Romanian Cyrillic alphabet

Last updated
Romanian Cyrillic
Romanian Cyrillic alphabet chart.svg
Script type
Time period
14th–19th centuries [lower-alpha 1]
Languages Romanian
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
Early Cyrillic alphabet
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.For the distinction between [ ], / / and  , see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is the Cyrillic alphabet that was used to write the Romanian language & Church Slavonic until the 1860s, when it was officially replaced by a Latin-based Romanian alphabet.[ citation needed ] Cyrillic remained in occasional use until the 1920s, mostly in Russian-ruled Bessarabia. [1]

Contents

From the 1830s until the full adoption of the Latin alphabet, the Romanian transitional alphabet was in place, combining Cyrillic and Latin letters, and including some of the Latin letters with diacritics that remain in the modern Romanian alphabet. [2] The Romanian Orthodox Church continued using the alphabet in its publications until 1881. [3]

The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is not the same as the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet (which is based on the modern Russian alphabet) that was used in the Moldavian SSR for most of the Soviet era and that is still used in Transnistria.

Table of correspondence

The Cyrillic script
Slavic letters
А А̀ А̂ А̄ Ӓ Б В Г
Ґ Д Ђ Ѓ Е Ѐ Е̄ Е̂
Ё Є Ж З З́ Ѕ И І
Ї Ѝ И̂ Ӣ Й Ј К
Л Љ М Н Њ О О̀ О̂
Ō Ӧ П Р С С́ Т Ћ
Ќ У У̀ У̂ Ӯ Ў Ӱ Ф
Х Ц Ч Џ Ш Щ Ъ
Ъ̀ Ы Ь Ѣ Э Ю Ю̀ Я
Я̀
Non-Slavic letters
Ӑ А̊ А̃ Ӓ̄ Ӕ Ә Ә́ Ә̃
Ӛ В̌ Ԝ Г̑ Г̇ Г̣ Г̌ Г̂
Г̆ Г̈ г̊ Ҕ Ғ Cyrillic capital letter Ghe with stroke and descender.svg Ӻ Ғ̌
ғ̊ Ӷ Cyrillic capital letter Ghe with hook.svg Д́ Д̌ Д̈ Д̣ Д̆
Ӗ Е̃ Ё̄ Є̈ Ԑ Ԑ̈ Җ Ӝ
Ӂ Ж̣ Ҙ Ӟ З̌ З̣ З̆ Ӡ
И̃ Ӥ Ҋ Қ Ӄ Ҡ Ҟ Ҝ
К̣ к̊ қ̊ Ԛ Л́ Ӆ Ԯ
Ԓ Л̈ Ӎ Н́ Ӊ Ң Ԩ
Ӈ Ҥ О̆ О̃ Ӧ̄ Ө Ө̄ Ө́
Ө̆ Ӫ Ԥ П̈ Р̌ Ҏ Р̌ С̌
Ҫ С̣ С̱ Т́ Т̈ Т̌ Т̇ Т̣
Ҭ Cyrillic capital letter Te Soft-sign.svg У̃ Ӳ У̊ Ӱ̄ Ұ Ү
Ү́ Х̣ Х̱ Х̮ Х̑ Х̌ Ҳ Ӽ
х̊ Ӿ ӿ̊ Һ Һ̈ Ԧ Ц̌ Ц̈
Ҵ Ҷ Ҷ̣ Ӵ Ӌ Cyrillic capital letter Che with hook.svg Ҹ Ч̇
Ч̣ Ҽ Ҿ Ш̣ Ы̆ Ы̄ Ӹ
Ҍ Ҩ Э̆ Э̄ Э̇ Ӭ Ӭ́
Ӭ̄ Ю̆ Ю̈ Ю̄ Я̆ Я̄ Я̈ Ӏ
ʼ ˮ
Archaic or unused letters
