List of wars involving the United States in the 20th century

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Contents

This is a list of military conflicts, that United States has been involved in the 20th century.

This list is part of a larger series of list articles that cover the various wars involving the United States from its colonial roots to the present. They are:

For the criteria of what may be permitted on this list please refer to Lists of wars involving the United States.

Key

  US victory
  Another result [nb 1]
  US defeat

20th-century wars

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum , result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive, inconclusive
  2. ↑ See Occupation of Constantinople, the Greek landing at Smyrna, the Bombardment of Samsun, and the United States during the Turkish War of Independence
  3. ↑ The Treaty of Ankara was signed in 1921 and the Franco-Turkish War thus ended. The French troops remained in Constantinople with the other Allied troops.
  4. ↑ The United Kingdom occupied Constantinople, then fought directly against Turkish irregular forces in the Greek Summer Offensive with the Greek troops. However, after this the United Kingdom would not take part in any more major fighting.
  5. ↑ The Ottoman controlled Kuva-yi Inzibatiye ("Caliphate Army") fought the Turkish revolutionaries during the Greek Summer Offensive and the Ottoman government in Constantinople supported other revolts (e.g. Anzavur).
  6. ↑ Italy occupied Constantinople and a part of southwestern Anatolia but never fought the Turkish army directly. During its occupation Italian troops protected Turkish civilians, who were living in the areas occupied by the Italian army, from Greek troops and accepted Turkish refugees who had to flee from the regions invaded by the Greek army. [16] In July 1921 Italy began to withdraw its troops from southwestern Anatolia.
  7. ↑ Iran was invaded by Soviet and British forces two months after the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union and the Soviet Union's subsequent alliance with the United Kingdom. Its strategic purpose was to ensure the safety of Allied supply lines to the USSR (see the Persian Corridor), secure Iranian oil fields, limit German influence in Iran (Reza Shah had leveraged Germany to offset the British and Soviet spheres of influence on Iran) and preempt a possible Axis advance from Turkey through Iran toward the Baku oil fields or British India. In 1943 Iran formalized its declaration of war against Germany.
  8. ↑ Tuva underwent intense Russification of social and economic practices, and virtually all remaining opposition to Stalinist policy was eradicated. The Soviets desired the mineral resources of the republic and a permanent end to Mongolian-Chinese geopolitical intrigues in the region. This process culminated in the absorption of Tuva in 1944.
  9. ↑ The event that later gave rise to the Italian Civil War was the deposition and arrest of Benito Mussolini on 25 July 1943 by King Victor Emmanuel III, after which Italy signed the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943, ending its war with the Allies. However, German forces began occupying Italy immediately prior to the armistice, through Operation Achse, and then invaded and occupied Italy on a larger scale after the armistice, taking control of northern and central Italy and creating the Italian Social Republic.
  10. ↑ A rapid military reversal impelled King Michael I to depose the pro-German dictator Marshal Ion Antonescu, triggering Romania's exit from the Axis.
  11. ↑ Encountering itself in a precarious situation wherein it remained in Germany's orbit —politically and militarily— but faced an ever-increasing threat of the approaching Red Army, forces of the communist Fatherland Front staged a coup, overthrowing the pro-German government.
  12. ↑ Finland engaged in the Continuation War alongside Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union. As the tide of the war shifted to the Allies' side, however, Finland signed the Moscow Armistice, and undertook a military campaign to expel German troops from its territory—what is known as the Lapland War.
  13. ↑ After the liberation of France began in 1944, the Free French Provisional Government of the French Republic was installed as the new national government, led by Charles de Gaulle. The last of the Vichy exiles were captured in the Sigmaringen enclave in April 1945.
  14. ↑ While not formally a member of the Axis powers, the Soviet Union entered into a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany and maintained a partnership with it from 1939 to 1941 through additional agreements. As part of its effort to carve spheres of influence, the USSR participated in the invasion and partition of Poland, annexed the Baltic States, seized Romanian territories, and fought Finland in the Winter War. [20] [21] [22] [23]
  15. ↑ Spanish policy towards Nazi Germany in particular —and the Axis in general— oscillated from “strict neutrality” to “non-belligerence”. While Hitler's efforts at the Meeting at Hendaye failed to bring Spain formally into the Axis, Madrid offered military support via the Blue Division and Blue Squadron. Partly because of the collapse of the Axis powers, partly because of Allied pressure, Spain withdrew most of its support from 1944 onwards.
  16. ↑ The United States was neutral in this conflict, up until Roosevelt Johnson and some of his surviving followers fled to the U.S. embassy in Monrovia. Its goal after that was to protect the embassy and the refugees it provided sanctuary for. Its goal was not to win the conflict for Johnson.

