TAS1R3

TAS1R3
Identifiers
Aliases	TAS1R3 , T1R3, taste 1 receptor member 3
External IDs	OMIM: 605865 MGI: 1933547 HomoloGene: 12890 GeneCards: TAS1R3
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 1 (human) [1] Band 1p36.33 Start 1,331,280 bp [1] End 1,335,314 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 4 (mouse) [2] Band 4 E2|4 87.65 cM Start 155,943,725 bp [2] End 155,947,819 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in bone marrow cells spleen thymus duodenum lymph node ganglionic eminence sural nerve gastrocnemius muscle skeletal muscle tissue left ventricle Top expressed in ascending aorta aortic valve morula tongue supraoptic nucleus ganglionic eminence esophagus jejunum lip islet of Langerhans More reference expression data BioGPS n/a
Gene ontology Molecular function G protein-coupled receptor activity signal transducer activity taste receptor activity protein heterodimerization activity sweet taste receptor activity signaling receptor activity Cellular component integral component of membrane plasma membrane sweet taste receptor complex membrane integral component of plasma membrane Biological process sensory perception of taste sensory perception of sweet taste sensory perception of umami taste detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sweet taste signal transduction response to stimulus G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 83756 83771 Ensembl ENSG00000169962 ENSMUSG00000029072 UniProt Q7RTX0 Q925D8 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_152228 NM_031872 RefSeq (protein) NP_689414 NP_114078 Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 1.33 – 1.34 Mb Chr 4: 155.94 – 155.95 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Taste receptor type 1 member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS1R3 gene. ^{[5] [6]} The TAS1R3 gene encodes the human homolog of mouse Sac taste receptor, a major determinant of differences between sweet-sensitive and -insensitive mouse strains in their responsiveness to sucrose, saccharin, and other sweeteners. ^{[6] [7]}

Structure

The protein encoded by the TAS1R3 gene is a G protein-coupled receptor with seven trans-membrane domains and is a component of the heterodimeric amino acid taste receptor TAS1R1+3 and sweet taste receptor TAS1R2+3. This receptor is formed as a protein dimer with either TAS1R1 or TAS1R2. ^[8] Experiments have also shown that a homo-dimer of TAS1R3 is also sensitive to natural sugar substances. This has been hypothesized as the mechanism by which sugar substitutes do not have the same taste qualities as natural sugars. ^[9]

Ligands

The G protein-coupled receptors for sweet and umami taste are formed by dimers of the TAS1R proteins. The TAS1R1+3 taste receptor is sensitive to the glutamate in monosodium glutamate (MSG) as well as the synergistic taste-enhancer molecules inosine monophosphate (IMP) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP). These taste-enhancer molecules are unable to activate the receptor alone, but are rather used to enhance receptor responses many to L-amino acids. ^[10] The TAS1R2+3 receptor has been shown to respond to natural sugars sucrose and fructose, and artificial sweeteners saccharin, acesulfame potassium, dulcin, guanidinoacetic acid. ^[8]

Signal transduction

TAS1R2 and TAS1R1 receptors have been shown to bind to G proteins, most often the gustducin Gα subunit, although a gustducin knock-out has shown small residual activity. TAS1R2 and TAS1R1 have also been shown to activate Gαo and Gαi protein subunits. ^[11] This suggests that TAS1R1 and TAS1R2 are G protein-coupled receptors that inhibit adenylyl cyclases to decrease cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels in taste receptors. ^[12] The TAS1R3 protein, however, has been shown in vitro to couple with Gα subunits at a much lower rate than the other TAS1R proteins. While the protein structures of the TAS1R proteins are similar, this experiment shows that the G protein-coupling properties of TAS1R3 may be less important in the transduction of taste signals than the TAS1R1 and TAS1R2 proteins. ^[11]