Cyrillic capital letter script A.svg А̨ Б̀ Б̣ Б̱ В̀ Г̀ Г̧
Г̄ Г̓ Г̆ Ҕ̀ Ҕ̆ Cyrillic capital letter split by middle ring Ghe.svg Ԁ Д̓
Д̀ Д̨ Cyrillic capital letter archaic Dje.svg Ԃ Е̇ Е̨
Ж̀ Ж̑ Cyrillic small letter Zhe with stroke.svg Cyrillic capital letter Je with inverted belt.svg Cyrillic small letter Dje with high right breve serif.svg Џ̆
Ꚅ̆ З̀ З̑ Ԅ Ԇ
Ԫ Cyrillic capital letter Shha with Cil top.svg Cyrillic capital letter Shha with high right breve serif.svg І̂ І̣ І̨
Cyrillic capital letter byelorussian-ukrainian I with curve at bottom.svg Ј̵ Ј̃ К̓ К̀ К̆ Ӄ̆
К̑ К̇ К̈ К̄ Ԟ К̂ Cyrillic capital letter Ka with loop.svg Cyrillic small letter ka with ascender.svg
Л̀ Ԡ Ԉ Л̑ Л̇ Ԕ Cyrillic small letter El with retroflex hook.svg
Cyrillic small letter El Er.svg Cyrillic small letter Te El with retroflex hook.svg М̀ М̃ Н̀ Н̄ Н̧
Н̃ Ԋ Ԣ Н̡ Ѻ
Cyrillic small letter O with notch at top.svg Cyrillic capital letter O with notch at bottom.svg Cyrillic capital letter O with left notch.svg П̓ П̀
П́ Ҧ П̧ П̑ Ҁ Ԛ̆ Cyrillic capital letter Shha with hook.svg Р́
Р̀ Р̃ Cyrillic small letter split at right Er.svg Ԗ С̀ С̈ Ԍ Ҫ̓
Cyrillic capital letter long Es.svg Т̓ Т̀ Ԏ Т̑ Т̧
Ꚍ̆ Cyrillic small letter Te El.svg Cyrillic small letter voiceless L.svg Cyrillic small letter voiceless L with comma above.svg ОУ Cyrillic capital letter script U.svg У̇
У̨ ꙋ́ Ф̑ Ф̓ Х́ Х̀ Х̆ Х̇
Х̧ Х̾ Х̓ Cyrillic capital letter bashkir Ha.svg һ̱ Ѡ Ѽ
Ѿ Ц̀ Ц́ Ц̓ Cyrillic capital letter Tse with long left leg.svg Ꚏ̆
Cyrillic capital letter Cil.svg Cyrillic capital letter Cil with bar.svg Ч́ Ч̀ Ч̆ Ч̑ Ч̓
Cyrillic capital letter Char.svg Cyrillic small letter Char with high right breve serif.svg Ԭ Ꚇ̆ Ҽ̆ Ш̀
Ш̆ Ш̑ Щ̆ Ꚗ̆ Cyrillic capital letter Che Sha.svg Ъ̄ Ъ̈
Ъ̈̄ Ы̂ Ы̃ Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting stroke.svg Ѣ́ Ѣ̈ Ѣ̆
Э̨ Э̂ Ю̂ Cyrillic capital letter iotified monograph uk.svg Cyrillic capital letter iotified monograph uk with breve.svg
Я̈ Я̂ Я̨ Ԙ Ѥ Ѧ Ѫ
Ѩ Ѭ Ѯ Ѱ Ѳ Ѵ
Ѷ

The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet was close to the contemporary version of the Early Cyrillic alphabet of the Church Slavonic liturgical language.

