List of Cyrillic letters

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This is a list of letters of the Cyrillic script. The definition of a Cyrillic letter for this list is a character encoded in the Unicode standard that a has script property of 'Cyrillic' and the general category of 'Letter'. An overview of the distribution of Cyrillic letters in Unicode is given in Cyrillic script in Unicode.

Contents

Letters contained in the Russian alphabet

Letters contained in the Russian alphabet.

List of Cyrillic letters
Аа Бб Вв Гг Дд Ее Ëë Жж Зз Ии
Йй Кк Лл Мм Нн Оо Пп Рр Сс Тт
Уу Фф Хх Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъъ Ыы Ьь
Ээ Юю Яя Ђђ Јј Љљ Њњ Ћћ Џџ

Letters unused in Russian alphabet

Extensions

Non-Slavic Letters
Ә ә Schwa Kazakh
Superscript Be Bezhta, Hunzib, Godoberi
Ԝ ԝ We Kurdish, Yaghnobi language, Tundra Yukaghir language
Rounded Ve Ancient letters
Ԁ ԁ Komi De Komi (1919—1940)
Long-Legged De Ancient letters
Ђ ђ Dje Montenegrin, Serbian
Ԃ ԃ Komi DjeKomi (1919—1940)
Ꚁ ꚁ DweAbkhaz (1909—1926, replaced by Дә) [1]
Є є Ukrainian YeUkrainian, Khanty
Ԑ ԑ Reversed Ze Enets, Khanty [2]
Ѕ ѕ DzeMacedonian
Ꙅ ꙅ Reversed Dze Old Church Slavonic, [3] Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian as variant of Ѕ
Ꚅꚅ Zhwe Letters for old Abkhazian orthography, Abkhaz
Ꚅ̆ꚅ̆ Zhwe With Breve
Ꙃ ꙃ Dzelo Early Cyrillic alphabet (as variant of, and replaced by Ѕ) [3]
Ӡ ӡ Abkhazian DzeAbkhaz, Uilta
Ꚃ ꚃ DzweAbkhaz (1909—1926, replaced by Ӡә) [1]
Ꙁ ꙁ Zemlya Early Cyrillic alphabet (as variant of, and replaced by З) [3]
Ԅ ԅ Komi ZjeKomi (1919—1940)
Ԇ ԇ Komi DzjeKomi (1919—1940)
І і Dotted IBelarusian, Ukrainian, Russian, Kazakh, Khakas, Komi, Rusyn
Ꙇ ꙇ IotaGlagolitic (Cyrillic transcription) [3]
Ј ј JeSerbian, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Kildin Sami, Azerbaijani (to 1991), Udmurt (to 1897), Orok
Ꙉ ꙉ Djerv Church Slavonic (Replaced by Ћ and Ђ) [3]
Ԉ ԉ Komi LjeKomi (1919—1940)
Ԛ ԛ QaOld Abkhaz, Kurdish [1]
Small capital El Uralic Phonetic Alphabet [4]
Superscript En Bezhta, Hunzib, Godoberi
Ԋ ԋ Komi NjeKomi (1919—1940)
Ө ө Barred O (Oe) Bashkir, Buryat, Kalmyk, Kazakh, Khanty, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Tuvan, Mongolian, Yakut, Azerbaijani (to 1991)
Ꚛ ꚛ Crossed O Old Church Slavonic [5]
Ꙩ ꙩ Monocular OEarly Cyrillic 14th - 15th Centuries [1]
Ꙫ ꙫ Binocular OEarly Cyrillic (Exotic) [1]
Multiocular OEarly Cyrillic (Ex: серафими многоꙮчитїи). [1] Appearance changed in Unicode 15.0. [6]
Ѻ ѻ Broad OnEarly Cyrillic (Variant of regular O)
Ҁ ҁ KoppaOld Church Slavonic, numerical usage only (Replaced by Ч)
Ԍ ԍ Komi SjeKomi (1919—1940)
Ԏ ԏ Komi TjeKomi (1919—1940)
Ᲊ ᲊ TjiKhanty [7]
Ꚍ ꚍ TweAbkhaz (replaced by Тә) [1]
Ћ ћ TsheSerbian
Ү ү Straight U (Ue) Kazakh, Mongolian, Karakalpak, Tatar, Bashkir, Kyrgyz, Dungan
Һ һ Ha/HeKazakh, Bashkir, Siberian Tatar, Sakha, Kalmyk
Ꚕ ꚕ HweAbkhaz (replaced by Ҳә) [1]
Ѡ ѡ OmegaEarly Cyrillic
Ꙍ ꙍ Broad Omega Slavic languages (Historic) [3]
Ꙡ ꙡ Reversed Tse Old Novgorodian birchbark
Ꚏ ꚏ TsweAbkhaz (replaced by Цә) [1]
Ҽ ҽ Abkhazian CheAbkhaz
Џ џ DzheSerbian, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Abkhazian, Romanian Cyrillic
Ꚗ ꚗ ShweAbkhaz (replaced by Шә) [1]
Ꙏ ꙏ Neutral YerLate Medieval Russian transcription (when yers are indistinguishable from each other)
Ѣ ѣ YatEarly Cyrillic, Proto-Slavic, Russian (until 1918), Bulgarian (until 1945), Ukrainian (until 1945), Rusyn (until 1945, recurring in 1991)
Ҩ ҩ Abkhazian HaAbkhaz
Ꙕ ꙕ Reversed YuEarly East Slavic, Early Bulgarian [3]
Ӏ ӏ Palochka Abaza, Adyghe, Avar, Chechen, Dargwa, Ingush, Kabardian, Lak, Lezgian, Tabassaran
Ѧ ѧ Little Yus Common Slavonic nasal vowel, Early Cyrillic
Ꙙ ꙙ Closed Little YusCommon Slavonic nasal vowel, Early Cyrillic, [3] Middle Bulgarian [3] as variant of little yus
Ѫ ѫ Big YusCommon Slavonic nasal vowel, Early Cyrillic
Ꙛ ꙛ Blended YusMiddle Bulgarian [3]
Ѯ ѯ Ksi Early Cyrillic, Church Slavonic, Romanized: Ks or X
Ѱ ѱ PsiEarly Cyrillic
Ѳ ѳ FitaEarly Cyrillic, cf. Greek: Θ θ
Ѵ ѵ IzhitsaUdmurt (to 1897), Abkhaz (to 1926), Russian (until 1918 in a few rare Greek words), Serbian (until the 19th century), Church Slavonic
Ꙟ ꙟ YnRomanian (Cyrillic) [3]
Оу оу UkEarly Cyrillic alphabet

