Manus language (Indonesia)

Manus
Manus
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Flores (East Manggarai)
Ethnicity	Manus and Rongga
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Central–Eastern Sumba–Flores Ende–Manggarai Manggarai–Rembong Manus; ; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None

Last updated December 28, 2025

Manus is an Austronesian language spoken on the island of Flores in the province of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Its speakers live in the area between the ethnic areas of the Manggarai and Ngada, north of the Rongga.^[2]

This language has a close relationship with the Manggarai language ^[3] and is sometimes considered a dialect of it.^[4] This has not been studied in depth by linguists.^[2]^[3]

This language is sometimes studied as a second language and is known by some Rongga people.^[1]

References

1 2 Arka, I Wayan (2010). "Maintaining Vera in Rongga: Struggles over Culture, Tradition, and Language in Modern Manggarai, Flores, Indonesia". In Florey, Margaret (ed.). Endangered languages of Austronesia. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 90–109. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544547.003.0005 . ISBN 978-0-19-954454-7. OCLC 796288873. Most of the Rongga people are multilinguals, speaking at least four languages (Indonesian, Manggarai, one or more neighbouring languages(s) of Manus or Waerana, and Rongga).
1 2 Elias, Alexander (2020). "Are the Central Flores languages really typologically unusual?". In Gil, David; Schapper, Antoinette (ed.). Austronesian Undressed: How and why languages become isolating. Typological Studies in Language 129. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 287–338. doi:10.1075/tsl.129.06eli. ISBN 978-90-272-6053-6. LCCN 2020032619. OCLC 1195817942.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
1 2 Elias, Alexander (2018). Lio and the Central Flores languages. Leiden: Leiden University. p. 85. OCLC 8590873874.
↑ Asplund, Leif (2020). Rembong-Wangka: Its position among the Manggaraic languages, some formative elements and adnominal possession. Stockholm: Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University. p. 3. OCLC 1234522023.

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[Endangered-1] 1 2 Arka, I Wayan (2010). "Maintaining Vera in Rongga: Struggles over Culture, Tradition, and Language in Modern Manggarai, Flores, Indonesia". In Florey, Margaret (ed.). Endangered languages of Austronesia. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 90–109. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544547.003.0005 . ISBN 978-0-19-954454-7. OCLC 796288873. Most of the Rongga people are multilinguals, speaking at least four languages (Indonesian, Manggarai, one or more neighbouring languages(s) of Manus or Waerana, and Rongga).

[Typology-2] 1 2 Elias, Alexander (2020). "Are the Central Flores languages really typologically unusual?". In Gil, David; Schapper, Antoinette (ed.). Austronesian Undressed: How and why languages become isolating. Typological Studies in Language 129. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 287–338. doi:10.1075/tsl.129.06eli. ISBN 978-90-272-6053-6. LCCN 2020032619. OCLC 1195817942.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)

[Elias2018-3] 1 2 Elias, Alexander (2018). Lio and the Central Flores languages. Leiden: Leiden University. p. 85. OCLC 8590873874.

[rembong-4] Asplund, Leif (2020). Rembong-Wangka: Its position among the Manggaraic languages, some formative elements and adnominal possession. Stockholm: Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University. p. 3. OCLC 1234522023.

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