Solar eclipse of May 28, 1900

Solar eclipse of May 28, 1900
Totality photographed in Wadesboro, North Carolina, by Thomas Smillie for the Smithsonian Solar Eclipse Expedition to capture photographic proof of the solar corona
Map
Type of eclipse
Nature	Total
Gamma	0.3943
Magnitude	1.0249
Maximum eclipse
Duration	130 s (2 min 10 s)
Coordinates	44°48′N46°30′W / 44.8°N 46.5°W / 44.8; -46.5
Max. width of band	92 km (57 mi)
Times (UTC)
Greatest eclipse	14:53:56
References
Saros	126 (41 of 72)
Catalog # (SE5000)	9281

A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of orbit on Monday, May 28, 1900, ^{[1] [2]} with a magnitude of 1.0249. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 3.9 days after perigee (on May 24, 1900, at 17:30 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger. ^[3]

The path of totality was visible from parts of Mexico, the states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia in the United States, Portugal, Spain, Algeria, Tripoli, and Egypt. A partial solar eclipse was also visible for parts of North America, Central America, the Caribbean, northern South America, Europe, West Africa, and North Africa.

Viewing

In 1900 the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, then based in Washington, D.C., loaded several railroad cars with scientific equipment and headed to Wadesboro, North Carolina. Scientists had determined that this small town would be the best location in North America for viewing the total solar eclipse, and the Smithsonian Solar Eclipse Expedition hoped to capture photographic images of the solar corona during the event for further study. ^[4] The team included Thomas Smillie, the mission's photographer. Smillie rigged cameras to seven telescopes and successfully made eight glass-plate negatives, ranging in size from eleven by fourteen inches to thirty by thirty inches. Smillie's work was considered an amazing photographic and scientific achievement. ^[5]

In addition to the team from the Smithsonian:

[s]cientific expeditions were mounted from some of the world’s preeminent astronomy programs including Princeton University, the University of Chicago, . . . and the British Astronomical Association. S. P. Langley and C. A. Young, two of the founders of modern astronomy, were also there.

According to Wadesboro's newspaper, the Anson Independent, the public came out in droves. Extra trains—including a special excursion train from Charlotte—brought out hundreds of people, and by the time the eclipse’s effects were beginning to be seen around 7:30 a.m., the streets were packed, and people were vying for better spots from rooftops and windows..

The same local newspaper described the total eclipse itself as lasting for less than a minute and a half, and recorded that though a large crowd was on hand, it was nearly silent during that entire time. The paper also mentioned that the drop in temperature from the shadow caused by the eclipse was quite significant. ^[4]

The eclipse was filmed by Nevil Maskelyne in North Carolina. ^[6] It was also observed from Mahelma in Algeria by John Evershed. ^[7]

A map from 1900

The stars during total eclipse

Recording of the eclipse

Eclipse details

Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse. ^[8]

May 28, 1900 Solar Eclipse Times

Event	Time (UTC)
First Penumbral External Contact	1900 May 28 at 12:12:21.6 UTC
First Umbral External Contact	1900 May 28 at 13:14:08.2 UTC
First Central Line	1900 May 28 at 13:14:27.0 UTC
First Umbral Internal Contact	1900 May 28 at 13:14:45.8 UTC
First Penumbral Internal Contact	1900 May 28 at 14:29:28.7 UTC
Ecliptic Conjunction	1900 May 28 at 14:49:42.6 UTC
Greatest Duration	1900 May 28 at 14:52:29.6 UTC
Greatest Eclipse	1900 May 28 at 14:53:55.5 UTC
Equatorial Conjunction	1900 May 28 at 14:56:57.5 UTC
Last Penumbral Internal Contact	1900 May 28 at 15:18:16.5 UTC
Last Umbral Internal Contact	1900 May 28 at 16:33:06.4 UTC
Last Central Line	1900 May 28 at 16:33:22.5 UTC
Last Umbral External Contact	1900 May 28 at 16:33:38.7 UTC
Last Penumbral External Contact	1900 May 28 at 17:35:33.8 UTC

May 28, 1900 Solar Eclipse Parameters

Parameter	Value
Eclipse Magnitude	1.02494
Eclipse Obscuration	1.05051
Gamma	0.39427
Sun Right Ascension	04h19m46.8s
Sun Declination	+21°27'14.4"
Sun Semi-Diameter	15'46.6"
Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax	08.7"
Moon Right Ascension	04h19m39.8s
Moon Declination	+21°50'10.6"
Moon Semi-Diameter	15'55.8"
Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax	0°58'27.9"
ΔT	-2.2 s

Eclipse season

See also: Eclipse cycle

This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.