Letters with diacritics

Letters with diacritics.
LetterNameNotes
А̀ а̀ A with grave Bulgarian, Macedonian (not individual letter, used in Dialects)
А̂ а̂A with circumflex Bulgarian, Serbian (not individual letter, used in Dialects), Udege
Ӑ ӑ A with breveChuvash
Ӓ ӓ A with diaerisis Hill Mari, Kildin Sami, Khanty, Serbian (not individual letter, used in Dialects)
А̄ а̄ A with macron Kildin Sami, Khanty, Bulgarian (not individual letter, used in Dialects), Serbian (not individual letter, used in Dialects)
А̃ а̃ A with tilde Khinalug
А̊ а̊ A with ring aboveSelkup
Ӓ̄ ӓ̄ A with diaeresis and macronKildin Sami
Ә́ ә́ Schwa with acuteTatar (not individual letter)
Ӛ ӛ Schwa with diaeresisKhanty
Ә̃ ә̃ Schwa with tildeKhinalug
Б̃ б̃ Be with tilde Simbanese, Wintonese
Б҄ б҄ Be with scribble Church Slavonic
В̌ в̌ Ve with caron Shughni, Wakhi
В҄ в҄ Ve with scribble Church Slavonic
Ґ ґ Ghe with upturnUkrainian, Belarusian (i.e. Belarusian Classical Orthography), (not individual letter, formally), Rusyn
Г̄ г̄ Ghe with macron Karelian (1820s)
Г̌ г̌ Ghe with caronShughni, Wakhi
Г̑ г̑ Ghe with inverted breveAleut
Ғ ғ Ghe with strokeKazakh, Uzbek, Bashkir, Tajik, Azerbaijani (to 1991)
Ӻ ӻ Ghe with stroke and hook Nivkh [2]
Ғ̌ ғ̌ Ghe with stroke and caronShughni
Г̣ г̣ Ghe with dot below Cyrillization of Arabic
Ҕ ҕ Ghe with middle hook Abkhaz, Yakut
Ӷ ӷ Ghe with descender Abkhaz, Aleut
Г̧ г̧ Ghe with cedillaKarelian (1820's), Lezgian, Dargwa, Chechen (Uslar's orthographies)
Г҄ г҄ Ge with scribbleChurch Slavonic
Д̆ д̆ De with breveAleut
Д̣ д̣ De with dot below Cyrillization of Arabic, Wakhi
Ѓ ѓ GjeMacedonian
Ѐ ѐ Ye with grave Macedonian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Church Slavonic
Ӗ ӗ Ye with breveChuvash
Ё̄ ё̄ Yo with macronKhanty
Е̄ е̄ Ye with macronKhanty, Bulgarian, Serbian
Е̃ е̃ Ye with tildeKhinalug
Є̈ є̈ Ukrainian Ye with diaeresisKhanty
Ӂ ӂ Zhe with breveMoldavian
Ӝ ӝ Zhe with diaeresisUdmurt
Җ җ Zhe with descenderDungan, Tatar, Turkmen
З́ з́ ZjeMontenegrin
Ӟ ӟ Ze with diaeresisUdmurt
Ҙ ҙ Ze with descenderBashkir, Wakhi
З̌ з̌ Ze with caron Nganasan, Shughni
З̱ з̠ Ze with macron below Cyrillization of Arabic
З̣ з̣ Ze with dot below Cyrillization of Arabic
Ԑ̈ ԑ̈ Reversed Ze with diaeresisKhanty
Ѝ ѝ I with graveBulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian
Ҋ ҋ Short I with tailKildin Sami
Ӥ ӥ I with diaeresisUdmurt, Russian
Ӣ ӣ I with macronTajik, Bulgarian, Serbian
И̃ и̃ I with tildeKhinalug, Godoberi
Ї ї YiUkrainian, Rusyn, Church Slavonic (almost)
Ї́ ї́ Yi with acuteUkrainian, Rusyn
Ӄ ӄ Ka with hookAleut, Khanty, Abkhaz (formally)
Ҟ ҟ Ka with strokeAbkhaz
Ҝ ҝ Ka with vertical strokeAzerbaijani
К҄ к҄ Ka with scribbleChurch Slavonic
Ԟ ԟ Aleut KaAleut [1]
Қ қ Ka with descenderAbkhaz, Kazakh, Khanty, Wakhi
Ҡ ҡ Bashkir QaBashkir
К̣ к̣ Ka with dot below Cyrillization of Arabic
Ԓ ԓ El with hook Chukchi, Khanty, Itelmen [2]
Ԡ ԡ El with middle hookChuvash (1872) [1]
Ԯ ԯ El with descenderKhanty [1]
Ӆ ӆ El with tailKildin Sami
Ӎ ӎ Em with tailKildin Sami
Ӈ ӈ En with hookAleut, Kildin Sami, Khanty, Nenets
Н҄ н҄ En with scribbleChurch Slavonic
Ԣ ԣ En with middle hookChuvash (1872), [1] Udmurt (to 1897)
Ԩ ԩ En with left hookOrok [8]
Ң ң En with descenderDungan, Kazakh, Tatar, Turkmen, Bashkir, Khakasian, Khanty, Uzbek, Kyrgyz
Ӊ ӊ En with tailKildin Sami
О̀ о̀ O with graveBulgarian, Serbian, Macedonian
О̄ о̄ O with macronCarpatho-Rusyn
Ӧ ӧ O with diaeresisHill Mari, Meadow Mari, Khakas, Khanty, Udmurt, Russian
О̆ о̆ O with breveItelmen, Khanty
О̂ о̂ O with circumflexUdege, Rusyn, Bulgarian
О̃ о̃ O with tildeKhinalug
Ӧ̄ ӧ̄ O with diaeresis and macron
Ө́ ө́ Barred O/Oe with acuteBashkir (not individual letter)
Ӫ ӫ Barred O/Oe with diaeresisKhanty
Ө̄ ө̄ Barred O/Oe with macronNegidal, Orok, Selkup
Ө̆ ө̆ Barred O/Oe with breveKhanty
Ҧ ҧ Pe with middle hookOld orthographies for Abkhaz
Ԥ ԥ Pe with descenderAbkhaz [9]
Р̌ р̌ Er with caronNivkh, Polish (formerly)
Ҏ ҏ Er with tickKildin Sami
Р҄ р҄ Er with scribble Church Slavonic
С́ с́ SjeMontenegrin
Ҫ ҫ Es with descender (The)Bashkir, Chuvash, Nganasan
С̱ с̠ Es with macron belowCyrillization of Arabic
С̣ с̣ Es with dot belowCyrillization of Arabic
Ꚋ ꚋ Te with middle hookAbkhaz (1909—1926), Chuvash (1872) [1]
Т̌ т̌ Te with caronChuvash (1872), Shughni, Wakhi
Ҭ ҭ Te with descenderAbkhaz [9]
Т̣ т̣ Te with dot belowCyrillization of Arabic
Ќ ќ KjeMacedonian
У̀ у̀ U with graveBulgarian (not individual letter, used in Dialects)
У́ у́ U with acuteRussian, Karachay-Balkar (formerly)
Ӳ ӳ U with double acuteChuvash
Ў ў Short UBelarusian, Dungan, Khanty, Uzbek
Ӱ ӱ U with diaeresisHill Mari, Meadow Mari, Khakas, Khanty, Rusyn
Ӯ ӯ U with macronCarpatho-Rusyn (not individual letter), Tajik
У̃ у̃ U with tildeKhinalug
Ӱ́ ӱ́ U with diaeresis and acuteRusyn
Ұ ұ Straight U/Ue with stroke (Kazakh Short U)Kazakh
Ү́ ү́ Straight U/Ue with acuteMongolian (not individual letter)
Х̑ х̑ Kha with inverted breveAleut
Ӽ ӽ Kha with hookAleut, Nivkh, Itelmen, [2] Khanty, Abkhaz (formerly)
Х҄ х҄ Kha with scribbleChurch Slavonic
Ӿ ӿ Kha with strokeNivkh [2]
Ҳ ҳ Kha with descenderAbkhaz, Khanty, Tajik, Uzbek, Wakhi
Х̱ х̠ Kha with macron belowCyrillization of Arabic
Х̣ х̣ Kha with dot belowCyrillization of Arabic
Х̮ х̮ Kha with breve belowCyrillization of Arabic
Ѽ ѽ Omega Slavic languages (Historic) [3]
Ԧ ԧ Shha with descenderAzerbaijani Cyrillic (1939-1991) [10]
Ӵ ӵ Che with diaeresisUdmurt
Ҹ ҹ Che with vertical strokeAzerbaijani
Ҷ ҷ Che with descenderAbkhaz, Khanty, Tajik, Wakhi
Ҷ̣ ҷ̣ Che with descender and dot belowWakhi
Ӌ ӌ Khakassian CheKhakas
Ҿ ҿ Abkhazian Che with descenderAbkhaz
Ш̆ ш̆ Sha with breve Abkhaz language (Old)
Ъ̀ ъ̀ Hard sign with graveBulgarian (not individual letter)
Ꙑ ꙑ Yery with back yerOld Church Slavonic, [3] now Ы
Ы̆ ы̆ Yery with breveMoksha (1923-1938), Mari (old)
Ӹ ӹ Yery with diaeresisHill Mari, Northwestern Mari
Ы̄ ы̄ Yery with macron Aleut (Bering dialect), [11] Evenki, Mansi, Nanai, Negidal, Ulch, Selkup
Ы̂ ы̂ Yery with circumflexUdege (formerly)
Ы̃ ы̃ Yery with tilde Moksha (1890s)
Ҍ ҍ Semisoft SignKildin Sami
Э̄ э̄ E with macron Aleut (Bering dialect), [11] Evenki, Mansi, Nanai, Negidal, Orok, Ulch, Kildin Sami, Selkup, Chechen
Ӭ ӭ E with diaeresisKildin Sami
Э̆ э̆ E with breveTundra Nenets
Ӭ́ ӭ́ E with diaeresis and acuteKildin Sami
Ӭ̄ ӭ̄ E with diaeresis and macronKildin Sami
Э̇ э̇ E with dot above Tundra Nenets
Ю̀ ю̀ Yu with graveBulgarian (not individual letter, used in Dialects)
Ю̆ ю̆ Yu with breveKhanty
Ю̈ ю̈ Yu with diaeresisSelkup, Karelian (formerly)
Ю̈́ ю̈́ Yu with diaeresis and acuteRusyn
Ю̄ ю̄ Yu with macron Aleut (Bering dialect), [11] Evenki, Mansi, Nanai, Negidal, Orok, Ulch, Kildin Sami, Selkup, Chechen
Ю̂ ю̂ Yu with circumflexUdege (formerly)
Я̀ я̀ Ya with graveBulgarian (not individual letter, used in Dialects)
Я̆ я̆ Ya with breveKhanty
Я̈ я̈ Ya with diaeresisSelkup
Я̄ я̄ Ya with macronKildin Sami, Udege (formerly)
Я̂ я̂ Ya with circumflexUdege (formerly)
Ѷ ѷ Izhitsa with kendema(New) Church Slavonic

