TAS2R46

TAS2R46
Identifiers
Aliases	TAS2R46 , T2R46, T2R54, taste 2 receptor member 46
External IDs	OMIM: 612774; MGI: 2681256; HomoloGene: 135705; GeneCards: TAS2R46; OMA:TAS2R46 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 12 (human) [1] Band 12p13.2 Start 11,061,365 bp [1] End 11,062,294 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 6 (mouse) [2] Band 6 G1|6 64.03 cM Start 132,633,916 bp [2] End 132,634,807 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in testicle corpus callosum Achilles tendon tonsil epithelium of colon muscle of thigh skeletal muscle tissue cell stromal cell of endometrium ventricular zone n/a More reference expression data BioGPS n/a
Gene ontology Molecular function G protein-coupled receptor activity signal transducer activity bitter taste receptor activity Cellular component plasma membrane cell projection cilium membrane ciliary membrane integral component of membrane Biological process detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste signal transduction response to stimulus sensory perception of taste G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 259292 387348 Ensembl ENSG00000278111 ENSG00000262525 ENSG00000226761 ENSMUSG00000059382 UniProt P59540 Q7M721 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_176887 NM_207023 RefSeq (protein) NP_795368 NP_996906 Location (UCSC) Chr 12: 11.06 – 11.06 Mb Chr 6: 132.63 – 132.63 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Taste receptor type 2 member 46 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R46 gene. ^{[5] [6]}

Taste receptors for bitter substances (T2Rs/TAS2Rs) belong to the family of G-protein coupled receptors and are related to class A-like GPCRs. There are 25 known T2Rs in humans responsible for bitter taste perception. ^[7]

Gene

TAS2R46 gene (Taste receptor type 2 member 46) is a protein-coding gene. This gene maps to the taste receptor gene cluster on chromosome 12. ^[8] hTAS2R46 is a bitter receptor broadly tuned to sesquiterpene lactones, related clerodane diterpenoids, labdane diterpenes and more.

Structure

In 2022, the solved structure of Tas2r46 ^[9] was published in the scientific journal Science ^[10] making it the first Tas2r with a solved structure. The structure of Tas2r46 was solved with cryo-EM and can be downloaded in the Protein Data Bank, under the following names:

7xp6- Cryo-EM structure of a class T GPCR in active state,7xp5- Cryo-EM structure of a class T GPCR in ligand-free state,7xp4- Cryo-EM structure of a class T GPCR in apo state.

There is also a prediction structure available in Alphafold, named Taste receptor type 2 member 46 this is a computational prediction and not an experimental structure.

Tissue distribution

TAS2R46 was shown to be expressed in other tissues in the human body apart from the oral cavity including human bone marrow stromal-derived cells (MSC) and their relatives, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). ^[11]

Ligands

Up to now, 68 ligands were identified for T2R46 and are summarized in ^[9]

Some of TAS2R46 ligands are approved as drugs; ^[8] two of the more known ligands of TAS2R46 are atropine and strychnine.

Strychnine is known as a strong poison that suppresses the nerve system. Strychnine even makes an appearance in the famous Agatha Christie novel The Mysterious Affair at Styles .

Atropine injection is used to treat heart rate disorders of various types, and is used in drops to treat lazy eye condition.

Clinical significance

TAS2R46 was associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease ^[12]

SNPs

Obtained from ^[9]

Receptor	Location	BW number	Residue	MAF	dbSNP
TAS2R46	IC3		L228M	0.3359	rs2708380

Known mutations

Known mutations of TAS2R46 include the following: ^[9]

Receptor	Location	BW number	Residue	References
TAS2R46	TM2	2.6	N65	[13] [14]
TAS2R46	TM2	2.61	W66	[13] [14] [15]
TAS2R46	TM2	2.64	T69	[13] [14]
TAS2R46	TM2	2.65	E70	[13] [15] [14] [16]
TAS2R46	EC1	2.66	L71	[16] [17]
TAS2R46	TM3	3.26	I82	[13] [14] [16]
TAS2R46	TM3	3.29	Y85	[13] [14]
TAS2R46	TM3	3.3	N86	[13] [14]
TAS2R46	TM3	3.32	W88	[13] [14]
TAS2R46	TM3	3.33	A89	[13] [15] [14]
TAS2R46	TM3	3.36	N92	[13] [15] [14] [18] [16] [17]
TAS2R46	TM3	3.37	H93	[13] [15] [14]
TAS2R46	TM3	3.4	N96	[13] [15] [14]
TAS2R46	TM4	4.6	I147	[13] [14]
TAS2R46	EC2	4.65	N150	[16]
TAS2R46	EC2	4.76	N161	[16]
TAS2R46	TM5	5.38	S175	[13]
TAS2R46	TM5	5.39	N176	[13] [15] [14] [16] [17]
TAS2R46	TM5	5.43	T180	[13] [14]
TAS2R46	TM5	5.47	N184	[13] [14]
TAS2R46	TM6	6.51	Y241	[13] [14] [16] [17]
TAS2R46	TM6	6.52	F242	[13] [14] [18]
TAS2R46	TM6	6.54	S244	[13] [14]
TAS2R46	TM6	6.55	I245	[13] [14]
TAS2R46	TM6	6.58	S248	[13] [14]
TAS2R46	TM6	6.59	V249	[13] [14]
TAS2R46	EC3	6.62	E253	[16]
TAS2R46	TM7	7.35	E261	[13] [14] [16]
TAS2R46	TM7	7.39	E265	[13] [15] [14] [16]
TAS2R46	TM7	7.42	A268	[13] [15] [14] [16]
TAS2R46	TM7	7.43	F269	[13] [15] [16]