References

  1. ↑ Formation of the unit Company 4000
  2. ↑ Advisory role from the forming of the MAAG in Vietnam to the Gulf of Tonkin incident.
  3. ↑ Direct U.S. involvement ended in 1973 with the Paris Peace Accords. The Paris Peace Accords of January 1973 saw all U.S forces withdrawn; the Case–Church Amendment, passed by the U.S Congress on August 15, 1973, officially ended direct U.S military involvement .
  4. ↑ The war reignited on December 13, 1974, with offensive operations by North Vietnam, leading to victory over South Vietnam in under five months.
  1. ↑ "City of Albuquerque". City of Albuquerque.
  2. ↑ "How the U.S. Helped Win World War I". The Wall Street Journal. 24 January 2014.
  3. ↑ Kenez, Peter (1977). Civil War in South Russia, 1919–1920: The Defeat of the Whites. Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace. p. 182. ISBN   978-0520033467.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Western Society for French History. Meeting: Proceedings of the ... Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, New Mexico State University Press, 1996, sayfa 206 Archived 9 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine .
  5. ↑ Briton Cooper Busch: Mudros to Lausanne: Britain's Frontier in West Asia, 1918–1923, SUNY Press, 1976, ISBN   0-87395-265-0, sayfa 216 Archived 15 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine .
  6. ↑ "British Indian troops attacked by Turks; thirty wounded and British officer captured – Warships' guns drive enemy back Archived 6 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine ," New York Times (18 June 1920).
  7. ↑ "Allies occupy Constantinople; seize ministries; Turkish and British Indian soldiers killed in a clash at the War Office Archived 4 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine ," New York Times (18 March 1920).
  8. ↑ Montgomery, A. E. (1972). "The Making of the Treaty of Sevres of 10 August 1920". The Historical Journal. 15 (4): 775–787. doi:10.1017/S0018246X0000354X. ISSN   0018-246X. JSTOR   2638042 – via 10.1017/S0018246X0000354X.
  9. ↑ Gingeras 2022, pp. 204–206.
  10. ↑ Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans: Twentieth century . Cambridge University Press. p.  131. ISBN   978-0-521-27459-3.
  11. ↑ "Українська державність у XX столітті: Історико-політологічний аналіз / Ред. кол.: О. Дергачов (кер. авт. кол.), Є. Бистрицький, О. Білий, І. Бураковський, Дж. Мейс, В. Полохало, М. Томенко та ін. – К.: Політ. думка, 1996. — 434 с." Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  12. ↑ Внешняя политика Азербайджана в годы cоветской власти
  13. ↑ "Hüseyin Adıgüzel – Atatürk, Nerimanov ve Kurtuluş Savaşımız". 24 December 2014. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014.
  14. ↑ Andican, A. Ahat (2007). Turkestan Struggle Abroad From Jadidism to Independence. SOTA Publications. pp. 78–81. ISBN   978-908-0-740-365. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  15. ↑ The Place of the Turkish Independence War in the American Press (1918–1923) by Bülent Bilmez Archived 2 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine : "...the occupation of western Turkey by the Greek armies under the control of the Allied Powers, the discord among them was evident and publicly known. As the Italians were against this occupation from the beginning, and started "secretly" helping the Kemalists, this conflict among the Allied Powers, and the Italian support for the Kemalists were reported regularly by the American press.
  16. ↑ Mevlüt Çelebi: Millî Mücadele'de İtalyan İşgalleri (English: Italian occupations during the National Struggle), Journal of Atatürk Research Center, issue 26.
  17. ↑ Sforza, Diario, November 28, 1920, 61/ David Lloyd George, The Truth about the Peace Treaties, v. 2 (Gollancz, London: 1938), pp. 1348–1349 / Michael Smith, Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922, University of Michigan Press, 1999.
