with Delhi Metro being the largest. ^[18] As of March 2024, India has 902.4 kilometres (560.7 miles ) of operational metro lines in 17 cities. ^{[19] [20]} India's metro network is the third longest in the world, behind USA and China. A further 779.27 km of lines are under construction.

Apart from the Kolkata Metro (which has its own zone under Indian Railways), ^[21] these rapid transit metro lines are not operated by Indian Railways, but a separate set of local authorities. In addition to their metro systems, the cities of Chennai and Hyderabad have mass transit systems operated by the Indian Railways, known as the Chennai MRTS and the Hyderabad MMTS, respectively. The first rapid transit system in India is the Kolkata Metro, which started operations in 1984. Kolkata Metro also currently has the only underwater metro line in the country. The Delhi Metro has the largest network in the entire country. ^[22]

Implementation

In 2006, the National Urban Transport Policy had proposed the construction of a metro rail system in every city with a population of at least 20 lakh (2 million) people. ^{[23] [24]}

From 2002 to 2014, the Indian metro infrastructure expanded by 248 km. ^[1]

Later on 11 August 2014, Union Government had announced that it would provide financial assistance for the implementation of a metro rail system to all Indian cities having a population of more than 1 million. ^{[25] [26]} In May 2015, the Union Government approved the Union Urban Development Ministry's proposal to implement metro rail systems in 50 cities, with the majority of the planned projects were to be implemented through special purpose vehicles, which will be established as 50:50 joint ventures between the Union and respective State Government. The Union Government would invest an estimated ₹5 lakh crore (US$63 billion). ^{[27] [28]}

In a new draft policy unveiled in March 2017, the Central Government stated that it wanted state governments to consider metro rail as the "last option" and implement it only after considering all other possible mass rapid transit systems. The decision was taken due to the high cost of constructing metro rail systems. ^[29] In August 2017, the Union Government announced that it would not provide financial assistance to the new metro rail project unless some sort of private partnership is involved. ^{[30] [31] [32]}

List of systems

As of 6 March 2024

• OP + U/C = Operational & Under-construction combined
• OP + U/C+ Planned = Operational, Under-construction & Planned Combined

	System	Metro Area	Lines Operational	Stations	Length			Operator(s)	Opened	Annual Ridership (in millions)
					Operational	Under Construction	Planned
1	Delhi Metro	NCR	10 [33]	231 [lower-alpha 1]	351.28 km (218.28 mi) [lower-alpha 2]	65.20 km (40.51 mi)	65.03 km (40.41 mi)	DMRC	24 December 2002 [34]	2032.3 [35]
2	Namma Metro	BMR	2	66 [36]	72.17 km (44.84 mi)	101.73 km (63.21 mi)	146.2 km (90.8 mi)	BMRCL	20 October 2011 [37]	177.02 (2022-2023) [38]
3	Hyderabad Metro	HMR	3	57	67.21 km (41.76 mi)		345.5 km (214.7 mi)	HMRL	29 November 2017 [39]	178 (2023) [1]
4	Kolkata Metro	KMA	4	50	59.38 km (36.90 mi)	146.14 km (90.81 mi)	205.52 km (127.70 mi)	MRK KMRC	24 October 1984 [40]	192.5 [41]
5	Chennai Metro	CMA	2	42 [42]	54.65 km (33.96 mi) [43]	118.9 km (73.9 mi)	154 km (96 mi)	CMRL	29 June 2015 [44]	70.7 (2022–23) [45]
6	Mumbai Metro	MMR	3	43	46.5 km (28.9 mi) [46]	146.08 km (90.77 mi)	151.75 km (94.29 mi)	MMOPL MMMOCL	8 June 2014 [46]	273 [47]
7	Ahmedabad Metro	AMR	2	31	40.03 km (24.87 mi)	28.26 km (17.56 mi)	7.41 km (4.60 mi)	GMRC	4 March 2019 [48] [49]	18.6 [50] [lower-alpha 3]
8	Nagpur Metro	Nagpur	2	36	38.22 km (23.75 mi)	43 km (27 mi) [51]	48.30 km (30.01 mi)	MahaMetro	8 March 2019 [52]	50.4 [1]
9	Pune Metro	PMR	2	20	29.77 km (18.50 mi) [53]	52.95 km (32.90 mi)	129 km (80 mi)	MahaMetro	6 March 2022 [54]	9.3 (2023) [55]
10	Noida Metro	NCR	1	21	29.70 km (18.45 mi)	-	84.95 km (52.79 mi)	DMRC	25 January 2019 [56]	16.7 [57]
11	Kochi Metro	Kochi	1	25	28.13 km (17.48 mi)	11.2 km (7.0 mi)	59.16 km (36.76 mi)	KMRL	17 June 2017 [58]	31.1 [59]
12	Lucknow Metro	Lucknow	1	21	22.89 km (14.22 mi)	-	85.00 km (52.82 mi)	UPMRC	5 September 2017 [60]	22 [1]
13	Rapid Metro Gurgaon	NCR	1	11	12.85 km (7.98 mi) [61]	-	198.99 km (123.65 mi)	DMRC	14 November 2013 [62]	18 [1]
14	Jaipur Metro	Jaipur	1 [63]	11 [63]	11.98 km (7.44 mi)	2.85 km (1.77 mi) [64]	26.36 km (16.38 mi)	JMRC	3 June 2015 [63]	22 [65]
15	Navi Mumbai Metro	MMR	1 [66]	11 [66]	11.10 km (6.90 mi) [66]	-	12.30 km (7.6 mi)	CIDCO	17 November 2023	–
16	Kanpur Metro	Kanpur	1	9	8.98 km (5.58 mi)	15.05 km (9.35 mi)	8.6 km (5.3 mi)	UPMRC	28 December 2021	–
17	Agra Metro	Agra	1	6	7.00 km (4.35 mi) [67]	6.70 km (4.16 mi) [68]	15.40 km (9.56 mi)	UPMRC	6 March 2024	_
	Total	17	38	715	902.39 km (560.72 mi)	593.56 km (368.82 mi)	1,289.069 km (799.083 mi)	16		2.708 billion