Letter Numerical
value
Romanian
Latin
equivalent
Transitional
alphabet
Moldovan
Cyrillic
equivalent
PhonemeRomanian
name [4]
Slavonic
equiv.
name
А а 1aA aа/a/azазъ (azŭ)
Б Б bБ Бб/b/bucheбꙋкꙑ (buky)
В в 2vВ вв/v/vedeвѣдѣ (vĕdĕ)
Г г 3gh (before e, i)

g (elsewhere)

G gг/ɡ/glagolглаголи (glagoli)
Д д 4dD dд/d/dobruдобро (dobro)
Є є, Е е [lower-alpha 2] 5eE eе/e/estєстъ (estŭ)
Ж ж jЖ жж/ʒ/juveteживѣтє (živěte)
Ѕ ѕ 6dzḐ ḑдз/d͡z/zaluꙃѣло (dzělo)
З з 7zZ zз/z/zemleзємл҄ꙗ (zemlja)
И и 8iI iи/i/ijeижє (iže)
Й й [lower-alpha 3] iĬ ĭй/j/,/ʲ/
І і [lower-alpha 4] [lower-alpha 5] 10iI iи/i/iи (i)
К к 20ch (before e, i)

c (elsewhere)

К к
or
K k
к/k/kakuкако (kako)
Л л 30lЛ лл/l/liudeлюдиѥ (ljudije)
М м 40mM mм/m/misleteмꙑслитє (myslite)
Н н 50nN nн/n/nașнашь (našĭ)
Ѻ ѻ, О о [lower-alpha 2] 70oO oо/o̯/onонъ (onŭ)
П п 80pП пп/p/pocoiпокои (pokoi)
Р р 100rР рр/r/râțăрьци (rĭci)
С с 200sS sс/s/slovăслово (slovo)
Т т 300tT tт/t/tferduтврьдо (tvrĭdo)
ОУ оу [lower-alpha 2] 400u Ꙋ ꙋ [5] (Ȣ, ȣ, ɣ)у/u/upsilonꙋкъ (ukŭ)
Оу Ȣ, У Ȣ [lower-alpha 2] ucu
Ф ф 500fF fф/f/fârtaфрьтъ (frĭtŭ)
Х х 600hХ хх/h/heruхѣръ (xěrŭ)
Ѡ ѡ [lower-alpha 6] 800oO oо/o/omegaотъ (otŭ)
Щ щ ștЩ щшт/ʃt/șteaща (šta)
Ц ц 900țЦ цц/t͡s/țiци
Ч ч 90c (before e, i)

ci (elsewhere)

Ч чч/t͡ʃ/cervuчрьвь (črĭvĭ)
Ш ш șШ шш/ʃ/șaша (ša)
Ъ ъ ă, ŭ [lower-alpha 7] Ъ ъэ/ə/ierѥръ (jerŭ)
Ы ы, Ꙑ  â, îÎ îы/ɨ/ierîѥрꙑ (jery)
Ь ь ă, ŭ, ĭ [lower-alpha 7] Ꙋ̆ ꙋ̆ьieriѥрь (jerĭ)
Ѣ ѣ eaEa eaя/e̯a/eati(u)ѣть (ětĭ)
Ю ю iuĬꙋ ĭꙋю/ju/io / iuю (ju)
  [lower-alpha 2] iaĬa ĭaя/ja/ia (ja)
Ѥ ѥ [lower-alpha 2] ieĬe ĭeие/je/ѥ (je)
Ѧ ѧ ĭa, ea [lower-alpha 7] Ĭa ĭa, Ea eaя/ja/iaѧсъ (ęsŭ)
Ѫ ѫ îÎ îы/ɨ/iusѫсъ (ǫsŭ)
Ѯ ѯ [lower-alpha 8] 60xKs ksкс/ks/csiѯи (ksi)
Ѱ ѱ [lower-alpha 8] 700psПs пsпс/ps/psiѱи (psi)
Ѳ ѳ [lower-alpha 8] 9th, ftT t, Ft ftт, фт/t/ and approx. /θ/ or /f/thitaфита (fita)
Ѵ ѵ [lower-alpha 8] 400i, uI i; Ꙋ ꙋи, у/i/,/y/,/v/ijițaижица (ižica)
 ꙟ, ↑  în îmÎn în Îm îmын, ым/ɨn/, /ɨm/în
Џ џ g (before e, i)

gi (elsewhere)

Џ џӂ/d͡ʒ/gea

Unregulated transitional alphabets

Starting with the 1830s and ending with the official adoption of the Latin alphabet, there were no regulations for writing Romanian, and various alphabets using Cyrillic and Latin letters, besides the mid-transitional version in the table above, were used, sometimes two or more of them in a single book. The following table shows some of the many alphabets used in print.