Ligatures

Ligatures
LetterDecompositionNameNotes
Ӕ ӕ АЕÆOssetian
Ꙣ ꙣ ДГ[ citation needed ]Soft DeOld Church Slavonic [1]
Ԫ ԫ ДЖDzzheKomi
Ꚅ ꚅ ЗЖZhweAbkhazian [1]
Ꚉ ꚉ ДЗDzzeAbkhazian (replaced by Ӡ), [1] Komi
Љ љ ЛЬLjeMacedonian, Montenegrin, Serbian
Ꙥ ꙥ ЛГ[ citation needed ]Soft ElOld Church Slavonic [1]
Ԕ ԕ ЛХLhaEarly orthographies for Mordvin (Erzya and Moksha) [1]
Ꙧ ꙧ МГ[ citation needed ]Soft EmOld Church Slavonic [1]
Ҥ ҥ НГEn Ghe/Soft EnAltay, Meadow Mari, Yakut, Old Church Slavonic
Њ њ НЬNjeMacedonian, Montenegrin, Serbian
Ꚙ ꚙ ООDouble OEarly Cyrillic [5]
Ꙭ ꙭ ꙨꙨDouble Monocular O [1] Early Cyrillic
Ԗ ԗ РХRhaEarly orthographies for Mordvin (Erzya and Moksha) [1]
Ꙋ ꙋ ОУ or ОѴMonograph UkOld Church Slavonic [3]
Ѿ ѿ ѠТOtOld Church Slavonic [1]
Ҵ ҵ ТЦTe TseAbkhasian
Ꚑ ꚑ ТСTsseAbkhasian (to 1926), [1] Avar (1889)
Ԭ ԭ ДЧDcheKomi (formerly)
Ꚓ ꚓ ТЧTcheAbkhasian (1909—1926) [1]
Ꚇ ꚇ ЧЧCcheAbkhasian (to 1926) [1]
Cyrillic capital letter Che Sha.svg Cyrillic small letter Che Sha.svg ЧШChe ShaUdmurt (old)
Ꙓ ꙓ ІѢIotated YatOld Church Slavonic [3]
Ꙗ ꙗ ІАIotated AOld Church Slavonic [3]
Ԙ ԙ ЯЕYaeEarly orthographies for Mordvin (Erzya and Moksha) [1]
Ѥ ѥ ІЄIotated EOld Church Slavonic
Ѩ ѩ ІѦIotated Little YusOld Church Slavonic
Ꙝ ꙝ ІꙘIotated Closed Little YusOld Church Slavonic, Middle Bulgarian [3] as variant of iotated little yus
Ѭ ѭ ІѪIotated Big YusOld Church Slavonic

Position Cyrillic letters in alphabet

Variants of Cyrillic are used by the writing systems of many languages, especially languages used in the countries with the significant presence of Slavic peoples. The tables below list the Cyrillic letters in use in various modern languages and show the primary sounds they represent in them (see the articles on the specific languages for more detail). Letter forms with a combined diacritic which are not considered separate letters in any language (notably vowels with accent marks which are sometimes used in some languages to indicate stress and/or tone) are excluded from the tables, with the exception of ѐ and ѝ [a] . The highlighted letters are those of the basic (original) Cyrillic alphabet; archaic letters no longer in use in any language today are not listed.

For letters not on this list, see Template:Infobox Cyrillic letter.

Usage of letters in various languages
Language families Slavic languages Other Indo-European Uralic Caucasian
Alphabet ru be uk rue sr [b] bg mk mo os tg sjd mhr mrj udm kca yrk ab kbd ce smb
А а /a//ɑ//a//ɑ//a//æ//ɑ///
Ӑ ӑ  
Ӓ ӓ  /ʲ a//æ//ɐ/ 
Ә ә  /ɤ~ʌ//ä/ 
Ӛ ӛ  /ɘ/ 
Ӕ ӕ  /ɐ/ 
Б б /b//β, b//b//b/
В в /v//ʋ~w//v//v/, /ʍ/
Г г /ɡ//ɣ//ɦ//ɡ//ɣ, ɡ//ɡ//ɣ, ɡ//ɡ//ɣ//ɡ//g//h/
Ґ ґ  /ɡ//ɡ/ 
Ғ ғ  /ʁ//x/ 
Ӷ ӷ  /ɣ~ʁ/ 
Ҕ ҕ  /ɣ/ 
Д д /d//ð, d//d/
Ђ ђ  /d͡ʑ/ 
Ѓ ѓ  /ɟ~/ 
Е е /j e, e//e//j e, ʲ e//e//j e, ʲ e//e, ʲ e, j e //j e, ʲ e, e, ɤ//ɛ//e, j a, a j//e, ɛː, j e, i e//e/
Ѐ ѐ  /e/ [a]  
Ё ё /j ɵ/ [c] /j ɔ//j ɔ/ /j o//j ɒ//j o, ʲ o//j o//j o, ʲ o/ /j o/ j o/}}
Ӗ ӗ  
Є є  /j e/ 
Ж ж /ʐ//ʐ//ʐ//ʒ//ʐ//ʒ/