  18. ↑ Ζολώτα, Αναστασίου Π. (1995). Η Εθνική Τραγωδία (National Tragedy). Αθήνα, Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών, Τμήμα Πολιτικών (University of Athens) Επιστημών και Δημοσίας Διοικήσεως. σελίδες pp. 44-58
  19. ↑ «ΤΑ ΦΟΒΕΡΑ ΝΤΟΚΟΥΜΕΝΤΑ – ΣΑΓΓΑΡΙΟΣ ΕΠΟΠΟΙΪΑ ΚΑΙ ΚΑΤΑΡΕΥΣΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΜΙΚΡΑ ΑΣΙΑ», ΔΗΜ. ΦΩΤΙΑΔΗΣ, ΕΚΔ. ΦΥΤΡΑΚΗ, ΑΘΗΝΑ, 1974
  20. ↑ "The Soviet Role in World War II: Realities and Myths". Harvard University – Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies. 18 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2025.
  21. ↑ "The Devils' Alliance: Hitler's Pact with Stalin, 1939-1941 – review". The Guardian. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2025.
  22. ↑ "Russia Should Own Up to Stalin-Hitler Friendship". Bloomberg. 18 September 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2025.
  23. ↑ "Poland set to mark 85 years since WWII Soviet invasion". Polskie Radio. 16 September 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2025.
  24. ↑ "Presidential Message on the 80th Anniversary of Winning World War II". The White House. 14 August 2025.
  25. ↑ "Truman Doctrine: How America Helped Greece Avoid Falling into Soviet Orbit". Greek Reporter. 10 March 2025.
  26. ↑ "Berlin Airlift Victory". National Museum of the USAF. 14 August 2025.
  27. ↑ "The CIA's Secret Failure in Albania". BBC. 18 August 2016. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
  28. ↑ "Η άγνωστη αποτυχημένη προσπάθεια ανατροπής του Ενβέρ Χότζα από Βρετανούς και Αμερικανούς (1949 – 1958) και ο ρόλος της Ελλάδας". www.protothema.gr. 31 July 2021. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
  29. ↑ "Did We Lose The Korean War?". U.S. Naval Institute. June 1961.
  30. ↑ "Could the U.S. Military Have Won the Korean War?". The National Interest. 19 January 2022.
  31. ↑ "The Korean War never technically ended. Here's why". National Geographic. 24 June 2020.
  32. ↑ "Reasons for US failure in defeating the Vietcong". BBC.
  33. ↑ "Why the US Lost the Vietnam War". Common Dreams. 9 October 2017.
  34. ↑ "When Did the US Lose the Vietnam War? Here Are Some Dates". History Net. 17 November 2022.
  35. ↑ "Taiwan in Time: When both sides claim victory". Taipei Times. 1 October 2017.
  36. ↑ "Cuban Missile Crisis: Who Won?". Cuban Studies Institute. 23 October 2017.
  37. ↑ "Who Really 'Won' the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis?". HuffPost. 19 October 2012.
  38. ↑ "Both sides lost.' Discuss this verdict of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962". HistoryHub. 8 September 2020.
  39. ↑ Lu Fong, Chua (2002). "Operation Eagle Claw, 1980: A Case Study In Crisis Management and Military Planning". SAFTI Military Institute. Archived from the original on November 10, 2003. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  40. ↑ "Jimmy Carter: Iran hostage rescue should have worked". USA Today. September 7, 2010. Archived from the original on February 10, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
  41. ↑ "Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Larry Speakes". September 23, 1982.
  42. ↑ Brinkley, Joel (March 11, 1984). "The Collapse of Lebanon's Army: U.S. Said to Ignore Factionalism". The New York Times.
  43. ↑ Martel, William C. Victory in War: Foundations of Modern Military Policy, p. 162. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  44. ↑ References:
    • Stigler, Andrew L. "A clear victory for air power: NATO's empty threat to invade Kosovo." International Security 27.3 (2003): 124–157.
    • Biddle, Stephen. "The new way of war? Debating the Kosovo model." (2002): 138–144.
    • Dixon, Paul. "Victory by spin? Britain, the US and the propaganda war over Kosovo." Civil Wars 6.4 (2003): 83–106.
    • Harvey, Frank P. "Getting NATO's success in Kosovo right: The theory and logic of counter-coercion." Conflict Management and Peace Science 23.2 (2006): pp. 139–158.
  45. ↑ "Civilian Deaths in the NATO Air Campaign – The Crisis in Kosovo". www.hrw.org. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
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