Systems in development

As of 5 February 2024

  Under construction
  Approved
  Proposed

System	Locale	State / Union Territory	Lines	Stations	Length (Under Construction)	Length (Planned)	Construction began	Planned Opening
Bhoj Metro	Bhopal	Madhya Pradesh	2	28	27.87 km (17.32 mi)	80 km (50 mi)	2018	2024 [69]
Indore Metro	Indore	Madhya Pradesh	5	89	33.53 km (20.83 mi)	248 km (154 mi)	2018	2024 [69]
Meerut Metro	Meerut	Uttar Pradesh	2	24	25 km (16 mi)	20 km (12 mi)	2019	2025 [70]
Patna Metro	Patna	Bihar	2	26	16.86 km (10.48 mi)	30.91 km (19.21 mi)	2020	2025 [71]
Surat Metro	Surat	Gujarat	2	38	40.35 km (25.07 mi)	40.35 km (25.07 mi)	2021	2027 [72]
Bhubaneswar Metro	Bhubaneswar	Odisha	1	20	26 km (16 mi)	26 km (16 mi)	2024 [73]	2028 [74]
Visakhapatnam Metro	Visakhapatnam	Andhra Pradesh	3	54		76.90 km (47.78 mi)	2024	2028 [75]
Chandigarh Metro	Chandigarh Capital Region	Chandigarh Punjab Haryana	5	50+		154.5 km (95 mi)	TBD	TBD [76]
Vadodara Metro	Vadodara	Gujarat	2	TBD		43.20 km (26.84 mi)	TBD	TBD [77]
Thane Metro	Thane	Maharashtra	1	22		30 km (19 mi)	TBD	TBD [78]
Guwahati Metro	Guwahati	Assam	4	54		61.42 km (38.16 mi)	TBD	TBD
Ranchi Metro	Ranchi	Jharkhand	1	20		16 km (9.9 mi)	TBD	TBD [79]
Thiruvananthapuram Metro	Thiruvananthapuram	Kerala	1	19		21 km (13 mi)	TBD	TBD
Aurangabad Metro	Aurangabad	Maharashtra	2	TBD		25 km (16 mi)	TBD	TBD [80] [81]
Coimbatore Metro	Coimbatore	Tamil Nadu	5	147		147 km (91 mi)	TBD	TBD
Madurai Metro	Madurai	Tamil Nadu	1	20		31 km (19 mi)	TBD	TBD
Tiruchirappalli Metro	Trichy	Tamil Nadu	2	45		45.00 km (27.96 mi)	TBD	TBD
Salem Metro	Salem	Tamil Nadu	2	38		35.19 km (21.87 mi)	TBD	TBD
Tirunelveli Metro	Tirunelveli	Tamil Nadu	3	39		40.03 km (24.87 mi)	TBD	TBD
Total			44	700+	185.71 km (115.39 mi)	1,184.955 km (736.297 mi)

Abandoned systems

  Scrapped

System	Locale	State / Union Territory	Length	Notes
Western Railway Elevated Corridor	Mumbai	Maharashtra	63.27 km (39.31 mi)	Rejected due to infeasibility. [82]
Ludhiana Metro	Ludhiana	Punjab	28.30 km (17.58 mi)	Rejected and replaced by bus rapid transit system. [83]
Skybus Metro	Margao	Goa	1.5 km (0.93 mi)	Scrapped and Dismantled [84]

List of lines

As of 6 March 2024

India has a total of 38 lines of metro under operation.

