Partial lysergamide

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The ergoline ring system numbered and labeled. Ergolin num ABCD.svg
The ergoline ring system numbered and labeled.
The chemical structure of LSD, the most well-known lysergamide. LSD skeletal formula.svg
The chemical structure of LSD, the most well-known lysergamide.

Partial or simplified ergolines and lysergamides are analogues of ergolines and lysergamides like LSD in which one or more atoms or bonds, for instance within the ergoline ring system, have been removed. [1] [2] [3] [4] Additional substitutions may also be added, for instance on the A ring of the ergoline nucleus. [1] [2] [3] It is notable that the ergoline ring system contains embedded tryptamine and phenethylamine moieties within its structure, and so some partial ergolines are simple tryptamines, cyclized tryptamines, simple phenethylamines, and/or cyclized phenethylamines.

Contents

In terms of pharmacology, partial lysergamides include serotonin and dopamine receptor agonists. Some, like NDTDI, DEMPDHPCA, DEIMDHPCA, and LPH-5, are serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists and have psychedelic-like and/or psychoplastogenic effects. Some, like 8-OH-DPAT and LY-178210, are selective serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonists. Others, like rotigotine, nolomirole, and RU-28251, are dopamine D2-like receptor agonists. Partial ergolines have generally shown markedly reduced potency in terms of hallucinogen-like effects compared to LSD. [5]

Examples of partial lysergamides that are simple tryptamines include N-DEAOP-NMT and 5-MeO-N-DEAOP-NMT and examples that are simple phenethylamines include N-DEAOP-NMPEA and 25D-NM-NDEAOP. An example of a cyclized tryptamine-like compound is DEIMDHPCA while examples of cyclized phenethylamines include DEMPDHPCA, DEMPDHPCA-2C-D, and LPH-5. Some, like 8-OH-DPAT and rotigotine, are 2-aminotetralins. Others, like NDTDI and LY-178210, are tricyclic compounds that still contain both tryptamine and phenethylamine components. Tochergamine is a simplified analogue of ergometrine that was clinically investigated as an oxytocic agent but was abandoned.