Pre-18301833 [6] 1838 [7] 1846 (1) [8] 1846 (2) [9] 1848 [10] 1858 [11] 1860 [12]
А а А аА аА аА аА аA aA a
Б Б Б ББ ББ ББ ББ БB bБ Б
В в В вВ вВ вВ вВ вV vВ в
Г г Г гГ гГ гГ гГ гG gГ г
Д д Д дД дD dД дD dD dD d
Є є, Е e Є єЄ єE eE ɛE eE eE e
Ж ж Ж жЖ жЖ жЖ жЖ жJ jЖ ж
Ѕ ѕ Ѕ ѕДз дзḐ ḑДз дзDz dzDz dzDz dz
З з З зЗ зZ zЗ зZ zZ zZ z
И и И иI iI iІ іI iI iI i
І і Ї їI iI iІ іI iI iI i
К к К кК кK kК кК кK kK k
Л л Л лЛ лЛ лЛ лЛ лL lL l
М м М мМ мM mМ мM mM mM m
Н н Н нН нN nN ɴN nN nN n
Ѻ ѻ, О o О оО оO oО оО оО оO о
П п П пП пП пП пП пП пП п
Р р Р рР рР рР рР рR rР р
С с С сС сS sС сС сS sS s
Т т Т тТ тT tТ тТ тT tT t
Оу оу У у (initial)
Ꙋ ꙋ (mid and final)
Ꙋ ꙋꙊ ꙋꙊ ꙋꙊ ꙋꙊ ꙋꙊ ꙋ
Ꙋ, ȣ
Ф ф Ф фФ фФ фФ фФ фF fФ ф
Х х Х хХ хХ хХ хХ хХ хХ х
Ѡ ѡ Ѡ ѡ [lower-alpha 9] О оO oО оO oО оО о
Щ щ Щ щЩ щЩ щШт штЩ щШt шtШt шt
Ц ц Ц цЦ цЦ цЦ цЦ цЦ цЦ ц
Ч ч Ч чЧ чЧ чЧ чЧ чЧ чЧ ч
Ш ш Ш шШ шШ шШ шШ шШ шШ ш
Ъ ъ Ъ ъЪ ъЪ ъЪ ъЪ ъЪ ъЪ ъ
Ы ы Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)
Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)
Ꙟ ꙟꙞ ꙟ / Î î (transitional form)Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)
Î îÎ î
Ѣ ѣ Ѣ ѣѢ ѣEa eaEа εа (ligature, small letter only)Ea eaEa eaEa ea
Ю ю Ю юIꙊ iꙋ (ligature)IꙊ Iꙋ iꙋ (ligature)IꙊ Iꙋ іꙋ (ligature, small letter only)Iꙋ iꙋIꙊ iꙋ (ligature)Ĭꙋ ĭꙋ
Ꙗ ꙗ Ꙗ ꙗ (initial)
Ѧ ѧ (mid and final)
Ꙗ ꙗꙖ Iа (ligature) ꙗIА Iа ꙗIa iaĬa ĭaĬa ĭa
Ѥ ѥ Йє йєĬe ĭeĬe ĭeĬε ĭεIe ieĬe ĭeĬe ĭe
Ѧ ѧ Ꙗ ꙗ (initial)
Ѧ ѧ (mid and final)
Ꙗ ꙗꙖ Iа (ligature) ꙗIА Iа ꙗIa iaĬa ĭaĬa ĭa
Ѫ ѫ Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)
Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)
Ꙟ ꙟꙞ ꙟ / Î î (transitional form)Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final)
Î îÎ î
Ѯ ѯ Кс ксКс ксKs ksКс ксКс ксKs ksKs ks
Ѱ ѱ [lower-alpha 8] Пс псПс псПs пsПс псПс псПs пsПs пs
Ѳ ѳ [lower-alpha 8] Т тТ тT tѲ ѳТ тT tT t
Ѵ ѵ [lower-alpha 8] И, ꙊI, ꙊI, ꙊІ, ꙊІ, ꙊI, ꙊI, Ꙋ
Ꙟ ꙟ Ꙟн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟмꙞн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟмꙞн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟмꙞɴ ꙟɴ Ꙟм ꙟмꙞn ꙟn Ꙟm ꙟmÎn în Îm îmÎn în Îm îm
Џ џ Џ џЏ џЏ џЏ џЏ џЏ џЏ џ