align="center" colspan=2|/ʒ/

Ӂ ӂ  // 
Җ җ  
Ӝ ӝ  /d͡ʒ/ 
З з /z//z~ʒ//z/
З́ з́  // [b]  
Ҙ ҙ  
Ӟ ӟ  /dʲʑ/ 
Ӡ ӡ  /dz/ 
Ѕ ѕ  /dz/ 
И и /i//ɪ//i//i, ʲ i//i//i~ɨ//i//i/
Ѝ ѝ  /i/ [a]  
Ӥ ӥ  /i/ 
Ӣ ӣ  /i ː/ 
І і /i/ 
Ї ї  /j i/ 
Ӏ ӏ  /ʔ//ʢ/
Й й /j//j//j//j//y/
Ҋ ҋ  // 
Ј ј  /j//j/  
К к /k////k//k/
Қ қ  /q/ /k ʰ/ 
Ҟ ҟ  // 
Ҡ ҡ  
Ӄ ӄ  /q/ 
Ҝ ҝ  
Л л /l~ɫ//l//l~ɫ//l//l~ɫ//l//l~ɮ//l//l/
Ӆ ӆ  // 
Љ љ  /ʎ//ʎ/ 
М м /m/
Ӎ ӎ  // 
Н н /n/
Ӊ ӊ  // 
Ӈ ӈ  /ŋ/ /ŋ/ 
Ҥ ҥ  /ŋ/ 
Њ њ  /ɲ//ɲ/ 
О о /o//ɔ//o//ɔ//o//ɔ//o//ɔ//o//o/
Ӧ ӧ  /ø//ʌ//ø/ 
Ө ө  /ŏ/ 
Ӫ ӫ  /ɵ~ɞ/ 
Ҩ ҩ  /ɥ/ 
П п /p////p/
Ԥ ԥ  /p ʰ/ 
Р р /r//r~ɾ//r/
Ҏ ҏ  // 
С с /s//s~ʃ//s/
С́ с́  // [b]  
Ҫ ҫ  
Т т /t////t/
Ҭ ҭ  /t ʰ/ 
Ћ ћ  /t͡ɕ/ 
Ќ ќ  /c~/ 
У у /u/[ u ]; /w//u/{{IPAslink|u
Ў ў /w/ 
Ӳ ӳ  
Ӱ ӱ  /y//y/ 
Ӯ ӯ  /ɵ~ø/ 
Ү ү  
Ұ ұ  
Ф ф /f/
Х х /x//h//χ//x//χ//x/
Ҳ ҳ  /h/ /ħ/ 
Һ һ  /ʰ~h/ 
Ц ц /ts/
Ҵ ҵ  /tsʼ/ 
Ч ч ///ʈʂ//ʈ͡ʂ//ʈ͡ʂ////////// ʰ///
Ӵ ӵ  // 
Ҷ ҷ  // /tʃʼ/ 
Ӌ ӌ  
Ҹ ҹ  
Ҽ ҽ  /ʈʂ/ 
Ҿ ҿ  /ʈ͡ʂʼ/ 
Џ џ  /ɖ͡ʐ/// /ɖʐ/ 
Ш ш /ʂ//ʂ//ʂ//ʃ//ʃ~ʂ//ʃ//ʂ//ʃ/
Щ щ /ɕ ː//ʃ //ʃ t/ /ʂ ʈ͡ʂ/(/ʃ /)/ç//ʃ //ɕ(ː)//ʃ //ɕ ː//ɕ/ 
Ъ ъ [d]   [d] /ɤ~ɐ/  [e] /ʔ/ [d] /ˠ//ʔ/
Ы ы [ ɨ ]/ɨ/ /ɨ/(/i/)/ɨ//ɤ//ɨ~ɯ//ɨ//ə/(/i/)
Ӹ ӹ  /ɯ~ə/ 
Ь ь /ʲ//ʲ//ʲ/(/ʲ/)/ʲ/ [f]
Ҍ ҍ  /ʲ/ 
Э э [ ɛ ]/ɛ/ /ə/(/e/)/e//e, ɛː//e, æ/ /e/
Ӭ ӭ  /ʲ e/ 
Ю ю /j u//j u//j u//j u//ʉ/
Я я /j a//j ɑ//j a//j a//j a//j ɑ//j a//j ɑ/align="center" colspan=1/ɐ//j a/
Alphabet ru be uk rue sr bg mk mo os tg sjd mhr mrj udm kca yrk ab kbd ce smb
Usage of letters in various languages
Language families Turkic languages Tung. Mongolic Chin.
Alphabet az tk kk ky krc ba tt alt kjh sah tyv uz ug cv evn bua mn xal dng
А а /ɑ//a//ɑ//a/, /æ//a//ɑ//a//ɑ//a~æ//ɑ//a//a, ɑ/
Ӑ ӑ /ə/ 
Ӓ ӓ  
Ә ә /æ//æ//æ//æ//ɤ/
Ӛ ӛ  
Ӕ ӕ  
Б б /b//b~p//b//w//b//p/
В в /v//β/(/v/)/v//w//w/, /v/(/v/)/v/(/v/)/v/, /w//w/ (/v/)/ʋ//v/(/w~β/)///w/
Г г /ɡ//ɡ~ʁ//ɡ//ɡ/, /ɣ//ɡ//ɡ/, /ɣ//ɡ//ɡ/, /ɢ//k/
Ґ ґ  
Ѓ ѓ  
Ғ ғ /ɣ//ʁ//ɣ//ɣ//ɣ//ʁ/ 
Ӷ ӷ  
Ҕ ҕ /ɣ~ʁ/ 
Д д /d//d~t//d//t/
Ђ ђ  
