Niacin receptor 2

Last updated
HCAR3
Identifiers
Aliases HCAR3 , GPR109B, HCA3, HM74, PUMAG, Puma-g, Niacin receptor 2, hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3
External IDs HomoloGene: 130547 GeneCards: HCAR3
Gene location (Human)
Ideogram human chromosome 12.svg
Chr. Chromosome 12 (human) [1]
Human chromosome 12 ideogram.svg
HSR 1996 II 3.5e.svg
Red rectangle 2x18.png
Band 12q24.31Start122,714,756 bp [1]
End122,716,892 bp [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

8843

n/a

Ensembl

ENSG00000255398

n/a

UniProt

P49019

n/a

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_006018

n/a

RefSeq (protein)

NP_006009

n/a

Location (UCSC) Chr 12: 122.71 – 122.72 Mb n/a
PubMed search [2] n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3 (HCA3), also known as niacin receptor 2 (NIACR2) and GPR109B, [3] is a protein which in humans is encoded by the HCAR3 gene. [4] [5]

Protein biological molecule consisting of chains of amino acid residues

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.

Gene Basic physical and functional unit of heredity

In biology, a gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic trait. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes. Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes as well as gene–environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye color or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that constitute life.

Contents

Function

HCA3 is a low affinity receptor for nicotinic acid (niacin) [6] and is a member of the hydroxycarboxylic acid family of G protein-coupled receptors (the other identified member being HCA2).

Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid, is an organic compound and a form of vitamin B3, an essential human nutrient. It has the formula C
6H
5NO
2 and belongs to the group of the pyridinecarboxylic acid.

HCA3 is a Gi/Go-coupled G protein-coupled receptor with low affinity for nicotinic acid. [6]

GNAI1 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i), alpha-1 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNAI1 gene.

GNAO1 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNAO1 gene.

Related Research Articles

Lactic acid group of stereoisomers

Lactic acid is an organic acid. It has a molecular formula CH3CH(OH)CO2H. It is white in solid state and it is extremely soluble in water. Solubility is so high that 1 part of lactic acid can dissolve 12 parts of water. While in liquid state (dissolved state) it is a colorless solution. Production includes both artificial synthesis as well as natural sources. Lactic acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) due to the presence of carboxyl group adjacent to the hydroxyl group. It is used as a synthetic intermediate in many organic synthesis industries and in various biochemical industries. The conjugate base of lactic acid is called lactate.

Butyric acid carboxylic acid

Butyric acid (from Ancient Greek: βούτῡρον, meaning "butter"), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, is a carboxylic acid with the structural formula CH3CH2CH2-COOH. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known as butyrates or butanoates. Butyric acid is found in animal fat and plant oils, bovine milk, breast milk, butter, parmesan cheese, and as a product of anaerobic fermentation (including in the colon and as body odor). Butyric acid has a taste somewhat like butter and an unpleasant odor. Mammals with good scent detection abilities, such as dogs, can detect it at 10 parts per billion, whereas humans can only detect it in concentrations above 10 parts per million. In food manufacturing, it is used as a flavoring agent.

<i>beta</i>-Hydroxybutyric acid group of enantiomers

β-Hydroxybutyric acid, also known as 3-hydroxybutyric acid, is an organic compound and a beta hydroxy acid with the chemical formula CH3CH(OH)CH2CO2H; its conjugate base is β-hydroxybutyrate, also known as 3-hydroxybutyrate. β-Hydroxybutyric acid is a chiral compound with two enantiomers: D-β-hydroxybutyric acid and L-β-hydroxybutyric acid. Its oxidized and polymeric derivatives occur widely in nature. In humans, D-β-hydroxybutyric acid is one of two primary endogenous agonists of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2), a Gi/o-coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR).

Picamilon chemical compound

Picamilon is a drug formed by a synthetic combination of niacin and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It was developed in the Soviet Union in 1969 and further studied in both Russia and Japan as a prodrug of GABA.

Acipimox chemical compound lipid-lowering agent

Acipimox is a niacin derivative used as a lipid-lowering agent. It reduces triglyceride levels and increases HDL cholesterol. It may have less marked adverse effects than niacin, although it is unclear whether the recommended dose is as effective as standard doses of niacin.

GPER protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), also known as G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPER gene. GPER binds to and is activated by the female sex hormone estradiol and is responsible for some of the rapid effects that estradiol has on cells.