Urban rapid rail transit lines
Line		System	Length	Stations	Rolling stock	Commencement	Latest extension
	Blue Line	Kolkata	32.33 km (20.09 mi)	28	ICF, CRRC Dalian	24 October 1984	22 February 2021
	Green Line		13.9 km (8.6 mi)	12	BEML Limited	13 February 2020	6 March 2024
	Purple Line		7.75 km (4.82 mi)	7	ICF	30 December 2022	6 March 2024
	Orange Line		5.4 km (3.4 mi)	5	ICF	6 March 2024	–
	Red Line	Delhi	34.69 km (21.56 mi)	29	Mitsubishi, Hyundai Rotem and BEML Limited	25 December 2002	8 March 2019
	Yellow Line		49.31 km (30.64 mi)	37	Mitsubishi, Hyundai Rotem, BEML Limited and Bombardier Movia	20 December 2004	10 November 2015
	Blue Line (Main)		56.61 km (35.18 mi)	50		31 December 2005	9 March 2019
	Blue Line (Branch)		8.74 km (5.43 mi)	8		10 May 2009	14 July 2011
	Green Line (Main)		28.79 km (17.89 mi)	24	Mitsubishi, Hyundai Rotem and BEML Limited	3 April 2010	24 June 2018
	Violet Line		46.63 km (28.97 mi)	34		3 October 2010	19 November 2018
	Airport Express		22.70 km (14.11 mi)	6	CAF	23 February 2011
	Pink Line		58.43 km (36.31 mi)	38	Hyundai Rotem and BEML Limited	14 March 2018	6 August 2021
	Magenta Line		37.46 km (23.28 mi)	25	Hyundai Rotem	25 December 2017	28 May 2018
	Grey Line		5.19 km (3.22 mi)	4		4 October 2019	18 September 2021
	Purple Line	Bengaluru	43.49 km (27.02 mi)	37	BEML Limited	20 October 2011	9 October 2023
	Green Line		30.37 km (18.87 mi)	29		1 March 2014	15 January 2021
	Line 1	Gurgaon	11.70 km (7.27 mi)	11	Siemens	14 November 2013	31 March 2017
	Blue Line 1	Mumbai	10.81 km (6.72 mi)	12	CRRC Nanjing Puzhen	8 June 2014	–
	Yellow Line 2		18.58 km (11.55 mi)	17	BEML	2 April 2022	19 January 2023
	Red Line 7		16.50 km (10.25 mi)	14		2 April 2022	19 January 2023
	Pink Line	Jaipur	11.97 km (7.44 mi)	11	BEML Limited	3 June 2015	23 September 2020
	Blue Line	Chennai	32.65 km (20.29 mi)	25	Alstom	21 September 2016	13 March 2022
	Green Line		22.00 km (13.67 mi)	17		29 June 2015	25 May 2018
	Line 1	Kochi	32.10 km (19.95 mi)	22	Alstom Metropolis	17 June 2017	6 March 2024
	Red Line	Lucknow	22.87 km (14.21 mi)	21	Alstom	5 September 2017	8 March 2019
	Red Line	Hyderabad	29 km (18 mi)	27	Hyundai Rotem	29 November 2017	24 September 2018
	Blue Line		27 km (17 mi)	23		29 November 2017	29 November 2019
	Green Line		11 km (6.8 mi)	10		7 February 2020	–
	Aqua Line	Noida	29.7 km (18.5 mi)	21	CRRC	25 January 2019	–
	Blue Line	Ahmedabad	19.38 km (12.04 mi)	16	Hyundai Rotem	4 March 2019	1 October 2022
	Red Line		18.52 km (11.51 mi)	16		1 October 2022
	Orange Line	Nagpur	15.60 km (9.69 mi)	13	CRRC	8 March 2019	21 August 2021
	Aqua Line		11.0 km (6.8 mi)	11		28 January 2020	6 April 2021
	Orange Line	Kanpur	8.98 km (5.58 mi)	9	Alstom	28 December 2021	–
	Purple Line	Pune	7 km (4.3 mi)	5	Titagarh Firema	6 March 2022	–
	Aqua Line		5 km (3.1 mi)	5		6 March 2022	–
Line 1		Navi Mumbai	11.10 km (6.90 mi)	11	CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive	17 November 2023	–
	Yellow Line	Agra	5.2 km (3.2 miles)	6	Alstom Movia	6 March 2024	–

Note : Only operational lines are listed.

Suburban rail

An EMU of the Mumbai Suburban Railway, the oldest Suburban Railway Network in India built in 1853

An elevated stretch of the Chennai MRTS

Suburban rail plays a major role in the public transport system of many major Indian cities. These services are operated by Indian Railways. Suburban rail is a rail service between a central business district and the suburbs, a conurbation or other locations that draw large numbers of people daily. The trains are called suburban trains. These trains are also referred to as "local trains" or "locals". The suburban rail systems in Hyderabad, Pune, Lucknow–Kanpur and Bengaluru do not have dedicated suburban tracks but share tracks with long-distance trains. The suburban rail system of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai have both dedicated tracks and tracks shared with long-distance trains.

The first suburban rail system in India is Mumbai Suburban Railway which started operations in 1853. The Kolkata Suburban Railway has the largest network in the entire country. The Chennai Suburban Railway started its operations in 1931.

Suburban trains that handle commuter traffic are all electric multiple units (EMUs). They usually have nine or twelve coaches, sometimes even fifteen to handle rush hour traffic. One unit of an EMU train consists of one power car and two general coaches. Thus a nine coach EMU is made up of three units having one power car at each end and one at the middle. The rakes in the suburban rails run on 25 kV AC. ^[85] Ridership on India's suburban railways has risen from 1.2 million in 1970–71 to 4.4 million in 2012–13. The suburban railways of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai occupy no more than 7.1% of the Indian Railways network, but account for 53.2% of all railway passengers. ^[86] In some cities of India, the opening of rapid transit systems has led to a decline in the use of the suburban rail system. ^{[87] [88]}