Eclipse season of May–June 1900

May 28 Descending node (new moon)	June 13 Ascending node (full moon)
Total solar eclipse Solar Saros 126	Penumbral lunar eclipse Lunar Saros 138

Related eclipses

Eclipses in 1900

• A total solar eclipse on May 28.
• A penumbral lunar eclipse on June 13.
• An annular solar eclipse on November 22.
• A penumbral lunar eclipse on December 6.

Metonic

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of August 9, 1896
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of March 17, 1904

Tzolkinex

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of April 16, 1893
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of July 10, 1907

Half-Saros

• Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of May 23, 1891
• Followed by: Lunar eclipse of June 4, 1909

Tritos

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of June 28, 1889
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of April 28, 1911

Solar Saros 126

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of May 17, 1882
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of June 8, 1918

Inex

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of June 18, 1871
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of May 9, 1929

Triad

• Preceded by: Solar eclipse of July 27, 1813
• Followed by: Solar eclipse of March 29, 1987

Solar eclipses of 1898–1902

This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit. ^[9]

The solar eclipses on January 22, 1898 (total) and July 18, 1898 (annular) occur in the previous lunar year eclipse set, and the partial solar eclipse on April 8, 1902 occurs in the next lunar year eclipse set.

Solar eclipse series sets from 1898 to 1902
Ascending node				Descending node
Saros	Map	Gamma		Saros	Map	Gamma
111	December 13, 1898 Partial	−1.5252		116	June 8, 1899 Partial	1.2089
121	December 3, 1899 Annular	−0.9061		126 Totality in Wadesboro, North Carolina	May 28, 1900 Total	0.3943
131	November 22, 1900 Annular	−0.2245		136	May 18, 1901 Total	−0.3626
141	November 11, 1901 Annular	0.4758		146	May 7, 1902 Partial	−1.0831
151	October 31, 1902 Partial	1.1556

Saros 126

This eclipse is a part of Saros series 126, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 72 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on March 10, 1179. It contains annular eclipses from June 4, 1323 through April 4, 1810; hybrid eclipses from April 14, 1828 through May 6, 1864; and total eclipses from May 17, 1882 through August 23, 2044. The series ends at member 72 as a partial eclipse on May 3, 2459. Its eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.

The longest duration of annularity was produced by member 11 at 6 minutes, 30 seconds on June 26, 1359, and the longest duration of totality was produced by member 45 at 2 minutes, 36 seconds on July 10, 1972. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s descending node of orbit. ^[10]

Series members 36–57 occur between 1801 and 2200:
36	37	38
April 4, 1810	April 14, 1828	April 25, 1846
39	40	41
May 6, 1864	May 17, 1882	May 28, 1900
42	43	44
June 8, 1918	June 19, 1936	June 30, 1954
45	46	47
July 10, 1972	July 22, 1990	August 1, 2008
48	49	50
August 12, 2026	August 23, 2044	September 3, 2062
51	52	53
September 13, 2080	September 25, 2098	October 6, 2116
54	55	56
October 17, 2134	October 28, 2152	November 8, 2170
57
November 18, 2188

Metonic series

The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's descending node.

22 eclipse events between March 16, 1866 and August 9, 1953
March 16–17	January 1–3	October 20–22	August 9–10	May 27–29
108	110	112	114	116
March 16, 1866			August 9, 1877	May 27, 1881
118	120	122	124	126
March 16, 1885	January 1, 1889	October 20, 1892	August 9, 1896	May 28, 1900
128	130	132	134	136
March 17, 1904	January 3, 1908	October 22, 1911	August 10, 1915	May 29, 1919
138	140	142	144	146
March 17, 1923	January 3, 1927	October 21, 1930	August 10, 1934	May 29, 1938
148	150	152	154
March 16, 1942	January 3, 1946	October 21, 1949	August 9, 1953