List of simplified or partial lysergamides

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Shulgin AT (1976). "Psychotomimetic Agents". In Gordon M (ed.). Psychopharmacological Agents: Use, Misuse and Abuse. Medicinal Chemistry: A Series of Monographs. Vol. 4. Academic Press. pp. 59–146. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-290559-9.50011-9. ISBN   978-0-12-290559-9. The largest number of structural analogs of LSD that have been prepared involve the opening of one or more of the rings of the parent lysergic acid system. The compounds with the piperidine ring (ring D) opened [see (I)] are encountered as natural products in the several Convolvulaceae discussed in Section II,B on ololiuqui. The opening of ring C (by cleavage of the 10-11 bond to the indole "4 position") results in a series of N-α-disubstituted tryptamines. Additionally, analogs are known with the indolic nitrogen replaced with sulfur (benzothiophenes) and with an aliphatic chain (tetralins). A recent review covers this chemistry (Campaigne and Knapp, 1971), but there is apparently no human psychopharmacology as yet known.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Nichols DE (May 1973). Potential Psychotomimetics: Bromomethoxyamphetamines and Structural Congeners of Lysergic Acid (Thesis). University of Iowa. p. 23. OCLC   1194694085.
  3. 1 2 3 Campaigne E, Knapp DR (June 1971). "Structural analogs of lysergic acid". J Pharm Sci. 60 (6): 809–814. doi:10.1002/jps.2600600602. PMID   4942861.
  4. ↑ Nichols DE, Oberlender R, McKenna DJ (1991). "Stereochemical Aspects of Hallucinogenesis". In Watson RR (ed.). Biochemistry and Physiology of Substance Abuse. Vol. 3. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. pp. 1–39. ISBN   978-0-8493-4463-3. OCLC   26748320.
  5. ↑ Brimblecombe RW, Pinder RM (1975). "Indolealkylamines and Related Compounds". Hallucinogenic Agents. Bristol: Wright-Scientechnica. pp. 98–144 (128). ISBN   978-0-85608-011-1. OCLC   2176880. OL   4850660M. Various attempts to simplify the LSD structure by breaking it down into molecular fragments have, with the exception of the tryptamines, generally led to profoundly deleterious effects on the hallucinogenic activity (Campaigne and Knapp, 1971).
  6. ↑ Euvrard, Catherine; Ferland, Louise; Fortin, Michel; Oberlander, Claude; Labrie, Fernand; Boissier, Jacques R. (1981). "Dopaminergic activity of some simplified ergoline derivatives". Drug Development Research. 1 (2): 151–161. doi:10.1002/ddr.430010208. ISSN   0272-4391.
  7. ↑ "N,N-dipropyl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[cd]indol-4-amine". PubChem. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  8. 1 2 WO 2021076572, David E. Olson; Lee Dunlap& Florence Wagneret al.,"Ergoline-like compounds for promoting neural plasticity",published 22 April 2021, assigned to Delix Therapeutics, Inc. and The Regents of the University of California
  9. ↑ "4-(Piperidin-3-yl)-1H-indole". PubChem. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Mangner TJ (1978). Potential Psychotomimetic Antagonists. N,n -diethyl-1-methyl-3-aryl-1, 2, 5, 6-tetrahydropyridine-5-carboxamides (Ph.D. thesis). University of Michigan. doi:10.7302/11268. Archived from the original on 30 March 2025. Table 1. Human psychotomimetic potencies of LSD analogs. [...]
  11. ↑ Plieninger, Hans (1953). "Die Synthese von Modellsubstanzen für die Lysergsäure I. Mitteilung". Chemische Berichte. 86 (1): 25–31. doi:10.1002/cber.19530860106. ISSN   0009-2940 . Retrieved 2 June 2025. Die Synthese der 1.6-Dimethyl-5-[4-methoxy-phenyl]-pyridin- carbonsäure-(3), ihres Tetrahydro- und Hexahydro-Derivates, sowie einer Reihe anderer uterusaktivor Amine Wird beschrieben. [...] Da die Verbindungen V und VI auf den Kaninchenuterus in situ auch nur eine verhaltnismäßig schwache Wirkung ausüben, wurde versucht, der LysergsäureeKonstitution näherzukommen. Bekanntlich tritt bei den hydrierten Mutterkornalkaloiden die Uteruswirkung zugunsten der sympaticolytischen Wirkung zurück. In der Annahme, daß die Uteruswirksomkeit auch bei unseren Modellsubstanzen durch die Doppelbindung in 3.4-Stellung gesteigert wird, haben wir die Verbindung XIV und XV nach dem folgenden Formelschema synthetisiert. Vorher hotten wir vergeblich versucht, die Pyridine Verbindung X bzw. ihr Methosulfat partiell zu hydrieren. [...] Die Einwirkung von p-Methoxy-phenyl-magnesiumbromid11) auf einen Überschuß an Ketoester führt zu dem nicht kristallisierenden tert. Alkohol XIV, wobei die größere. Reaktionsfähigkeit der Ketogruppe gegenüber der Estergruppe ausgenützt wird. Durch Wasserabspaltung mittels Thionylchlorids in Pyridin12) erhält man in mäßiger Ausbeute ein schön kristallisiertes Oxalat der Formel XV bzw. XVI. Eine Entscheidung, in welcher Richtung die Wasserabspaltung erfolgt ist, steht vorläufig noch aus. Die Verbindung zeigte sich in ihrer pharmakologischen Wirkung den gesättigten Derivaten V und VI deutlich überlegen.