As of 5 September 2021

System	Locale	State / Union Territory	Lines	Stations	Length	Opened	Annual Ridership (in Billions)
Kolkata Suburban Railway	Kolkata Metropolitan Area Purba Bardhaman Paschim Bardhaman Purba Medinipur Paschim Medinipur Nadia North 24 Parganas South 24 Parganas Murshidabad Howrah Hooghly	West Bengal	24	458	1,501 km (933 mi)	15 August 1854 [89]	2.7
Chennai Suburban Railway	Chennai Tambaram Avadi Tiruvallur Chengalpattu Ponneri Gummidipoondi Kancheepuram Arakkonam Tiruttani Sullurpeta Viluppuram Pondicherry Chittoor Tirupati	Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry	8	300+	1,200 km (750 mi)	1931 [90]	2.5
Mumbai Suburban Railway	Mumbai Thane Navi Mumbai Kalyan	Maharashtra	7	150	450.90 km (280.18 mi)	16 April 1853 [3]	3.6
Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System	Hyderabad Secunderabad Falaknuma Lingampalli	Telangana	5	44	90 km (56 mi)	9 August 2003 [91]	0.8
Delhi Suburban Railway	National Capital Region	Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana	1	46	85 km (53 mi)	1 October 1975 [92]	–
Lucknow-Kanpur Suburban Railways	Lucknow Unnao Kanpur Barabanki	Uttar Pradesh	1	23 (NR) 28 (NER)	101 km (NR) 109 km (NER)	1867	_
Pune Suburban Railway	Pune Talegaon Pimpri-Chinchwad Lonavala	Maharashtra	2	17	63 km (39 mi)	11 March 1978 [93]	0.3
Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System	Chennai	Tamil Nadu	2	18	19.34 km (12.02 mi)	1 November 1995 [94]	0.1
Total	8	8	48	1017	3,319.84 km (2,062.85 mi)		5.5

Systems in development

As of 24 April 2024

  Under construction
  Proposed

System	Locale	State / Union Territory	Lines	Stations	Length	Planned Opening
Bengaluru Suburban Railway	Bengaluru	Karnataka	4	57	148.17 km (92.07 mi)	2026 [95] [96]
Ahmedabad Suburban Railway	Ahmedabad	Gujarat	2	41	52.96 km (32.91 mi)	TBD [97]
Nagpur broad-gauge Metro	Nagpur	Maharashtra	4 [98]	TBD	268.63 km (166.92 mi)	TBD [99] [100]
Coimbatore Suburban Railway	Coimbatore	Tamil Nadu	5	TBD	TBD	TBD [101]

Regional rapid rail

Main article: RapidX

Regional Rapid Transit systems in India are passenger rail services that operate beyond the limits of urban areas, and either connect similarly sized cities, or metropolitan cities and surrounding towns/cities, outside at the outer rim of a suburban belt at higher speeds.

The following list excludes passenger train services provided by Indian Railways.

The Delhi-Meerut RRTS, also known as RapidX, is a partly operational and under-construction semi-high-speed rail line connecting Delhi, Ghaziabad, and Meerut is the only operational system currently.

Maximum speed of 180 km/h (110 mph), operating speed of 160 km/h (100 mph), average speed of 100 km/h (62 mph) considering it stops at various station and wait times.

System	Metro Area	Stations	Length	Planned Stations	Planned Length	Operator(s)	Opened
Delhi–Meerut RAPIDX	NCR	9	34 km (21 mi)	22	82.15 km (51.05 mi)	NCRTC	20 October 2023 (priority corridor) [102] [103]

Systems in development

As of 17 November 2023

  Under construction
  Approved
  Proposed

System	State / Union Territory	Stations	Length	Planned Opening
Delhi–Alwar RAPIDX	Delhi, Haryana and Rajasthan	22	164 km (102 mi)	2025 [104]
Delhi–Panipat RAPIDX	Delhi and Haryana	15	103 km (64 mi)	2028 [105]
Delhi–Rohtak RAPIDX	Delhi and Haryana		70 km (43 mi)	2032
Delhi–Palwal RAPIDX	Delhi and Haryana		60 km (37 mi)	2032
Delhi-Baraut RAPIDX	Delhi and Uttar Pradesh		54 km (34 mi)	2032
Ghaziabad–Bulandshahr-Khurja RRTS	Uttar Pradesh		83 km (52 mi)	2032
Ghaziabad–Hapur RRTS	Uttar Pradesh		57 km (35 mi)	2032
Delhi–Jewar RAPIDX	Delhi and Uttar Pradesh		67 km (42 mi)	TBD
Hyderabad–Warangal RRTS	Telangana		TBD	TBD [106]
Hyderabad–Vijayawada RRTS	Telangana and Andhra Pradesh		TBD	TBD [106]
Vijaywada–Amaravati–Guntur–Tenali semi-high speed circular railway	Andhra Pradesh		TBD	TBD [107]

Monorail

The Mumbai Monorail is the only operational Monorail system in India.