References

1. ENSG00000262525, ENSG00000226761 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000278111, ENSG00000262525, ENSG00000226761 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000059382 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Bufe B, Hofmann T, Krautwurst D, Raguse JD, Meyerhof W (November 2002). "The human TAS2R16 receptor mediates bitter taste in response to beta-glucopyranosides". Nature Genetics. 32 (3): 397–401. doi:10.1038/ng1014. PMID   12379855. S2CID   20426192.
6. "Entrez Gene: TAS2R46 taste receptor, type 2, member 46".
7. Meyerhof W, Batram C, Kuhn C, Brockhoff A, Chudoba E, Bufe B, et al. (February 2010). "The molecular receptive ranges of human TAS2R bitter taste receptors". Chemical Senses. 35 (2): 157–170. doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjp092 . PMID   20022913.
8. "TAS2R46". GeneCards.
9. "hTAS2R46 - Taste receptor type 2 member 46". BitterDB. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
10. Xu W, Wu L, Liu S, Liu X, Cao X, Zhou C, et al. (September 2022). "Structural basis for strychnine activation of human bitter taste receptor TAS2R46". Science. 377 (6612): 1298–1304. Bibcode:2022Sci...377.1298X. doi:10.1126/science.abo1633. PMID   36108005. S2CID   252310278. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1126/science.adf8367, PMID   36413140,  Retraction Watch . If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace {{ expression of concern |...}} with {{ expression of concern |...|intentional=yes}}.)
11. Lund TC, Kobs AJ, Kramer A, Nyquist M, Kuroki MT, Osborn J, et al. (2013). "Bone marrow stromal and vascular smooth muscle cells have chemosensory capacity via bitter taste receptor expression". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e58945. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...858945L. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058945 . PMC   3592821 . PMID   23520545.
12. "Inflammatory Bowel Disease 11 (IBD11)". MalaCards-Human disease database. Weizmann Institute of Science.
13. Sandal M, Behrens M, Brockhoff A, Musiani F, Giorgetti A, Carloni P, Meyerhof W (September 2015). "Evidence for a Transient Additional Ligand Binding Site in the TAS2R46 Bitter Taste Receptor". Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 11 (9): 4439–4449. doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00472. PMID   26575934.
14. Di Pizio A, Levit A, Slutzki M, Behrens M, Karaman R, Niv MY (2016). "Comparing Class a GPCRS to bitter taste receptors". G Protein-Coupled Receptors - Signaling, Trafficking and Regulation. Methods in Cell Biology. Vol. 132. pp. 401–427. doi:10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.10.005. ISBN   978-0-12-803595-5. PMID   26928553.
15. Brockhoff A, Behrens M, Niv MY, Meyerhof W (June 2010). "Structural requirements of bitter taste receptor activation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (24): 11110–11115. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10711110B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0913862107 . PMC   2890741 . PMID   20534469.
16. Fierro F, Suku E, Alfonso-Prieto M, Giorgetti A, Cichon S, Carloni P (2017). "Agonist Binding to Chemosensory Receptors: A Systematic Bioinformatics Analysis". Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 4: 63. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00063 . PMC   5592726 . PMID   28932739.
17. Suku E, Fierro F, Giorgetti A, Alfonso-Prieto M, Carloni P (March 2017). "Multi-scale simulations of membrane proteins: the case of bitter taste receptors". Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices. 2 (1): 15–21. doi: 10.1016/j.jsamd.2017.03.001 . S2CID   56035188.
18. Marchiori A, Capece L, Giorgetti A, Gasparini P, Behrens M, Carloni P, Meyerhof W (2013). "Coarse-grained/molecular mechanics of the TAS2R38 bitter taste receptor: experimentally-validated detailed structural prediction of agonist binding". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e64675. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...864675M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064675 . PMC   3669430 . PMID   23741366.

Further reading

• Margolskee RF (January 2002). "Molecular mechanisms of bitter and sweet taste transduction". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (1): 1–4. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R100054200 . PMID   11696554.
• Montmayeur JP, Matsunami H (August 2002). "Receptors for bitter and sweet taste". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 12 (4): 366–371. doi:10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00345-8. PMID   12139982. S2CID   37807140.
• Zhang Y, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J, Mueller KL, Cook B, Wu D, et al. (February 2003). "Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways". Cell. 112 (3): 293–301. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00071-0 . PMID   12581520. S2CID   718601.
• Conte C, Ebeling M, Marcuz A, Nef P, Andres-Barquin PJ (2003). "Identification and characterization of human taste receptor genes belonging to the TAS2R family". Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 98 (1): 45–53. doi:10.1159/000068546. PMID   12584440. S2CID   1542970.
• Fischer A, Gilad Y, Man O, Pääbo S (March 2005). "Evolution of bitter taste receptors in humans and apes". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (3): 432–436. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msi027 . PMID   15496549.
• Go Y, Satta Y, Takenaka O, Takahata N (May 2005). "Lineage-specific loss of function of bitter taste receptor genes in humans and nonhuman primates". Genetics. 170 (1): 313–326. doi:10.1534/genetics.104.037523. PMC   1449719 . PMID   15744053.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.