Example of Romanian Cyrillic text

According to a document from the 1850s, [13] this is how the Romanian Lord's Prayer looked in Cyrillic script. Transcriptional values correspond to the above table.

Тáтъʌь нѡ́сmрꙋTatăl nostru

Та́тъль но́стрꙋ ка́реле є҆́щй ꙟ҆ че́рюрй: сфн҃цѣ́скъсе нꙋ́меле тъ́ꙋ:
Ві́е ꙟ҆пъръці́ѧ та̀: Фі́е во́ѧ та̀, пре кꙋ́мь ꙟ҆ че́рю, шѝ пре пъмѫ́нть.
Пѫ́йнѣ ноа́стръ, чѣ̀ де то́ате зи́леле, дъ́неѡ но́аѡ а҆́стъзй.
Шѝ не ꙗ҆́ртъ но́аѡ даторі́йле ноа́стре,
пре кꙋ́мь шѝ но́й є҆ртъ́мь дато́рничилѡрь но́щрй.
Шѝ нꙋ́ не дꙋ́че пе но́й ꙟ҆ и҆спи́тъ. Чѝ не и҆зБъвѣще де че́ль ръ́ꙋ.
Къ а҆та̀ ꙗ҆́сте ꙟ҆пъръці́ѧ, шѝ Пꙋтѣ́рѣ, шѝ мъри́рѣ ꙟ҆ вѣ́чй, а҆ми́нь.

Tatăl nostru, carele ești în ceriuri, sfințeascăse numele tău:
Vie împărăția ta: Fie voia ta, pre cumi în ceriu, și pre pământi.
Pâinea noastră, cea de toate zilele, dăneo noua astăzi.
Și ne iartă noua datoriile noastre,
pre cumi și noi iertămi datornicilori noștri.
Și nu ne duce pe noi în ispită. Ci ne izbăveaște de celi rău.
Că ata iaste împrăția, și Putearea, și mărirea în veaci, amini.

See also

Notes

  1. Earlist known usage dated back to 1521 Neacșu's letter.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Initial vs. non-initial shapes: Є/Е, Ѻ/О, Оу/Ꙋ, Ꙗ/Ѧ.
  3. Й is hardly a separate letter of the alphabet; the letters І , Ю , Ȣ and Ѡ also accept a brevity sign.
  4. In loanwords of Greek origin (or ones adopted through the Greek language), letters И and І correspond to eta and iota, respectively. In the words of Romanian origin and in Slavic loanwords, their usage follows Bulgarian alphabet, namely, І before vowels, otherwise И.
  5. In earlier documents, Ї was preferred if no any other diacritic accepted.
  6. The distinction of Ѡ and О is present not only in loanwords, but in Romanian words as well.
  7. 1 2 3 Letters ĭ and ŭ represent a barely spoken/heard i or u.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Letters Ѯ , Ѱ , Ѳ and Ѵ are used for copying Greek spelling of loanwords (especially for names and toponyms).
  9. -лѡр only