The Mumbai Monorail, which opened on 2 February 2014, is the first and only operational monorail system used for urban transit in India. ^[108] Many other Indian cities had planned monorail projects, as a feeder system to the metro, but after the Mumbai monorail failed with multiple issues, other cities are reconsidering the plan and may go ahead with much efficient and proven modes of transport such as the Light rail transit system. ^{[17] [15]}

System	Locale	State / Union Territory	Lines	Stations	Length	Opened	Annual Ridership (in millions)
Mumbai Monorail	Mumbai	Maharashtra	1	17	19.53 km (12.14 mi)	2 February 2014 [13]	1.2

Systems in development

  Approved

  Proposed

System	Locale	State / Union Territory	Lines	Stations	Length	Notes
Ahmedabad-Dholera SIR Monorail	Dholera Ahmedabad	Gujarat	1	7	40.3 km (25.0 mi)	Approved in January 2021. Set to open three or four years after commencement of construction. [109] [110]
Warangal Monorail	Warangal	Telangana	1	TBD	15 km (9.3 mi)	Metro or Metro Neo is under consideration. [111]
Aizawl Monorail	Aizawl	Mizoram	1	TBD	5 km (3.1 mi)	On paper since 2012. [112]

Abandoned systems

  Defunct
  Replaced with other modes

System	Locale	State / Union Territory	Length	Notes
Skybus Metro	Madgaon	Goa	1.60 km (0.99 mi)	Defunct and Scrapped after the operation. Deemed unsafe by KRC. [113]
Chennai Monorail	Chennai	Tamil Nadu	57 km (35 mi)	Replaced with Metro. [114]
Coimbatore Monorail	Coimbatore	Tamil Nadu	44 km (27 mi)	Replaced with Metro Project.
Kolkata Monorail	Kolkata	West Bengal	177 km (110 mi)	New Town route was converted into a Ropeway & Light Rail/Tram project. [115]
Kanpur Monorail	Kanpur	Uttar Pradesh	63 km (39 mi)	Scrapped in favour of Metro system [116]
Madurai Monorail	Madurai	Tamil Nadu	TBD	Monorail is replaced with Metro Project. [117]
Tiruchirappalli Monorail	Tiruchirapalli	Tamil Nadu	TBD	Monorail proposal is replaced with Metro Proposal. [118] [119]

Light rail

Main article: Metrolite

For Metro Neo, see List of bus rapid transit systems in India § Trolleybus.

Light rail transit (LRT) or popularly known as Metrolite in India, is a form of urban rail transit characterized by a combination of rapid transit and tram systems. It usually operates at a higher capacity than trams, and often on an exclusive right-of-way similar to rapid transit. Several tier-2 cities in India have opted it since it is a cheap and efficient mode of urban transit which serves for a lower demand. This list excludes Trolleybus or 'Metro Neo' systems which do not use rails.

  Approved
  Proposed

System	Locale	State / Union Territory	Lines	Stations	Length	Type	Planned opening
Jammu Metro	Jammu	Jammu and Kashmir	2	40	43.50 km (27.03 mi)	25 kV AC railway electrification	2026
Srinagar Metro	Srinagar	Jammu and Kashmir	2	24	25 km (16 mi)	25 kV AC railway electrification	2026
Kozhikode Light Metro	Kozhikode	Kerala	1	14	13.30 km (8.26 mi)	25 kV AC railway electrification	TBD [120]
Chennai Light Rail	Chennai	Tamil Nadu	1	TBD	15.50 km (9.63 mi)	25 kV AC railway electrification	TBD
Gorakhpur Metro	Gorakhpur	Uttar Pradesh	2	27	27.41 km (17.03 mi)	25 kV AC railway electrification	2024 [121] [122]
Vijayawada Metro	Vijayawada	Andhra Pradesh	2	51	75 km (47 mi)	25 kV AC railway electrification	TBD [123]
Raipur Metro	Raipur	Chhattisgarh	TBD	TBD	TBD	25 kV AC railway electrification	TBD [124]
Delhi Metrolite	Delhi	Delhi	2	37	40.88 km (25.40 mi)	25 kV AC railway electrification [125]	2026 [126]
Rajkot Metro	Rajkot	Gujarat	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD [127]
Jamnagar Metro	Jamnagar	Gujarat	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD [127]
Bhavnagar Metro	Bhavnagar	Gujarat	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD [127]
Madurai Metro	Madurai	Tamil Nadu	3 [128]	41	91 km (57 mi) [128]	25 kV AC railway electrification	2027 [128]
Bareilly Metro	Bareilly	Uttar Pradesh	1	10	20 km (12 mi)	TBD	TBD [129]
Varanasi Metro	Varanasi	Uttar Pradesh	2	26	29.23 km (18.16 mi)	TBD	TBD [130]
Prayagraj Metrolite	Prayagraj	Uttar Pradesh	2	39	42 km (26 mi)	TBD	TBD [131]
Jhansi Metro	Jhansi	Uttar Pradesh	2	17	18 km (11 mi)	TBD	TBD [132]
Mathura Metrolite	Mathura	Uttar Pradesh	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD [133]
Ayodhya Metrolite	Ayodhya	Uttar Pradesh	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD	TBD [133]

Tram

Main article: Trams in India

The Kolkata Tram built in 1873, the only tram in India still operational. Used also as a heritage ride beside being urban transit

In addition to trains, trams were introduced in many cities in the late 19th century, though almost all of these were phased out. The Kolkata Tram is currently the only tram system in the country. Due to construction of Kolkata Metro Green line from Salt Lake to Howrah, just 19.53 kilometres (12.14 mi) of Tramline is operational in Kolkata.