Е е /e//i ɘ//j e, e//e//e//e/, /j e/, /j ɤ//e//j e, e/(/e/, /j e/)/e, j e//ɛ/, /j ɛ//e//ɛ//j e//j i~j o//j e//i ɛ/
Ѐ ѐ  
Ё ё /j o/(/j o/)/j o//ø//j o/(/j o/)/j o/(/j o/)(/j ɔ/)(/j o/)/j o//j ɔ//i ɔ/
Ӗ ӗ /ɘ/ 
Ҽ ҽ  
Ҿ ҿ  
Є є  
Ж ж /ʒ/////, /ʒ//ʒ/(/ʒ/)/ʒ////ʒ//ʐ//ʒ////ʐ/
Ӂ ӂ  
Җ җ ///ʑ//////, /
Ӝ ӝ  
З з /z//ð//z/(/z/)/z//ts/
З́ з́  
Ҙ ҙ /ð/ 
Ӟ ӟ  
Ӡ ӡ  
Ѕ ѕ  
И и /i//ɪ//ɪ/, /ɯ//i//i, e i/
Ѝ ѝ  
Ӥ ӥ  
Ӣ ӣ  
І і  /ɘ/ /ɪ/ 
Ї ї  
Ӏ ӏ  
Й й /j//j/, /ȷ̃//j//i//j/
Ҋ ҋ  
Ј ј /j//ɟ/ 
К к /c/ (/k/)/k~q//k//k~q//k//k/, /q//k//k~q//k/(/k/)/k ʰ~x/(/k/)/k ʰ/
Қ қ /q//q/ 
Ҟ ҟ  
Ҡ ҡ /q/ 
Ӄ ӄ  
Ҝ ҝ /ɟ/ 
Л л /l//ɮ//l/
Ӆ ӆ  
Љ љ  
М м /m/
Ӎ ӎ  
Н н /n/
Ӊ ӊ  
Ң ң /ŋ//ŋ//ŋ//ŋ//ŋ//ŋ/
Ӈ ӈ /ŋ/
Ҥ ҥ /ŋ//ŋ/
Њ њ  
О о /o//u ʊ//o//ɔ//o//ɔ/
Ӧ ӧ /ø/ 
Ө ө /ø//y ʉ//ø//ø//ø//ø//ø//o/ 
Ӫ ӫ  
Ҩ ҩ  
П п /p//p~p ʰ//p/(/p/)(/p ʰ/)/p ʰ/
Ԥ ԥ  
Р р /ɾ//r//ɾ//r//ɾ//r//ɾ//r//ɚ, r/
Ҏ ҏ  
С с /s//θ//s/
С́ с́  
Ҫ ҫ /θ//ɕ/ 
Т т /t//t~t ʰ//t//t ʰ/
Ҭ ҭ  
Ћ ћ  
Ќ ќ  
У у /u//w~ʊ ~ ʉ//u//u/, /w//u//ʊ//ɤ u, u/
Ў ў /w//o//u/
Ӳ ӳ /y/ 
Ӱ ӱ /y/ 
Ӯ ӯ  
Ү ү /y//ʉ//y//y//y/, /w//y//ʏ//y//u//y/
Ұ ұ /ʊ/ 
Ф ф /f//ɸ/(/f/)/f//ɸ/(/f/)/f~ɸ/(/f/)/f/(/f/)(/f~p ʰ/)(/f/)/f/
Х х /x~χ//h~x/(/x/)/h//x//χ//x/
Ҳ ҳ /h/ 
Һ һ /h//h//h//h//h//h//h/ 
Ц ц (/t s/)(/t͡s/)(/t s/)/t͡s/(/t s/)/t͡s/(/t s/)(/t͡s/)(/t s/)(/t s/)/t s/(/t s/)/t͡s ʰ/
Ҵ ҵ  
Ч ч //(//)///ɕ/(/t ʃ/)///c///////(/t ʃ/)/ ʰ// ʰ, ʰ/
Ӵ ӵ  
Ҷ ҷ  
Ӌ ӌ // 
Ҹ ҹ // 
Џ џ  
Ш ш /ʃ/(/ʃ/)/ʃ//ʂ//ʃ//ʂ/
Щ щ (/ʃ /)(/ɕ/)/ʃ , ʃ ː/(/ʃ/)/ɕ//ʃ ɕ/(/ʃ t ʃ/)/ɕ ː/(/ɕ ː/)(/ʃ /)(/ɕ ː/, /ɕ /)(/ʃ /)/ɕ/
Ъ ъ [g] /ʲ//ʔ/ [g] /ˤ/[ ʔ ] [g] [d] [g]
Ы ы /ɯ//ə//ɯ//ɨ//ɯ//ɤ//ɯ//ɯ//i//ʉ//i//ɪ, ɨ ə/
Ӹ ӹ  
Ь ь [g] /ʲ//ʔ//ʲ/ [g] /ʲ/ [g] [g] /ʲ/ [g]
Ҍ ҍ  
Э э /e/(/e/)/e//e/, /æ//e//e/, /ʔ/(/e/)/e//ɛ//e//ɛ//e//ɛ/
Ӭ ӭ  
Ю ю /j u//j ʉ w/, /j ʊ w//j u, j y//y//j u//j u/, /j y/(/j u/)/j u/(/j u/)/j u//j u, j ʊ//j ʊ//i ɤ u/
Я я /j a//j ɑ//j a, j ɑ//æ//j a//j a/, /j æ/(/j ɑ/)/j a/(/j a/)(/j ɑ/)(/j a/)/j a//i a, i ɑ/
Alphabet az tk kk ky krc ba tt alt kjh sah tyv uz ug cv bua mn xal evn dng