Tritos series

This eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200
March 4, 1802 (Saros 117)	February 1, 1813 (Saros 118)	January 1, 1824 (Saros 119)	November 30, 1834 (Saros 120)	October 30, 1845 (Saros 121)
September 29, 1856 (Saros 122)	August 29, 1867 (Saros 123)	July 29, 1878 (Saros 124)	June 28, 1889 (Saros 125)	May 28, 1900 (Saros 126)
April 28, 1911 (Saros 127)	March 28, 1922 (Saros 128)	February 24, 1933 (Saros 129)	January 25, 1944 (Saros 130)	December 25, 1954 (Saros 131)
November 23, 1965 (Saros 132)	October 23, 1976 (Saros 133)	September 23, 1987 (Saros 134)	August 22, 1998 (Saros 135)	July 22, 2009 (Saros 136)
June 21, 2020 (Saros 137)	May 21, 2031 (Saros 138)	April 20, 2042 (Saros 139)	March 20, 2053 (Saros 140)	February 17, 2064 (Saros 141)
January 16, 2075 (Saros 142)	December 16, 2085 (Saros 143)	November 15, 2096 (Saros 144)	October 16, 2107 (Saros 145)	September 15, 2118 (Saros 146)
August 15, 2129 (Saros 147)	July 14, 2140 (Saros 148)	June 14, 2151 (Saros 149)	May 14, 2162 (Saros 150)	April 12, 2173 (Saros 151)
March 12, 2184 (Saros 152)	February 10, 2195 (Saros 153)

Inex series

This eclipse is a part of the long period inex cycle, repeating at alternating nodes, every 358 synodic months (≈ 10,571.95 days, or 29 years minus 20 days). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee). However, groupings of 3 inex cycles (≈ 87 years minus 2 months) comes close (≈ 1,151.02 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200
July 27, 1813 (Saros 123)	July 8, 1842 (Saros 124)	June 18, 1871 (Saros 125)
May 28, 1900 (Saros 126)	May 9, 1929 (Saros 127)	April 19, 1958 (Saros 128)
March 29, 1987 (Saros 129)	March 9, 2016 (Saros 130)	February 16, 2045 (Saros 131)
January 27, 2074 (Saros 132)	January 8, 2103 (Saros 133)	December 19, 2131 (Saros 134)
November 27, 2160 (Saros 135)	November 8, 2189 (Saros 136)

Notes

1. "May 28, 1900 Total Solar Eclipse". timeanddate. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
2. "SOL'S FACE WAS VEILED. Wonderful Eclipse Observed at Many Places". Knoxville Sentinel. Knoxville, Tennessee. 1900-05-28. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-10-27– via Newspapers.com.
3. "Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England". timeanddate. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
4. "Wadesboro Prime for Viewing of 1900 Solar Eclipse". This Day in North Carolina History. N.C. Department of Natural & Cultural Resources. 28 May 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
5. Foresta, Merry. "Smillie and the 1900 Eclipse". Smithsonian Institution Archives.
6. "‘Captivating’ – BFI shares first footage of a solar eclipse from 1900" (retrieved 30 May 2019)
7. J. Evershed (1900-01-01). Solar Eclipse of May 28, 1900. Preliminary Report of the Expedition to the South Limit of Totality to Obtain Photographs of the Flash Spectrum in High Solar Latitudes. The Royal Society.
8. "Total Solar Eclipse of 1900 May 28". EclipseWise.com. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
9. van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
10. "NASA - Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 126". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.

References

• Media related to Solar eclipse of 1900 May 28 at Wikimedia Commons
• NASA graphic
  • Googlemap
  • NASA Besselian elements
• Photos and sketches of the Solar Corona May 28, 1900
• The Total Solar Eclipse, 1900 Report of the expeditions organized by the British Astronomical Association to observe the total solar eclipse of 1900, May 28, A Publication of the British Astronomical Association, Chapter VII: "Elche" (Spain), by Mr. E. W. Johnson
• Total Eclipses of the Sun , By Mabel Loomis Todd, 1894, new and revised edition by David Peck Todd, 1900.
• Lewis E. Jewell et al. "Reports concerning the total solar eclipse of May 28, 1900 and of May 17, 1901”, Publications of the U.S. Naval Observatory 4 (1906) app. 1, 94–97, 121–151, 203–215, 299–307 and pl. LXXII.
• Russia expedition for solar eclipse of May 28, 1900 Archived August 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
• "Print from Glass Plate Negative of eclipse, Wilkes County, Georgia, 1900 May 28". Vanishing Georgia, Georgia Archives. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved 5 April 2018.