System	City	State / Union Territory	Lines	Stops	Length	Opened
Kolkata Tram	Kolkata	West Bengal	3	N/A	19.53 km (12.14 mi)	1873 [134]

Abandoned systems

The now-defunct Tram network in Chennai operated by The Madras Electric Tramway Company from 1892-1953.

  Defunct

System	City	State / Union Territory	Lines	Stops	Length	Opened	Discontinued
Mumbai Tram	Mumbai	Maharashtra				1873	1964
Nashik Tram	Nashik	Maharashtra	1		10 km (6.2 mi)	1889	1931
Chennai Tram	Chennai	Tamil Nadu				1892	1953
Patna Tram	Patna	Bihar					1903
Kanpur Tram	Kanpur	Uttar Pradesh			6.04 km (3.75 mi)	1907	16 May 1933
Kochi Tram	Kochi	Kerala				1907	1963
Delhi Tram	Delhi	Delhi				1908	1963
Bhavnagar Tram	Bhavnagar	Gujarat				1926	1960s

Standardisation

Track gauge

Unlike Broad gauge which form majority of the railway tracks in the sub-continent, metro rail lines in India are composed of mainly standard gauge. Projects like the Kolkata Metro and Delhi Metro used broad gauge for their earliest lines, but to procure modern foreign rakes and to adopt international standard, India went ahead with standard gauge for all the following lines. ^[135]

NCMC

Main article: National Common Mobility Card

Front view of the NCMC Card.

Part of the 'One Nation, One Card' policy of the Government of India, the National Common Mobility Card is an inter-operable transport card that enables users to pay for multiple kinds of transport charges like metros and buses, as well as do other things like retail shopping and money withdrawal. ^{[136] [137]} It is enabled through the RuPay card mechanism. The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs have been working on the card since 2006, when it was envisaged as a cashless fare payment system in accordance with the National Urban Transport Policy, 2006 (NUTP-2006). Its aim was to provide seamless connectivity to passengers across transit systems, leading to convenience, higher digital payments penetration, savings on closed loop card lifecycle management cost, and reduced operating cost. ^{[138] [139]}

Manufacturing

There are multiple metro manufacturers in India, Under the Union Government's Make in India program, about 75% of the rolling stock procured for use on Indian metro systems are required to be manufactured in India. ^[140]

Company	Customer	Total coaches
BEML [141] [142]	Delhi Metro	1,444
	Mumbai Metro	576
	Namma Metro	300
	Kolkata Metro	102
	Jaipur Metro	40
BEML Total	5	2,462
Bombardier [143] [144] [145]	Delhi Metro	816
	Agra Metro	87
	Kanpur Metro	114
	Meerut Metro	30
Bombardier Total	4	1,047
Alstom [146]	Chennai Metro	286
	Kochi Metro	75
	Lucknow Metro	80
	Mumbai Metro	248
	Delhi Metro	312
	Indore Metro	75
	Bhopal Metro	81
	Pune Metro	66
	Meerut Metro	4
	Delhi Meerut RRTS	80
Alstom Total	8	1,223
Hyundai Rotem [147] [148] [149] [150] [151]	Delhi Metro	486
	Ahmedabad Metro	96
	Namma Metro	150
	Hyderabad Metro	171
Hyundai Rotem Total	4	903
ICF [ citation needed ]	Kolkata Metro	1072
ICF Total	1	1072
Titagarh Rail Systems [152] [153]	Namma Metro	216
	Pune Metro	102
	Surat Metro	72
Titagarh Total	3	390
CRRC [154] [155] [156] [157] [158] [159]	Namma Metro	216
	Rapid Metro Gurgaon	36
	Kolkata Metro	112
	Mumbai Metro	48
	Nagpur Metro	69
	Noida Metro	76
	Navi Mumbai Metro	24
CRRC Total	7	581
7	20	7678

Summary

Northern Region

Delhi NCR

System	Information		Currently operational	Currently under construction	Map	Website
Delhi Metro	Locale	Delhi	1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9    Airport Express	Phase 4   7  Western extension (Maujpur)   8  Western extension (RK Ashram) New Lines   10		DMRCL
	Began operation	24 December 2002;21 years ago (24 December 2002)
	Lines in operation	9
	No. of stations	255
	Network length	348.12 km (216 mi)
	Ridership	1.79 billion (2019)
Delhi Suburban Railway	Locale	Delhi	Ring Line			Delhi EMU
	Began operation	1975;49 years ago (1975)
	Lines in operation	1
	No. of stations	21
	Network length	35 km (22 mi)
	Ridership	44,400 (2019)
Delhi Regional Rapid Transit	Locale	National Capital Region		Delhi–Meerut		NCRTC
	Began operation	2023;1 year ago (2023)
	Lines in operation	0 (1 UC)
	No. of stations	51
	Network length	349 km (217 mi)
	Ridership	NA
Noida Metro	Locale	Noida	Aqua Line			NMRC
	Began operation	29 December 2019;4 years ago (29 December 2019)
	Lines in operation	1
	No. of stations	21
	Network length	29.7 km (18 mi)
	Ridership	0.58 million(2022)
Rapid Metro Gurgaon	Locale	Gurgaon	1			Kol Metro
	Began operation	14 November 2013;10 years ago (14 November 2013)
	Lines in operation	1
	No. of stations	11
	Network length	12.85 km (8 mi)
	Ridership	0.19 million(2018)

