Solar eclipse of August 21, 1914

Last updated
Solar eclipse of August 21, 1914
SE1914Aug21T.png
Map
Type of eclipse
NatureTotal
Gamma 0.7655
Magnitude 1.0328
Maximum eclipse
Duration134 s (2 min 14 s)
Coordinates 54°30′N27°06′E / 54.5°N 27.1°E / 54.5; 27.1
Max. width of band170 km (110 mi)
Times (UTC)
Greatest eclipse12:34:27
References
Saros 124 (49 of 73)
Catalog # (SE5000) 9314

A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of orbit on Friday, August 21, 1914, [1] with a magnitude of 1.0328. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 2.7 days before perigee (on August 24, 1914, at 6:30 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger. [2]

Contents

The totality of this eclipse was visible from northern Canada, Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Russian Empire (the parts now belonging to Åland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia, including cities of Riga, Minsk, Kiev and northeastern part of Vilnius), Ottoman Empire (the parts now belonging to Turkey, northeastern tip of Syria and northern Iraq), Persia and British Raj (the parts now belonging to Pakistan and western tip of India). A partial eclipse was visible for parts of northeast North America, Europe, North Africa, East Africa, and the Middle East. It was the first of four total solar eclipses that would be seen from Sweden during the next 40 years. This total solar eclipse occurred in the same calendar date as 2017, but at the opposite node.

Several astronomers were setting up to observe the eclipse, in part as an attempt to confirm Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. However, due to the onset of World War I as well as cloud cover, these experiments were unsuccessful.

Observations

A number of observatories sent expeditions to Russia to observe the eclipse including those from Argentina, the United Kingdom, Germany, Russia, and the United States. The expeditions led by Charles Dillon Perrine of the Argentine National Observatory, Erwin Finlay-Freundlich of the Berlin-Babelsberg Observatory, Germany, and William W. Campbell of the Lick Observatory, California, included in their programs the second attempt to verify the general relativity theory of Albert Einstein. (Perrine had made the first attempt at the 1912 solar eclipse in Brazil. [3] ) However, World War I broke out and Freundlich and his equipment were interned in Russia, unable to carry out the necessary measurements. C. D. Perrine and W. W. Campbell, from neutral countries, Argentina and the United States, were permitted to continue with their plans, but clouds obscured the eclipse. [3] [4] Perrine was able to obtain one photograph of the eclipse but the thin cloud cover was enough to obscure star locations necessary to test Einstein's theory. [5]

Eclipse details

Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse. [6]

August 21, 1914 Solar Eclipse Times
EventTime (UTC)
First Penumbral External Contact1914 August 21 at 10:12:09.6 UTC
First Umbral External Contact1914 August 21 at 11:25:24.7 UTC
First Central Line1914 August 21 at 11:26:20.7 UTC
First Umbral Internal Contact1914 August 21 at 11:27:17.1 UTC
Equatorial Conjunction1914 August 21 at 11:55:06.4 UTC
Ecliptic Conjunction1914 August 21 at 12:26:24.1 UTC
Greatest Eclipse1914 August 21 at 12:34:27.1 UTC
Greatest Duration1914 August 21 at 12:34:52.8 UTC
Last Umbral Internal Contact1914 August 21 at 13:41:59.4 UTC
Last Central Line1914 August 21 at 13:42:58.0 UTC
Last Umbral External Contact1914 August 21 at 13:43:56.1 UTC
Last Penumbral External Contact1914 August 21 at 14:56:55.9 UTC
August 21, 1914 Solar Eclipse Parameters
ParameterValue
Eclipse Magnitude1.03276
Eclipse Obscuration1.06658
Gamma0.76546
Sun Right Ascension09h59m08.5s
Sun Declination+12°18'56.8"
Sun Semi-Diameter15'48.7"
Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax08.7"
Moon Right Ascension10h00m29.2s
Moon Declination+12°59'43.6"
Moon Semi-Diameter16'09.7"
Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax0°59'18.8"
ΔT16.7 s

Eclipse season

This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.

Eclipse season of August–September 1914
August 21
Descending node (new moon)		 September 4
Ascending node (full moon)
SE1914Aug21T.png Lunar eclipse chart close-1914Sep04.png
Total solar eclipse
Solar Saros 124		 Partial lunar eclipse
Lunar Saros 136

Eclipses in 1914

Metonic

Tzolkinex

Half-Saros

Tritos

Solar Saros 124

Inex

Triad

Solar eclipses of 1913–1917

This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit. [7]

The partial solar eclipses on April 6, 1913 and September 30, 1913 occur in the previous lunar year eclipse set, and the solar eclipses on December 24, 1916 (partial), June 19, 1917 (partial), and December 14, 1917 (annular) occur in the next lunar year eclipse set.