Summary table

The Cyrillic script
Slavic letters
А А́ А̀ А̂ А̄ Ӓ Б В
Г Ґ Д Ђ Ѓ Е Е́ Ѐ
Е̂ Е̄ Ё Є Ж З З́ Ѕ
И І Ї И́ Ѝ И̂ Ӣ
Й Ӥ Ј К Л Љ М Н
Њ О О́ О̀ О̂ Ō Ӧ П
Р С С́ Т Ћ Ќ У У́
У̀ У̂ Ӯ Ў Ӱ Ф Х Ц
Ч Џ Ш Щ Ъ Ъ̀ Ы
Ы́ Ь Ѣ Э Э́ Ю Ю́ Ю̀
Я Я́ Я̀
Non-Slavic letters
Ӑ А̊ А̃ Ӓ̄ Ӕ Ә Ә́ Ә̃
Ӛ В̌ Ԝ Г̑ Г̇ Г̣ Г̌ Г̂
Г̆ Г̈ г̊ Ҕ Ғ Cyrillic capital letter Ghe with stroke and descender.svg Ӻ Ғ̌
ғ̊ Ӷ Cyrillic capital letter Ghe with hook.svg Д́ Д̌ Д̈ Д̣ Д̆
Ӗ Е̃ Ё̄ Є̈ Ԑ Ԑ̈ Җ Ӝ
Ӂ Ж̣ Ҙ Ӟ З̌ З̣ З̆ Ӡ
И̃ Ҋ Қ Ӄ Ҡ Ҟ Ҝ К̣
к̊ қ̊ Ԛ Л́ Ӆ Ԯ Ԓ
Л̈ Ӎ Н́ Ӊ Ң Ԩ Ӈ
Ҥ О̆ О̃ Ӧ̄ Ө Ө̄ Ө́ Ө̆
Ӫ Ԥ П̈ Р̌ Ҏ С̌ Ҫ С̣
С̱ Т́ Т̈ Т̌ Т̇ Т̣ Ҭ
У̃ Ӳ У̊ Ӱ̄ Ұ Ү Ү́ Х̣
Х̱ Х̮ Х̑ Х̌ Ҳ Ӽ х̊ Ӿ
ӿ̊ Һ Һ̈ Ԧ Ц̌ Ц̈ Ҵ Ҷ
Ҷ̣ Ӵ Ӌ Cyrillic capital letter Che with hook.svg Ҹ Ч̇ Ч̣ Ҽ
Ҿ Ш̣ Ы̆ Ы̄ Ӹ Ҍ
Ҩ Э̆ Э̄ Э̇ Ӭ Ӭ́ Ӭ̄ Ю̆
Ю̈ Ю̄ Я̆ Я̄ Я̈ Ӏ ʼ ˮ
Archaic or unused letters
Cyrillic capital letter script A.svg А̨ Б̀ Б̣ Б̱ В̀ Г̀ Г̧
Г̄ Г̓ Ҕ̀ Ҕ̆ Cyrillic capital letter split by middle ring Ghe.svg Ԁ Д̓ Д̀
Д̨ Cyrillic capital letter archaic Dje.svg Ԃ Е̇ Е̨ Ж̀
Ж̑ Cyrillic small letter Zhe with stroke.svg Cyrillic capital letter Je with inverted belt.svg Cyrillic small letter Dje with high right breve serif.svg Џ̆
Ꚅ̆ З̀ З̑ Ԅ Ԇ Ԫ
Cyrillic capital letter Shha with Cil top.svg Cyrillic capital letter Shha with high right breve serif.svg І̂ І̣ І̨ Cyrillic capital letter byelorussian-ukrainian I with curve at bottom.svg
Ј̵ Ј̃ К̓ К̀ К̆ Ӄ̆ К̑
К̇ К̈ К̄ Ԟ К̂ Cyrillic capital letter Ka with loop.svg Cyrillic small letter ka with ascender.svg Л̀
Ԡ Ԉ Л̑ Л̇ Ԕ Cyrillic small letter El with retroflex hook.svg Cyrillic small letter El Er.svg
Cyrillic small letter Te El with retroflex hook.svg М̀ М̃ Н̀ Н̄ Н̧ Н̃
Ԋ Ԣ Н̡ Ѻ
Cyrillic small letter O with notch at top.svg Cyrillic capital letter O with notch at bottom.svg Cyrillic capital letter O with left notch.svg П̓ П̀ П́
Ҧ П̧ П̑ Ҁ Ԛ̆ Cyrillic capital letter Shha with hook.svg Р́ Р̀
Р̃ Cyrillic small letter split at right Er.svg Ԗ С̀ С̈ Ԍ Ҫ̓ Cyrillic capital letter long Es.svg
Т̓ Т̀ Ԏ Т̑ Т̧ Ꚍ̆
Cyrillic small letter Te El.svg Cyrillic small letter voiceless L.svg Cyrillic small letter voiceless L with comma above.svg Ѹ Cyrillic capital letter script U.svg У̇ У̨
ꙋ́ Ф̑ Ф̓ Х́ Х̀ Х̆ Х̇ Х̧
Х̾ Х̓ Cyrillic capital letter bashkir Ha.svg һ̱ Ѡ Ѽ Ѿ
Ц̀ Ц́ Ц̓ Cyrillic capital letter Tse with long left leg.svg Ꚏ̆ Cyrillic capital letter Cil.svg
Cyrillic capital letter Cil with bar.svg Ч́ Ч̀ Ч̆ Ч̑ Ч̓ Cyrillic capital letter Char.svg
Cyrillic small letter Char with high right breve serif.svg Ԭ Ꚇ̆ Ҽ̆ Ш̀ Ш̆
Ш̑ Щ̆ Ꚗ̆ Cyrillic capital letter Che Sha.svg Ъ̄ Ъ̈ Ъ̈̄
Ы̂ Ы̃ Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting stroke.svg Ѣ́ Ѣ̈ Ѣ̆