Rajasthan

System	Information		Currently operational	Currently under construction	Map	Website
Jaipur Metro	Locale	Jaipur	1			JMRC
	Began operation	3 June 2015;8 years ago (3 June 2015)
	Lines in operation	1
	No. of stations	21
	Network length	11.97 km (7 mi)
	Ridership	7.5 million

Uttar Pradesh

System	Information		Currently operational	Currently under construction	Map	Website
Lucknow Metro	Locale	Lucknow	1			UPMRC
	Began operation	5 September 2017;6 years ago (5 September 2017)
	Lines in operation	1
	No. of stations	21
	Network length	22.878 km (14 mi)
	Ridership	22 million
Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway	Locale	Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow–Kanpur    Kanpur–Lucknow		—
	Began operation	1867;157 years ago (1867)
	Lines in operation	1
	No. of stations	16
	Network length	37 km (23 mi)
	Ridership
Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway	Locale	Uttar Pradesh	Barabanki–Lucknow    Lucknow–Barabanki		—
	Began operation	30 June 2013;10 years ago (30 June 2013)
	Lines in operation	1
	No. of stations	10
	Network length	72 km (45 mi)
	Ridership
Kanpur Metro	Locale	Kanpur	1	Expansion   1  Eastern extension (Naubasta)		UPMRC
	Began operation	28 December 2021;2 years ago (28 December 2021)
	Lines in operation	1
	No. of stations	9
	Network length	8.98 km (6 mi)
	Ridership	-
Agra Metro	Locale	Agra		1		UPMRC
	Began operation	2024;0 years ago (2024)
	Lines in operation	0 (1 UC)
	No. of stations	30
	Network length	29.65 km (18 mi)
	Ridership	-

Central Region

Madhya Pradesh

System	Information		Currently operational	Currently under construction	Map	Website
Bhoj Metro (Bhopal)	Locale	Bhopal		1	—	MPMRCL
	Began operation	2024;0 years ago (2024)
	Lines in operation	0 (1 UC)
	No. of stations	8
	Network length	6.22 km (4 mi)
	Ridership
Indore Metro	Locale	Indore		1	—	MPMRCL
	Began operation	2024;0 years ago (2024)
	Lines in operation	0 (1 UC)
	No. of stations	16
	Network length	16.21 km (10 mi)
	Ridership

Western Region

Gujarat

System	Information		Currently operational	Currently under construction	Map	Website
Ahmedabad Metro	Locale	Ahmedabad	1    2	Expansion   1  Eastern extension (Thaltej Gam)   2  Northern extension (Mahatma Mandir)		GMRC
	Began operation	4 March 2019;5 years ago (4 March 2019)
	Lines in operation	2
	No. of stations	29
	Network length	38.63 km (24 mi)
	Ridership
Surat Metro	Locale	Surat		1    2	—	GMRC
	Began operation	2027;3 years' time (2027)
	Lines in operation	0 (2 UC)
	No. of stations	38
	Network length	40.35 km (25 mi)
	Ridership

Maharashtra

System	Information		Currently operational	Currently under construction	Map	Website
Mumbai Metro	Locale	Mumbai Metropolitan Region	1    2    7	Expansion   7  Southern extension (CSMIA)   2  Southern extension (Mankhurd) New Lines   3    4    5    6    9		MMRDA
	Began operation	8 June 2014;9 years ago (8 June 2014)
	Lines in operation	3
	No. of stations	43
	Network length	46.4 km (29 mi)
	Ridership	0.54 million (2019)
Mumbai Suburban Railway	Locale	Mumbai Metropolitan Region	Central    Harbour    Nerul–Uran    Trans-Harbour    Vasai Road–Roha    Western			Central Railway Western Railway
	Began operation	16 April 1853;171 years ago (16 April 1853)
	Lines in operation	7
	No. of stations	150
	Network length	427.5 km (266 mi)
	Ridership	2.92 billion (2019)
Mumbai Monorail	Locale	Mumbai	1		—	MMRDA
	Began operation	2 February 2014;10 years ago (2 February 2014)
	Lines in operation	1
	No. of stations	27
	Network length	19.54 km (12 mi)
	Ridership
Navi Mumbai Metro	Locale	Navi Mumbai Metro	1			CIDCO
	Began operation	17 November 2023;5 months ago (17 November 2023)
	Lines in operation	1
	No. of stations	11
	Network length	11.10 km (7 mi)
	Ridership
Pune Metro	Locale	Pune Metropolitan Region	1    2	Expansion   1  Southern extension (Swargate)   2  Eastern extension (Ramwadi) New Line   3	—	PMR
	Began operation	6 March 2022;2 years ago (6 March 2022)
	Lines in operation	1
	No. of stations	27
	Network length	19.54 km (12 mi)
	Ridership
Pune Suburban Railway	Locale	Pune Metropolitan Region	Pune–Lonavala    Pune–Daund–Baramati		—
	Began operation	11 March 1978;46 years ago (11 March 1978)
	Lines in operation	2
	No. of stations	37
	Network length	63 km (39 mi)
	Ridership
Nagpur Metro	Locale	Nagpur	1    2			metrorailnagpur
	Began operation	8 March 2019;5 years ago (8 March 2019)
	Lines in operation	2
	No. of stations	36
	Network length	40 km (25 mi)
	Ridership	0.73 (million)

