Solar eclipse of July 22, 1990

Solar eclipse of July 22, 1990
Partial from Finland
Map
Type of eclipse
Nature	Total
Gamma	0.7597
Magnitude	1.0391
Maximum eclipse
Duration	153 s (2 min 33 s)
Coordinates	65°12′N168°54′E / 65.2°N 168.9°E / 65.2; 168.9
Max. width of band	201 km (125 mi)
Times (UTC)
Greatest eclipse	3:03:07
References
Saros	126 (46 of 72)
Catalog # (SE5000)	9487

A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of orbit between Saturday, July 21 and Sunday, July 22, 1990, ^[1] with a magnitude of 1.0391. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring 2.7 days after perigee (on July 19, 1990, at 12:20 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger. ^[2]

Totality was visible in southern Finland including its capital city Helsinki, the Soviet Union (including today's northern Estonia and northern Russia), and eastern Andreanof Islands and Amukta of Alaska. A partial eclipse was visible for parts of Eastern Europe, North Asia, Alaska, western Canada, the western United States, and Hawaii.

In Finland, the solar eclipse occurred during sunrise and enabled observation and photography without protective glasses, which was however hampered by strong clouds. ^[3] The Sun was totally eclipsed in Helsinki began at 06:03:07 local time.

Observations

The Finnish Geodetic Institute conducted a series of measurements for 52 hours to study the changes in gravity using an absolute gravimeter in Helsinki. No abnormal values were recorded. ^[4] An observation team of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union went to the Solovetsky Islands, Arkhangelsk Oblast in the White Sea, and planned to take images of the corona with different exposure levels and record videos. However, there were clouds at sunrise on the eclipse day, and drizzle continued until noon, so the observation was not successful. ^[5]

Eclipse details

Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse. ^[6]

July 22, 1990 Solar Eclipse Times

Event	Time (UTC)
First Penumbral External Contact	1990 July 22 at 00:40:59.9 UTC
First Umbral External Contact	1990 July 22 at 01:53:08.5 UTC
First Central Line	1990 July 22 at 01:54:21.6 UTC
First Umbral Internal Contact	1990 July 22 at 01:55:35.5 UTC
Equatorial Conjunction	1990 July 22 at 02:37:42.8 UTC
Ecliptic Conjunction	1990 July 22 at 02:55:15.0 UTC
Greatest Duration	1990 July 22 at 03:00:36.7 UTC
Greatest Eclipse	1990 July 22 at 03:03:07.3 UTC
Last Umbral Internal Contact	1990 July 22 at 04:10:58.3 UTC
Last Central Line	1990 July 22 at 04:12:09.7 UTC
Last Umbral External Contact	1990 July 22 at 04:13:20.4 UTC
Last Penumbral External Contact	1990 July 22 at 05:25:30.2 UTC

July 22, 1990 Solar Eclipse Parameters

Parameter	Value
Eclipse Magnitude	1.03908
Eclipse Obscuration	1.07968
Gamma	0.75972
Sun Right Ascension	08h04m51.4s
Sun Declination	+20°20'48.2"
Sun Semi-Diameter	15'44.5"
Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax	08.7"
Moon Right Ascension	08h05m49.3s
Moon Declination	+21°03'44.2"
Moon Semi-Diameter	16'11.1"
Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax	0°59'24.2"
ΔT	57.2 s

Eclipse season

See also: Eclipse cycle

This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.

Eclipse season of July–August 1990

July 22 Descending node (new moon)	August 6 Ascending node (full moon)
Total solar eclipse Solar Saros 126	Partial lunar eclipse Lunar Saros 138

Related eclipses

Eclipses in 1990

• An annular solar eclipse on January 26.
• A total lunar eclipse on February 9.
• A total solar eclipse on July 22.
• A partial lunar eclipse on August 6.

Metonic

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of October 3, 1986
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of May 10, 1994

Tzolkinex

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of June 11, 1983
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of September 2, 1997

Half-Saros

• Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of July 17, 1981
• Followed by: Lunar eclipse of July 28, 1999

Tritos

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of August 22, 1979
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of June 21, 2001

Solar Saros 126

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of July 10, 1972
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of August 1, 2008

Inex

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of August 11, 1961
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of July 2, 2019

Triad

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of September 21, 1903
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of May 22, 2077

Solar eclipses of 1990–1992

This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit. ^[7]

Solar eclipse series sets from 1990 to 1992
Ascending node				Descending node
Saros	Map	Gamma		Saros	Map	Gamma
121	January 26, 1990 Annular	−0.9457		126 Partial in Finland	July 22, 1990 Total	0.7597
131	January 15, 1991 Annular	−0.2727		136 Totality in Playas del Coco, Costa Rica	July 11, 1991 Total	−0.0041
141	January 4, 1992 Annular	0.4091		146	June 30, 1992 Total	−0.7512
151	December 24, 1992 Partial	1.0711

Saros 126

This eclipse is a part of Saros series 126, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 72 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on March 10, 1179. It contains annular eclipses from June 4, 1323 through April 4, 1810; hybrid eclipses from April 14, 1828 through May 6, 1864; and total eclipses from May 17, 1882 through August 23, 2044. The series ends at member 72 as a partial eclipse on May 3, 2459. Its eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.