GPR35 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

G protein-coupled receptor 35 also known as GPR35 is a G protein-coupled receptor which in humans is encoded by the GPR35 gene. Heightened expression of GPR35 is found in immune and gastrointestinal tissues, including the crypts of Lieberkühn.

GPR31 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

G-protein coupled receptor 31 also known as 12-(S)-HETE receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR31 gene. The human gene is located on chromosome 6q27 and encodes a G-protein coupled receptor protein composed of 319 amino acids.

Free fatty acid receptor 1 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1), also known as GPR40, is a class A G-protein coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the FFAR1 gene. It is strongly expressed in the cells of the pancreas and to a lesser extent in the brain. This membrane protein binds free fatty acids, acting as a nutrient sensor for regulating energy homeostasis.

Free fatty acid receptor 3 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFA3) is a G-protein coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the FFAR3 gene.

GPR65 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Psychosine receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR65 gene. GPR65 is also referred to as TDAG8.

GPR55 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

G protein-coupled receptor 55 also known as GPR55 is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the GPR55 gene.

Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCA1), formerly known as G protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HCAR1 gene. HCA1, like the other hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors HCA2 and HCA3, is a Gi/o-coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The primary endogenous agonist of HCA1 is lactic acid (and its conjugate base, lactate).

Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2), also known as niacin receptor 1 (NIACR1) and GPR109A, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the HCAR2 gene. HCA2, like the other hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors HCA1 and HCA3, is a Gi/o-coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The primary endogenous agonists of HCA2 are D-β-hydroxybutyric acid and butyric acid (and their conjugate bases, β-hydroxybutyrate and butyrate). HCA2 is also a high-affinity biomolecular target for niacin (aka nicotinic acid).

Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 4 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 4, also known as RXFP4, is a human G-protein coupled receptor.

Oxoeicosanoid receptor 1 protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Oxoeicosanoid receptor 1 (OXER1) also known as G-protein coupled receptor 170 (GPR170) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OXER1 gene located on human chromosome 2p21; it is the principle receptor for the 5-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid family of carboxy fatty acid metabolites derived from arachidonic acid. The receptor has also been termed hGPCR48, HGPCR48, and R527 but OXER1 is now its preferred designation. OXER1 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is structurally related to the hydroxy-carboxylic acid (HCA) family of G protein-coupled receptors whose three members are HCA1 (GPR81), HCA2, and HCA3 ; OXER1 has 30.3%, 30.7%, and 30.7% amino acid sequence identity with these GPCRs, respectively. It is also related to the recently defined receptor, GPR31, for the hydroxyl-carboxy fatty acid 12-HETE.

GHB receptor GHB receptor coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

The γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) receptor (GHBR), originally identified as GPR172A, is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that binds the neurotransmitter and psychoactive drug γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). As solute carrier family 52 member 2 (SLC52A2), it is also a transporter for riboflavin.

3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid pair of enantiomers

3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid is a beta-hydroxy acid that is naturally produced in humans, other animals, and plants.

The hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor (abbreviated HCA receptor and HCAR) family includes the following human proteins:

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000255398 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:".
  3. ↑ Offermanns S, Colletti SL, Lovenberg TW, Semple G, Wise A, IJzerman AP (June 2011). "International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXII: Nomenclature and Classification of Hydroxy-carboxylic Acid Receptors (GPR81, GPR109A, and GPR109B)". Pharmacological Reviews. 63 (2): 269–90. doi:10.1124/pr.110.003301. PMID   21454438.
  4. ↑ "Entrez Gene: GPR109B G protein-coupled receptor 109B".
  5. ↑ Nomura H, Nielsen BW, Matsushima K (October 1993). "Molecular cloning of cDNAs encoding a LD78 receptor and putative leukocyte chemotactic peptide receptors". International Immunology. 5 (10): 1239–49. doi:10.1093/intimm/5.10.1239. PMID   7505609.
  6. 1 2 Wise A, Foord SM, Fraser NJ, Barnes AA, Elshourbagy N, Eilert M, Ignar DM, Murdock PR, Steplewski K, Green A, Brown AJ, Dowell SJ, Szekeres PG, Hassall DG, Marshall FH, Wilson S, Pike NB (March 2003). "Molecular identification of high and low affinity receptors for nicotinic acid". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (11): 9869–74. doi:10.1074/jbc.M210695200. PMID   12522134.

Further reading

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