Eastern Region

West Bengal

System	Information		Currently operational	Currently under construction	Map	Website
Kolkata Metro	Locale	Kolkata metropolitan area	1    2    3    6	Expansion   2  Central extension (Sealdah)   3  Northern extension (Esplanade) New Lines   4		KMRC
	Began operation	24 October 1984;39 years ago (24 October 1984)
	Lines in operation	4
	No. of stations	52
	Network length	59.38 km (37 mi)
	Ridership	1.887 billion
Kolkata Suburban Railway	Locale	Kolkata metropolitan area	Chord link    Circular    Eastern    South Eastern    Sealdah South			South Eastern Railway Eastern Railway
	Began operation	15 August 1854;169 years ago (15 August 1854)
	Lines in operation	5
	No. of stations	458
	Network length	1,501 km (933 mi)
	Ridership	2.1 billion (2019)
Trams in Kolkata	Locale	Kolkata	Tollygunge – Ballygunge    Gariahat – Esplanade    Shyambazar – Esplanade   15 Routes non-operational due to ongoing   2   construction		—
	Began operation	24 February 1873;151 years ago (24 February 1873)
	Lines in operation	3
	No. of stations	N/A
	Network length	19.53 km (12 mi)
	Ridership	15 thousand

Southern Region

Karnataka

System	Information		Currently operational	Currently under construction	Map	Website
Namma Metro (Bengaluru)	Locale	Bengaluru	1    2	Expansion   2  Western extension (Madavara) New Lines   3    4    5		BMRC
	Began operation	20 October 2011;12 years ago (20 October 2011)
	Lines in operation	2
	No. of stations	64
	Network length	73.81 km (46 mi)
	Ridership	1 billion (2020)

Kerala

System	Information		Currently operational	Currently under construction	Map	Website
Kochi Metro	Locale	Kochi	1			KMRC
	Began operation	17 June 2017;6 years ago (17 June 2017)
	Lines in operation	1
	No. of stations	24
	Network length	27.4 km (17 mi)
	Ridership	20 million

Tamil Nadu

System	Information		Currently operational	Currently under construction	Map	Website
Chennai Metro	Locale	Chennai	1    2	Expansion   1  Southern extension (Kilambakkam) New Lines   3    4    5		CMRL
	Began operation	29 June 2015;8 years ago (29 June 2015)
	Lines in operation	2
	No. of stations	42
	Network length	54.65 km (34 mi)
	Ridership	0.8 billion
Chennai MRTS	Locale	Chennai	Chennai Beach-Velachery	Expansion towards North   Velachery-St.Thomas Mount		CMDA
	Began operation	1 November 1995;28 years ago (1 November 1995)
	Lines in operation	1
	No. of stations	18
	Network length	19.34 km (12 mi)
	Ridership	164.25 million
Chennai Suburban Railway	Locale	Chennai	North Line    West Line    West-North Line    West-South Line    South Line    South-West Line    Chennai MRTS    Circular Line			SR
	Began operation	1931;93 years ago (1931)
	Lines in operation	8
	No. of stations	300+
	Network length	1,200 km (746 mi)
	Ridership	912.57 million

Telangana

System	Information		Currently operational	Currently under construction	Map	Website
Hyderabad Metro	Locale	Hyderabad	1    2    3			HMRL
	Began operation	29 November 2017;6 years ago (29 November 2017)
	Lines in operation	3
	No. of stations	57
	Network length	67.21 km (42 mi)
	Ridership	178 million
Hyderabad MMTS	Locale	Hyderabad	HF Line    HL Line    FL Line    SF Line    SB Line		—
	Began operation	9 August 2003;20 years ago (9 August 2003)
	Lines in operation	5
	No. of stations	44
	Network length	90 km (56 mi)
	Ridership	0.8 billion

See also

• India portal
• Railways portal
• Transport portal

• Urban rail transit
  • List of metro systems
  • List of monorail systems
  • List of tram and light rail transit systems
  • List of suburban and commuter rail systems
• List of bus rapid transit systems in India
• Rail transport in India
• List of railway lines in India
• High-speed rail in India
• List of high-speed railway lines in India
• Dedicated freight corridors in India
• Aerial lift in India

Notes

1. Transfer stations are counted more than once. There are 24 transfer stations. If transfer stations are counted only once, the result will be 230 stations. Ashok Park Main station, where the two diverging branches of Green Line share tracks/platforms, is anyway counted as a single station. Stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are not counted. If stations of Noida Metro and Gurgaon Metro are counted, the result will be 287 stations. ^[11]
2. The total length of Delhi Metro is 351.28 kilometres (218.28 mi). The operations & maintenance of Gurgaon Metro and Noida Metro is currently undertaken by DMRC, so the total length operated by DMRC is 392.44 kilometres (243.85 mi). ^[11]
3. October 2022-September 2023

References

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External links

• Government webpage
• Ministry of Housing and Urban affairs

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