The longest duration of annularity was produced by member 11 at 6 minutes, 30 seconds on June 26, 1359, and the longest duration of totality was produced by member 45 at 2 minutes, 36 seconds on July 10, 1972. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s descending node of orbit. ^[8]

Series members 36–57 occur between 1801 and 2200:
36	37	38
April 4, 1810	April 14, 1828	April 25, 1846
39	40	41
May 6, 1864	May 17, 1882	May 28, 1900
42	43	44
June 8, 1918	June 19, 1936	June 30, 1954
45	46	47
July 10, 1972	July 22, 1990	August 1, 2008
48	49	50
August 12, 2026	August 23, 2044	September 3, 2062
51	52	53
September 13, 2080	September 25, 2098	October 6, 2116
54	55	56
October 17, 2134	October 28, 2152	November 8, 2170
57
November 18, 2188

Metonic series

The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's descending node.

21 eclipse events between July 22, 1971 and July 22, 2047
July 22	May 9–11	February 26–27	December 14–15	October 2–3
116	118	120	122	124
July 22, 1971	May 11, 1975	February 26, 1979	December 15, 1982	October 3, 1986
126	128	130	132	134
July 22, 1990	May 10, 1994	February 26, 1998	December 14, 2001	October 3, 2005
136	138	140	142	144
July 22, 2009	May 10, 2013	February 26, 2017	December 14, 2020	October 2, 2024
146	148	150	152	154
July 22, 2028	May 9, 2032	February 27, 2036	December 15, 2039	October 3, 2043
156
July 22, 2047

Tritos series

This eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200
January 1, 1805 (Saros 109)		October 31, 1826 (Saros 111)		August 28, 1848 (Saros 113)
July 29, 1859 (Saros 114)	June 28, 1870 (Saros 115)	May 27, 1881 (Saros 116)	April 26, 1892 (Saros 117)	March 29, 1903 (Saros 118)
February 25, 1914 (Saros 119)	January 24, 1925 (Saros 120)	December 25, 1935 (Saros 121)	November 23, 1946 (Saros 122)	October 23, 1957 (Saros 123)
September 22, 1968 (Saros 124)	August 22, 1979 (Saros 125)	July 22, 1990 (Saros 126)	June 21, 2001 (Saros 127)	May 20, 2012 (Saros 128)
April 20, 2023 (Saros 129)	March 20, 2034 (Saros 130)	February 16, 2045 (Saros 131)	January 16, 2056 (Saros 132)	December 17, 2066 (Saros 133)
November 15, 2077 (Saros 134)	October 14, 2088 (Saros 135)	September 14, 2099 (Saros 136)	August 15, 2110 (Saros 137)	July 14, 2121 (Saros 138)
June 13, 2132 (Saros 139)	May 14, 2143 (Saros 140)	April 12, 2154 (Saros 141)	March 12, 2165 (Saros 142)	February 10, 2176 (Saros 143)
January 9, 2187 (Saros 144)	December 9, 2197 (Saros 145)

Inex series

This eclipse is a part of the long period inex cycle, repeating at alternating nodes, every 358 synodic months (≈ 10,571.95 days, or 29 years minus 20 days). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee). However, groupings of 3 inex cycles (≈ 87 years minus 2 months) comes close (≈ 1,151.02 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200
November 19, 1816 (Saros 120)	October 30, 1845 (Saros 121)	October 10, 1874 (Saros 122)
September 21, 1903 (Saros 123)	August 31, 1932 (Saros 124)	August 11, 1961 (Saros 125)
July 22, 1990 (Saros 126)	July 2, 2019 (Saros 127)	June 11, 2048 (Saros 128)
May 22, 2077 (Saros 129)	May 3, 2106 (Saros 130)	April 13, 2135 (Saros 131)
March 23, 2164 (Saros 132)	March 3, 2193 (Saros 133)

Notes

1. "July 22, 1990 Total Solar Eclipse". timeanddate. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
2. "Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England". timeanddate. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
3. "Sonnenfinsternis in Finnland". www.bujack.de. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
4. Jaakko Mäkinen (December 1990). "Absolute Gravity Measurements During the July 22, 1990 Total Solar Eclipse in Finland". Bulletin d'Information of the Bureau Gravimétrique International. 67: 203–208. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019.
5. "СОЛНЕЧНОЕ ЗАТМЕНИЕ 22 ИЮЛЯ 1990 г. НАДЕЖДЫ И РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ" (in Russian). IZMIRAN. Archived from the original on 7 September 2019.
6. "Total Solar Eclipse of 1990 Jul 22". EclipseWise.com. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
7. van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
8. "NASA - Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 126". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.

References

• Earth visibility chart and eclipse statistics Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA/GSFC
  • Google interactive map
  • Besselian elements

Photos:

• Prof. Druckmüller's eclipse photography site
• Druckmüller in Chukotka, Soviet Union
• in Russia
• in Russia (2) Archived 2009-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
• Russian scientist had no successful observation of the eclipse