Solar eclipse series sets from 1913 to 1917
Descending node Ascending node
SarosMapGammaSarosMapGamma
114 August 31, 1913
SE1913Aug31P.png
Partial		1.4512119 February 25, 1914
SE1914Feb25A.png
Annular		−0.9416
124 August 21, 1914
SE1914Aug21T.png
Total		0.7655129 February 14, 1915
SE1915Feb14A.png
Annular		−0.2024
134 August 10, 1915
SE1915Aug10A.png
Annular		0.0124139
Solar eclipse of February 3, 1916 (cropped).png 		February 3, 1916
SE1916Feb03T.png
Total		0.4987
144 July 30, 1916
SE1916Jul30A.png
Annular		−0.7709149 January 23, 1917
SE1917Jan23P.png
Partial		1.1508
154 July 19, 1917
SE1917Jul19P.png
Partial		−1.5101

Saros 124

This eclipse is a part of Saros series 124, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 73 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on March 6, 1049. It contains total eclipses from June 12, 1211 through September 22, 1968, and a hybrid eclipse on October 3, 1986. There are no annular eclipses in this set. The series ends at member 73 as a partial eclipse on May 11, 2347. Its eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.

The longest duration of totality was produced by member 39 at 5 minutes, 46 seconds on May 3, 1734. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s descending node of orbit. [8]

Series members 43–64 occur between 1801 and 2200:
434445
SE1806Jun16T.png
June 16, 1806 		SE1824Jun26T.png
June 26, 1824 		SE1842Jul08T.png
July 8, 1842
464748
SE1860Jul18T.png
July 18, 1860 		SE1878Jul29T.png
July 29, 1878 		SE1896Aug09T.png
August 9, 1896
495051
SE1914Aug21T.png
August 21, 1914 		SE1932Aug31T.png
August 31, 1932 		SE1950Sep12T.png
September 12, 1950
525354
SE1968Sep22T.png
September 22, 1968 		SE1986Oct03H.png
October 3, 1986 		SE2004Oct14P.png
October 14, 2004
555657
SE2022Oct25P.png
October 25, 2022 		SE2040Nov04P.png
November 4, 2040 		SE2058Nov16P.png
November 16, 2058
585960
SE2076Nov26P.png
November 26, 2076 		SE2094Dec07P.png
December 7, 2094 		Saros124 60van73 SE2112Dec19P.jpg
December 19, 2112
616263
Saros124 61van73 SE2130Dec30P.jpg
December 30, 2130		 Saros124 62van73 SE2149Jan09P.jpg
January 9, 2149		 Saros124 63van73 SE2167Jan21P.jpg
January 21, 2167
64
Saros124 64van73 SE2185Jan31P.jpg
January 31, 2185

Metonic series

The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's descending node.

22 eclipse events between March 27, 1884 and August 20, 1971
March 27–29January 14November 1–2August 20–21June 8
108110112114116
SE1884Mar27P.gif
March 27, 1884		 SE1895Aug20P.gif
August 20, 1895		 SE1899Jun08P.gif
June 8, 1899
118120122124126
SE1903Mar29A.png
March 29, 1903 		SE1907Jan14T.png
January 14, 1907 		SE1910Nov02P.png
November 2, 1910 		SE1914Aug21T.png
August 21, 1914 		SE1918Jun08T.png
June 8, 1918
128130132134136
SE1922Mar28A.png
March 28, 1922 		SE1926Jan14T.png
January 14, 1926 		SE1929Nov01A.png
November 1, 1929 		SE1933Aug21A.png
August 21, 1933 		SE1918Jun08T.png
June 8, 1937
138140142144146
SE1941Mar27A.png
March 27, 1941 		SE1945Jan14A.png
January 14, 1945 		SE1948Nov01T.png
November 1, 1948 		SE1952Aug20A.png
August 20, 1952 		SE1956Jun08T.png
June 8, 1956
148150152154
SE1960Mar27P.png
March 27, 1960 		SE1964Jan14P.png
January 14, 1964 		SE1967Nov02T.png
November 2, 1967 		SE1971Aug20P.png
August 20, 1971