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Romanian language</span> Eastern Romance language

Romanian is the official and main language of Romania and Moldova. Romanian is part of the Eastern Romance sub-branch of Romance languages, a linguistic group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin which separated from the Western Romance languages in the course of the period from the 5th to the 8th centuries. To distinguish it within the Eastern Romance languages, in comparative linguistics it is called Daco-Romanian as opposed to its closest relatives, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian. It is also spoken as a minority language by stable communities in the countries surrounding Romania, and by the large Romanian diaspora. In total, it is spoken by 25 million people as a first language.

The Azerbaijani alphabet has three versions which includes the Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dotted I (Cyrillic)</span> Cyrillic letter

The dotted i, also called decimal i or soft-dotted i, is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the close front unrounded vowel, like the pronunciation of ⟨i⟩ in English "machine". It is used in the orthographies of Belarusian, Kazakh, Khakas, Komi, Carpathian Rusyn and Ukrainian and quite often, but not always, is the equivalent of the Cyrillic letter i (И и) as used in Russian and other languages. However, the letter І was also used in Russian before the Bolshevik reform of 1918.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Izhitsa</span> Cyrillic letter

Izhitsa is a letter of the early Cyrillic alphabet and several later alphabets, usually the last in the row. It originates from the Greek letter upsilon and was used in words and names derived from or via the Greek language, such as кѵрилъ or флаѵии. It represented the sounds or as normal letters и and в, respectively. The Glagolitic alphabet has a corresponding letter with the name izhitsa as well. Also, izhitsa in its standard form or, most often, in a tailed variant was part of a digraph оѵ/оу representing the sound. The digraph is known as Cyrillic "uk", and today's Cyrillic letter u originates from its simplified form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kazakh alphabets</span> Alphabets used to write the Kazakh language

Three alphabets are used to write Kazakh: the Cyrillic, Latin and Arabic scripts. The Cyrillic script is used in Kazakhstan, Russia, and Mongolia. An October 2017 Presidential Decree in Kazakhstan ordered that the transition from Cyrillic to a Latin script be completed by 2031. The Arabic script is used in Saudi Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan, and parts of China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elena Bacaloglu</span> Romanian journalist, literary critic, novelist and fascist militant (1878 - 1949)

Elena A. Bacaloglu, also known as Bakaloglu, Bacaloglu-Densusianu, Bacaloglu-Densușeanu etc., was a Romanian journalist, literary critic, novelist and fascist militant. Her career in letters produced an introduction to the work of Maurice Maeterlinck (1903), several other critical essays, and two novels. She married and divorced writer Radu D. Rosetti, then Ovid Densusianu, the Symbolist poet and literary theorist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyrillic alphabets</span> Related alphabets based on Cyrillic scripts

Numerous Cyrillic alphabets are based on the Cyrillic script. The early Cyrillic alphabet was developed in the 9th century AD and replaced the earlier Glagolitic script developed by the theologians Cyril and Methodius. It is the basis of alphabets used in various languages, past and present, Slavic origin, and non-Slavic languages influenced by Russian. As of 2011, around 252 million people in Eurasia use it as the official alphabet for their national languages. About half of them are in Russia. Cyrillic is one of the most-used writing systems in the world. The creator is Saint Clement of Ohrid from the Preslav literary school in the First Bulgarian Empire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexis Nour</span> Romanian journalist, activist and essayist (1877–1940)

Alexis Nour was a Bessarabian-born Romanian journalist, activist and essayist, known for his advocacy of Romanian-Bessarabian union and his critique of the Russian Empire, but also for controversial political dealings. Oscillating between socialism and Russian nationalism, he was noted as founder of Viața Basarabiei gazette. Eventually affiliated with Romania's left-wing form of cultural nationalism, or Poporanism, Nour was a long-term correspondent of the Poporanist review Viața Românească. Publicizing his conflict with the Russian authorities, he settled in the Kingdom of Romania, where he openly rallied with the Viața Românească group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George Ranetti</span> Romanian poet, journalist and playwright (1975 - 1928)