Э̨ Э̂ Ю̂ Cyrillic capital letter iotified monograph uk.svg Cyrillic capital letter iotified monograph uk with breve.svg Я̈
Я̂ Я̨ Ԙ Ѥ Ѧ Ѫ
Ѩ Ѭ Ѯ Ѱ Ѳ Ѵ Ѷ
Cyrillic alphabets comparison table
Early scripts
Church SlavonicАБВГДЅЕЖЗ ꙀИІЇЙКЛМНО ѠПРСТОу ꙊФХЦЧШЩЪꙐ ЫѢЬЮѤѦѨѪѬѮѰѲѴҀ
Most common shared letters
CommonА БВГ Д  Е  Ж З И   ЙК Л М Н  О П Р С Т У  ФХ Ц Ч ШЩ   Ь  ЮЯ 
South Slavic languages
BulgarianА БВГ ДДжДзЕ  Ж З И   ЙК Л М Н  О П Р С Т У  ФХ Ц ЧДжШЩЪ  Ь  ЮЯ
MacedonianА БВГ ДЃЅЕ  Ж З И Ј  К ЛЉМ НЊ О П Р С ТЌУ  ФХ Ц ЧЏШ 
SerbianА БВГ ДЂ Е  Ж З И Ј  К ЛЉМ НЊ О П Р С ТЋУ  ФХ Ц ЧЏШ 
MontenegrinА БВГ ДЂ Е  Ж ЗЗ́И Ј  К ЛЉМ НЊ О П Р СС́ТЋУ  ФХ Ц ЧЏШ 
East Slavic languages
RussianА БВГ Д  Е ЁЖ З И   ЙК Л М Н  О П Р С Т У  ФХ Ц Ч ШЩЪЫ ЬЭ ЮЯ
BelarusianА БВГҐД  Е ЁЖ З  І  ЙК Л М Н  О П Р С Т УЎ ФХ Ц Ч Ш Ы ЬЭ ЮЯ
UkrainianА БВГҐД  ЕЄ Ж З ИІ ЇЙК Л М Н  О П Р С Т У  ФХ Ц Ч ШЩ  Ь  ЮЯ
RusynА БВГҐД  ЕЄЁЖ З ИІ ЇЙК Л М Н  О П Р С Т У  ФХ Ц Ч ШЩЪЫ Ь  ЮЯ
Iranian languages
KurdishА БВГГ'Д  ЕӘӘ'Ж З И   ЙКК'Л М Н  ОÖПП'РР'С ТТ'У  ФХҺҺ' ЧЧ'ШЩ   ЬЭ   ԚԜ
OssetianАӔБВГГъДДжДзЕ ЁЖ З И   ЙККъЛ М Н  О ППъР С ТТъУ  ФХХъЦЦъЧЧъШЩЪЫ ЬЭ ЮЯ
TajikА БВГҒД  Е ЁЖ З И Ӣ ЙКҚЛ М Н  О П Р С Т УӮ ФХҲ  ЧҶШ Ъ   Э ЮЯ
Romance languages
MoldovanА БВГ Д  Е  ЖӁЗ И   ЙК Л М Н  О П Р С Т У  ФХ Ц Ч Ш  Ы ЬЭ ЮЯ
Uralic languages
Komi-PermyakА БВГ Д  Е ЁЖ З ИІ  ЙК Л М Н  ОӦП Р С Т У  ФХ Ц Ч ШЩЪЫ ЬЭ ЮЯ
Meadow MariА БВГ Д  Е ЁЖ З И   ЙК Л М НҤ ОӦП Р С Т УӰ ФХ Ц Ч ШЩЪЫ ЬЭ ЮЯ
Hill MariАӒБВГ Д  Е ЁЖ З И   ЙК Л М Н  ОӦП Р С Т УӰ ФХ Ц Ч ШЩЪЫӸЬЭ ЮЯ
Kildin SamiАӒБВГ Д  Е ЁЖ З И ЙҊЈК ЛӅМӍНӉӇО П РҎС Т У  ФХҺЦ Ч ШЩЪЫЬҌЭӬЮЯ
Turkic languages
AzerbaijaniА БВГҒД  ЕӘЁЖ З ИЈ  ЙКҜЛ М Н  ОӨП Р С Т У ҮФХҺЦ ЧҸШЩЪЫ ЬЭ ЮЯ
BashkirАӘБВГҒД ҘЕ ЁЖ З И   ЙКҠЛ М НҤ ОӨП Р СҪТ У ҮФХҺЦ Ч ШЩЪЫ ЬЭӘЮЯ
ChuvashАӐБВГ Д  ЕЁӖЖ З И   ЙК Л М Н  О П Р СҪТ УӲ ФХ Ц Ч ШЩЪЫ ЬЭ ЮЯ
KazakhАӘБВГҒД  Е ЁЖ З ИІ  ЙКҚЛ М НҢ ОӨП Р С Т УҰҮФХҺЦ Ч ШЩЪЫ ЬЭ ЮЯ
KyrgyzА БВГ Д  Е ЁЖ З И   ЙК Л М НҢ ОӨП Р С Т У ҮФХ   Ч Ш  Ы  Э ЮЯ
TatarАӘБВГ Д  Е ЁЖҖЗ И   ЙК Л М НҢ ОӨП Р С Т У ҮФХҺЦ Ч ШЩЪЫ ЬЭ ЮЯ
UzbekА БВГҒД  Е ЁЖ З И   ЙКҚЛ М Н  О П Р С Т УЎ ФХҲ  Ч Ш Ъ   Э ЮЯ
UyghurАӘБВГҒД  Е ЁЖҖЗ И   ЙКҚЛ М НҢ ОӨП Р С Т У ҮФХҺЦ Ч ШЪ  ЮЯ
Mongolian languages
BuryatА БВГ Д  Е ЁЖ З И   Й  Л М Н  ОӨП Р С Т У ҮФХҺЦ Ч Ш  Ы ЬЭ ЮЯ
KhalkhaА БВГ Д  Е ЁЖ З И   ЙК Л М Н  ОӨП Р С Т У ҮФХ Ц Ч ШЩЪЫ ЬЭ ЮЯ
KalmykАӘБВГҺД  Е  ЖҖЗ И   ЙК Л М НҢ ОӨП Р С Т У ҮФХ Ц Ч Ш    ЬЭ ЮЯ
Caucasian languages
AbkhazА БВГҔД ЏЕҼҾЖЖәЗӠ ӠәИ  ЙКҚҞЛ М Н  ОҨПҦР С Т ТәҬ ҬәУ  ФХҲ ҲәЦ ЦәҴ ҴәЧҶШ ШәЩ Ы
Sino-Tibetan languages
DunganА БВГ Д  Е ЁЖҖЗ И   ЙК Л М НҢӘО П Р С Т УЎҮФХ Ц Ч ШЩЪЫ ЬЭ ЮЯ