Tritos series

This eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200
SE1805Jun26P.gif
June 26, 1805
(Saros 114)		 SE1816May27A.gif
May 27, 1816
(Saros 115)		 SE1827Apr26A.gif
April 26, 1827
(Saros 116)		 SE1838Mar25T.gif
March 25, 1838
(Saros 117)		 SE1849Feb23A.gif
February 23, 1849
(Saros 118)
SE1860Jan23A.png
January 23, 1860
(Saros 119)		 SE1870Dec22T.png
December 22, 1870
(Saros 120)		 SE1881Nov21A.gif
November 21, 1881
(Saros 121)		 SE1892Oct20P.gif
October 20, 1892
(Saros 122)		 SE1903Sep21T.png
September 21, 1903
(Saros 123)
SE1914Aug21T.png
August 21, 1914
(Saros 124)		 SE1925Jul20A.png
July 20, 1925
(Saros 125)		 SE1936Jun19T.png
June 19, 1936
(Saros 126)		 SE1947May20T.png
May 20, 1947
(Saros 127)		 SE1958Apr19A.png
April 19, 1958
(Saros 128)
SE1969Mar18A.png
March 18, 1969
(Saros 129)		 SE1980Feb16T.png
February 16, 1980
(Saros 130)		 SE1991Jan15A.png
January 15, 1991
(Saros 131)		 SE2001Dec14A.png
December 14, 2001
(Saros 132)		 SE2012Nov13T.png
November 13, 2012
(Saros 133)
SE2023Oct14A.png
October 14, 2023
(Saros 134)		 SE2034Sep12A.png
September 12, 2034
(Saros 135)		 SE2045Aug12T.png
August 12, 2045
(Saros 136)		 SE2056Jul12A.png
July 12, 2056
(Saros 137)		 SE2067Jun11A.png
June 11, 2067
(Saros 138)
SE2078May11T.png
May 11, 2078
(Saros 139)		 SE2089Apr10A.png
April 10, 2089
(Saros 140)		 SE2100Mar10A.png
March 10, 2100
(Saros 141)		 SE2111Feb08T.png
February 8, 2111
(Saros 142)		 SE2122Jan08A.png
January 8, 2122
(Saros 143)
SE2132Dec07A.png
December 7, 2132
(Saros 144)		 SE2143Nov07T.png
November 7, 2143
(Saros 145)		 SE2154Oct07T.png
October 7, 2154
(Saros 146)		 Saros147 31van80 SE2165Sep05A.jpg
September 5, 2165
(Saros 147)		 Saros148 30van75 SE2176Aug04T.jpg
August 4, 2176
(Saros 148)
Saros149 30van71 SE2187Jul06T.jpg
July 6, 2187
(Saros 149)		 Saros150 27van71 SE2198Jun04A.jpg
June 4, 2198
(Saros 150)

Inex series

This eclipse is a part of the long period inex cycle, repeating at alternating nodes, every 358 synodic months (≈ 10,571.95 days, or 29 years minus 20 days). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee). However, groupings of 3 inex cycles (≈ 87 years minus 2 months) comes close (≈ 1,151.02 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200
SE1827Oct20H.gif
October 20, 1827
(Saros 121)		 SE1856Sep29A.gif
September 29, 1856
(Saros 122)		 SE1885Sep08T.png
September 8, 1885
(Saros 123)
SE1914Aug21T.png
August 21, 1914
(Saros 124)		 SE1943Aug01A.png
August 1, 1943
(Saros 125)		 SE1972Jul10T.png
July 10, 1972
(Saros 126)
SE2001Jun21T.png
June 21, 2001
(Saros 127)		 SE2030Jun01A.png
June 1, 2030
(Saros 128)		 SE2059May11T.png
May 11, 2059
(Saros 129)
SE2088Apr21T.png
April 21, 2088
(Saros 130)		 SE2117Apr02A.png
April 2, 2117
(Saros 131)		 SE2146Mar12A.png
March 12, 2146
(Saros 132)
SE2175Feb21T.png
February 21, 2175
(Saros 133)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar eclipse of April 8, 1921</span> 20th-century annular solar eclipse

An annular solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of orbit on Friday, April 8, 1921, with a magnitude of 0.9753. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide. Annularity was visible from northern Scotland, northwestern tip of Norway, and islands in the Arctic Ocean in Russian SFSR.

References

  1. ↑ "August 21, 1914 Total Solar Eclipse". timeanddate. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  2. ↑ "Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England". timeanddate. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  3. 1 2 Perrine, Charles D. (1923). "Contribution to the history of attempts to test the theory of relativity by means of astronomical observations". Astronomische Nachrichten. 219 (17): 281–284. Bibcode:1923AN....219..281P. doi:10.1002/asna.19232191706.
  4. ↑ Campbell, W.W.; Curtis, H.D. (1914). "The Lick Observatory-Crocker Eclipse Expedition to Brovarý, Russia". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 26 (156): 225–237. Bibcode:1914PASP...26..225C. doi:10.1086/122351. S2CID   120712519.
  5. ↑ Minniti, Edgardo; Paolantonio, Santiago (2013). "Attempts to prove Einstein's Theory of Relativity" (PDF). Córdoba Estelar. Translated by Cuestas, A.D.; Scorians, E.E.; Valotta, M.E. Córdoba, Argentina: Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. pp. 402–425.
  6. ↑ "Total Solar Eclipse of 1914 Aug 21". EclipseWise.com. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  7. ↑ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  8. ↑ "NASA - Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 124". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.
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