George or Gheorghe Ranetti, born George Ranete, was a Romanian poet, journalist and playwright, known as the founder and editor of Furnica magazine. A professional journalist from the late 1890s, he alternated between political dailies and literary reviews, being sympathetic to Romanian nationalism and traditionalism, and working under Ion Luca Caragiale at Moftul Român. By 1904–1906, he was active on the margin of left-wing traditionalism, or Poporanism, showing himself sympathetic to republican or generically anti-elitist ideologies. Such views and influences seeped into his activity at Furnica, which was for decades a prominent institution in Romanian humor.

Aladar Imre, also known as Pavel Corneliu, was a Romanian trade unionist, communist militant and member-elect of the Romanian Parliament, executed in the Soviet Union during the Great Purge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bucura Dumbravă</span> Romanian writer

Bucura Dumbravă, pen name of Ștefania "Fanny" Szekulics, Szekulicz or Seculici, was a Hungarian-born Romanian genre novelist, cultural promoter, hiker and Theosophist. Her literary work, mainly written in German, covers romantic stories about the legendary feats of hajduk heroes. They brought her commercial success in both German-speaking Europe and Romania, and were prefaced by Queen-consort Elisabeth of Wied.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dumitru Karnabatt</span> Romanian poet, art critic and political journalist

Dumitru or Dimitrie Karnabatt was a Romanian poet, art critic and political journalist, one of the minor representatives of Symbolism. He was a disciple of both Alexandru Macedonski and Ștefan Petică, representing the conservative and mystical school of Romanian Symbolism, and a regular contributor to the newspaper Seara. He is also remembered as the husband and, for a while, literary partner of novelist Lucrezzia Karnabatt.

Volkswille, later renamed Arbeiter-Zeitung, was a German language newspaper published from Temesvár/Timișoara between 1893 and 1933. Volkswille was the main organ of the German-speaking labour movement in the Banat region. It was the sole long-lasting German-language socialist newspaper in the region.

Proletarul ('Proletarian') was a socialist newspaper published from Botoșani, Kingdom of Romania. The newspaper began publishing on 1 March (O.S.) (13 March ), 1892. It was the organ of the Workers Club of Botoșani. It was managed by an editorial committee. Amongst the contributors to Proletarul were Dr. Panait Zosin and Henric Sanielevici. It was published twice monthly, the typography was done as Goldșleger & Comp.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Donar Munteanu</span> Romanian poet (1886 - 1972)

Donar Munteanu was a Romanian poet, representing the provincial wing of Romanian Symbolism, Convorbiri Critice circle and, later, the Gândirea literary movement. Generally considered a good, but not great, author, from his thirties and into old age he belonged to the devotional school of Orthodox Church writers, producing mostly sonnets. Professionally, he was active as a magistrate and prison inspector, a career which allowed him to visit the country and to participate in the literary life of Bessarabia. He withdrew from public life following the establishment of Romanian communist regime, and remained largely forgotten.

Constantin Gheorghe Banu was a Romanian writer, journalist and politician, who served as Arts and Religious Affairs Minister in 1922–1923. He is remembered in literary history as the founder of Flacăra review, which he published in two editions, alongside Petre Locusteanu, Ion Pillat, Adrian Maniu, and, later, Vintilă Russu-Șirianu. A best-selling magazine for its time, it functioned as a launching pad for several writers of the Romanian Symbolist movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leon Feraru</span> Romanian and American poet (1887 – 1961)