See also

Notes

Related Research Articles

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The romanization of the Russian language, aside from its primary use for including Russian names and words in text written in a Latin alphabet, is also essential for computer users to input Russian text who either do not have a keyboard or word processor set up for inputting Cyrillic, or else are not capable of typing rapidly using a native Russian keyboard layout (JCUKEN). In the latter case, they would type using a system of transliteration fitted for their keyboard layout, such as for English QWERTY keyboards, and then use an automated tool to convert the text into Cyrillic.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yae (Cyrillic)</span> Non-Cyrillic

Yae or is a letter of the Cyrillic script, a ligature of Я (Ya) and Е (E); я and е.

In typesetting, the hook or tail is a diacritic mark attached to letters in many alphabets. In shape it looks like a hook and it can be attached below as a descender, on top as an ascender and sometimes to the side. The orientation of the hook can change its meaning: when it is below and curls to the left it can be interpreted as a palatal hook, and when it curls to the right is called hook tail or tail and can be interpreted as a retroflex hook. It should not be mistaken with the hook above, a diacritical mark used in Vietnamese, or the rhotic hook, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

The Komi language, a Uralic language spoken in the north-eastern part of European Russia, has been written in several different alphabets. Currently, Komi writing uses letters from the Cyrillic script. There have been five distinct stages in the history of Komi writing:

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Everson, Michael; Birnbaum, David; Cleminson, Ralph; Derzhanski, Ivan; Dorosh, Vladislav; Kryukov, Alexey; Paliga, Sorin; Ruppel, Klaas (2007-01-12). "L2/07-003R: Proposal to encode additional Cyrillic characters in the BMP of the UCS" (PDF). Unicode Consortium.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Priest, Lorna (2005-08-02). "L2/05-080R2: Proposal to Encode Additional Cyrillic Characters (rev 2005/08/18)" (PDF). Unicode Consortium.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Cleminson, Ralph (2006-10-31). "L2/06-359: Proposal for additional Cyrillic characters" (PDF). Unicode Consortium.
  4. Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Unicode Consortium.
  5. 1 2 Shardt, Yuri; Simmons, Nikita; Andreev, Aleksandr (2011-02-25). "L2/10-394R: Proposal to Encode Some Outstanding Early Cyrillic Characters in Unicode" (PDF). Unicode Consortium.
  6. Everson, Michael (2022-01-09). "L2/22-002: Proposal to revise the glyph of CYRILLIC LETTER MULTIOCULAR O" (PDF).
  7. Manulov, Nikita (2022-06-16). "L2/22-119: Proposal to encode Cyrillic letter Khanty Tje" (PDF).
  8. Yevlampiev, Ilya; Pentzlin, Karl (2011-07-06). "L2/11-265: Proposal to encode a missing Cyrillic letter pair for the Orok language" (PDF). Unicode Consortium.
  9. 1 2 Everson, Michael; Priest, Lorna (2008-04-11). "L2/08-144: Proposal to encode two Cyrillic characters for Abkhaz" (PDF). Unicode Consortium.
  10. Priest, Lorna (2008-07-28). "L2/08-182: Proposal to Encode Additional Latin and Cyrillic Characters" (PDF). Unicode Consortium.
  11. 1 2 3 Головко, Е. В. (1994). Словарь алеутско-русский и русско-алеутский (беринговский диалект)[Aleut-Russian and Russian-Aleut Dictionary (Bering dialect)]. p. 14. ISBN   5-09-002312-3.