  12. ↑ "COc1ccc(cc1)C2=CC(CN(C)C2C)C(O)=O". MolView. Retrieved 2 June 2025.
  13. ↑ Horii Z, Kurihara T, Yamamoto S, Ninomiya I (November 1967). "Studies on ergot alkaloids and related compounds. XIV. Synthesis of N-alkyl-4-methyl-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydrobenzo[f]quinoline-2-carboxamides and stereochemistry of diethyl 4-methyl-1-oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b-octahydro-benzo[f]quinoline-2,2-dicarboxylate". Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 15 (11): 1641–1650. doi:10.1248/cpb.15.1641. PMID   5583819. Our previous report1) introduced the synthesis of a potent oxytocic ethyl 4-methyl-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydrobenzo[f]quinoline-2-carboxylate (VII). Recently, Ohta and his coworkers also prepared V] by a convenient method starting from the Mannich product (II). However, they did not deal with the stereochemistry of the compounds involved. In the course of work searching for compounds with potent activity related to lysergic acid, we now wish to describe two routes of preparations of diethyl-, n-butyl- and 2-hydroxyisopropylamide derivatives of VI, which can be regarded as LSD25 analogs lacking only a pyrrole ring, and also discuss the stereochemistry of this series of compounds. [...] Of these amide derivatives, the diethylamide (VIII) was also prepared by an alternative route as follows. [...] Experimental. [...] N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydrobenzo(f)quinoline-2-carboxamide (VIII)—[...]
  14. ↑ "1829 - PiHKAL·info". Isomer Design. 26 February 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
  15. ↑ Norris PE, Blicke FF (December 1952). "Potential ergot substitutes: esters and amides of beta-amino acids". J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc. 41 (12): 637–639. doi:10.1002/jps.3030411204. PMID   13022416. Six esters and amides of derivatives of β-alanine which are related to lysergic acid have been prepared and tested for oxytocic activity. None of these products possess a significant oxytocic activity. [...] The purpose of this investigation was to synthesize amides and also esters of compounds (II–V) which represent fragments of the lysergic acid molecule in the hope that some of these products might possess oxytocic activity. Various modified fragments of the lysergic acid molecule have been synthesized previously; it was claimed that some of the compounds are active oxytocics (1—7). [...] Pharmacologic data indicated that none of the esters or amides of compounds II—V which were prepared possess a significant oxytocic action when compared to the clinically used oxytocics. However, the diethylamide of N-methyl-N-[β′-(3-indolyl)-ethyl]-β-alanine (IIIc) appeared to have an oxytocic activity approximately ten times stronger than that of the diethylamide of N-methyl-N-(β′-phenethyl)-β-alanine (IIc).
  16. ↑ "PiHKAL·info". DOM-NDEPA. 28 February 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
  17. 1 2 3 Schulze-Alexandru, Meike; Kovar, Karl-Artur; Vedani, Angelo (1999). "Quasi-atomistic Receptor Surrogates for the 5-HT2A Receptor: A 3D-QSAR Study on Hallucinogenic Substances" (PDF). Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships. 18 (6): 548–560. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3838(199912)18:6<548::AID-QSAR548>3.0.CO;2-B . ISSN   0931-8771 . Retrieved 1 April 2025. Table 3. New phenylalkylamine and tryptamine congeners. Cf. also Figure 5. [...] Figure 5. Molecular structures of the new 5-HT2A congeneric ligands. Cf. also Table 3. [...] Table 4. Predicted binding affinities of new compounds, index by substance classes. [...]
  18. ↑ "TMA-2-NDEPA". Isomer Design. 28 February 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
  19. ↑ "PiHKAL·info - M-NDEPA". Isomer Design. 28 February 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
  20. ↑ Marini-Bettolo, G. B., Chiavarelli, S., & Bovet, D. (1951). Synthetic Sympatholytic Substances of the Ergotamine Series. I. Nitrogen-Substituted Derivatives of the dl-1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydro-2-Naphthylamine-Containing Amino and Amido Functional Groups. Gazz. Chim. Ital, 80, 281–298. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=2759784031777399013
  21. ↑ "PiHKAL·info". search. 26 February 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
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