Leon Feraru was a Romanian and American poet, literary historian and translator. Cultivating proletarian literature while frequenting the Symbolist movement, he displayed both his origins in the Romanian Jewish underclass and his appreciation for the wider Romanian culture. He popularized the latter with his work in America, having left in 1913 to escape antisemitic pressures. A translator, publicist, and public lecturer, he was involved with the Romanian press of New York City, and eventually as a Romance studies academic at Columbia and Long Island. Feraru's poetry, collected in two volumes, mixes Romanian patriotism, traditionalist references, and modern industrial aesthetics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radu D. Rosetti</span> Romanian poet, playwright and attorney (1874–1964)

Radu D. Rosetti or Rossetti was a Romanian poet, playwright, and short story writer, also distinguished as an attorney and activist. The son of playwright-aristocrat Dimitrie Rosetti-Max and nephew of Titu Maiorescu, he had a troubled and rebellious youth, split between Romania and Austria-Hungary; during these debut years, he kept company with senior literary figures such as Ion Luca Caragiale and Alexandru Vlahuță. Graduating from the University of Bucharest at age 26, he was already a successful poet of neoromantic sensibilities, a published translator of plays and novels, and also famous for his unhappy marriage to the literary critic Elena Bacaloglu. Rosetti then switched to writing social-themed plays and stories of his professional life, earning a high profile as a defender of left-wing causes and impoverished clients. He traveled extensively and to exotic locations, publishing a number of volumes detailing his experiences.

Events from the year 1934 in Romania. The year saw the country sign the Balkan Pact.

Modern Romanian is the historical stage of the Romanian language starting from the end of the 18th century until today. In general, it is agreed that the modern era comprises three distinct periods: the premodern period starting from 1780 and lasting until 1830, the modern period from 1830 until 1880, and the contemporary period after 1881. Some researchers place the end of this last category roughly after the Second World War and the "Socialist Period", thus separating the current state of the Romanian language from a different era. Modern Romanian is characterized by the development of the Romanian alphabet and modern system of writing, initial Latin and Italian lexical item entries, followed by the central role of French in the development of the Romanian lexis, the development of literary styles, and standardization of the language.

References

  1. Ileana-Stanca Desa, Dulciu Morărescu, Ioana Patriche, Adriana Raliade, Iliana Sulică, Publicațiile periodice românești (ziare, gazete, reviste). Vol. III: Catalog alfabetic 1919–1924, pp. 235–236, 264, 368, 374, 575, 708, 1024. Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1987
  2. George Baiculescu, Georgeta Răduică, Neonila Onofrei, Publicațiile periodice românești (ziare, gazete, reviste). Vol. II: Catalog alfabetic 1907–1918. Supliment 1790–1906, pp. 763, 801, 810, 813, 832, 867. Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1969
  3. Grigore Chiriță, Societatea din Principatele Unite Române în perioada constituirii statului național (1856-1866), p. 134. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române, 2004, ISBN   978-973-270-984-9
  4. According to Costache Negruzzi, "Cum am învățat românește", first published in Curier de Ambe Sexe , I, nr. 22, p.337–343
  5. Book written in the transitional alphabet showing various letter forms
  6. Грамматикъ практїкъ романо-францозѧскъ [modernised: Grammatică practică romano-franțozească compusă dupre autorii clasici cei mai noi ... - George Vida] . Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  7. Filosofice și politice prin falule învățaturĭ morale - Dimitrie Țichindeal, Dositej Obradović . Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  8. Magazinu istoriku pentru Dacia - Treboniu A. Laurian, Nicolae Bălcescu . Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  9. Noul Testament al Domnuluī shī Mîntuītoruluī nostru Īīsus Khrīstos . Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  10. Biografia lui Viliam G. Shecspri dupe Le Fourneur: Urmată de Romeo cu ... - William Shakespeare . Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  11. Istoria Moldo-Romănieĭ: arătîndŭ neamurile de ċare s'aŭ loċuitŭ aceste ... - George Ioanid . Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  12. Cîntece naționale: Tipărite cu fondul d-lor librarĭ Pusu i Petriu. A treia ... - O. Dumitrescu . Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  13. File:Romanian-kirilitza-tatal-nostru.jpg