Location and innervation

TAS1R1+3 expressing cells are found in fungiform papillae at the tip and edges of the tongue and palate taste receptor cells in the roof of the mouth. ^[8] These cells are shown to synapse upon the chorda tympani nerves to send their signals to the brain. ^[10] TAS1R2+3 expressing cells are found in circumvallate papillae and foliate papillae near the back of the tongue and palate taste receptor cells in the roof of the mouth. ^[8] These cells are shown to synapse upon the glossopharyngeal nerves to send their signals to the brain. ^{[13] [14]} TAS1R and TAS2R (bitter) channels are not expressed together in any taste buds. ^[8]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000169962 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000029072 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Montmayeur JP, Liberles SD, Matsunami H, Buck LB (Apr 2001). "A candidate taste receptor gene near a sweet taste locus". Nat Neurosci. 4 (5): 492–8. doi:10.1038/87440. PMID   11319557. S2CID   21010650.
6. "Entrez Gene: TAS1R3 taste receptor, type 1, member 3".
7. Bachmanov, Alexander A.; Li, Xia; Reed, Danielle R.; Ohmen, Jeffery D.; Li, Shanru; Chen, Zhenyu; Tordoff, Michael G.; de Jong, Pieter J.; Wu, Chenyan (2001). "Positional cloning of the mouse saccharin preference (Sac) locus". Chemical Senses. 26 (7): 925–933. doi:10.1093/chemse/26.7.925. ISSN   0379-864X. PMC   3644801 . PMID   11555487.
8. Nelson G, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J, Zhang Y, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS (2001). "Mammalian sweet taste receptors". Cell. 106 (3): 381–390. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00451-2 . PMID   11509186. S2CID   11886074.
9. Zhao GQ, Zhang Y, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J, Erlenbach I, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS (2003). "The receptors for mammalian sweet and umami taste". Cell. 115 (3): 255–266. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00844-4 . PMID   14636554. S2CID   11773362.
10. Nelson G, Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, Feng L, Zhao G, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS (2002). "An amino-acid taste receptor". Nature. 416 (6877): 199–202. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..199N. doi:10.1038/nature726. PMID   11894099. S2CID   1730089.
11. Sainz E, Cavenagh MM, LopezJimenez ND, Gutierrez JC, Battey JF, Northup JK, Sullivan SL (2007). "The G-protein coupling properties of the human sweet and amino acid taste receptors". Developmental Neurobiology. 67 (7): 948–959. doi:10.1002/dneu.20403. PMID   17506496. S2CID   29736077.
12. Abaffy T, Trubey KR, Chaudhari N (2003). "Adenylyl cyclase expression and modulation of cAMP in rat taste cells". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 284 (6): C1420–C1428. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00556.2002. PMID   12606315. S2CID   2704640.
13. Beamis JF, Shapshay SM, Setzer S, Dumon JF (1989). "Teaching models for Nd:YAG laser bronchoscopy". Chest. 95 (6): 1316–1318. doi: 10.1378/chest.95.6.1316 . PMID   2721271.
14. Danilova V, Hellekant G (2003). "Comparison of the responses of the chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves to taste stimuli in C57BL/6J mice". BMC Neuroscience. 4: 5–6. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-4-5. PMC   153500 . PMID   12617752.

Further reading

• Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS (2007). "The receptors and cells for mammalian taste". Nature. 444 (7117): 288–94. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..288C. doi:10.1038/nature05401. PMID   17108952. S2CID   4431221.
• Max M, Shanker YG, Huang L, Rong M, Liu Z, Campagne F, Weinstein H, Damak S, Margolskee RF (2001). "Tas1r3, encoding a new candidate taste receptor, is allelic to the sweet responsiveness locus Sac". Nat. Genet. 28 (1): 58–63. doi:10.1038/88270. PMID   11326277.
• Nelson G, Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, Feng L, Zhao G, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS (2002). "An amino-acid taste receptor". Nature. 416 (6877): 199–202. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..199N. doi:10.1038/nature726. PMID   11894099. S2CID   1730089.
• Li X, Staszewski L, Xu H, Durick K, Zoller M, Adler E (2002). "Human receptors for sweet and umami taste". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (7): 4692–6. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.4692L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.072090199 . PMC   123709 . PMID   11917125.
• Spadaccini R, Trabucco F, Saviano G, Picone D, Crescenzi O, Tancredi T, Temussi PA (2003). "The mechanism of interaction of sweet proteins with the T1R2-T1R3 receptor: evidence from the solution structure of G16A-MNEI". J. Mol. Biol. 328 (3): 683–92. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00346-2. PMID   12706725.
• Ariyasu T, Matsumoto S, Kyono F, Hanaya T, Arai S, Ikeda M, Kurimoto M (2004). "Taste receptor T1R3 is an essential molecule for the cellular recognition of the disaccharide trehalose". In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim. 39 (1–2): 80–8. doi:10.1290/1543-706X(2003)039<0080:TRTIAE>2.0.CO;2. PMID   12892531. S2CID   13071416.
• Jiang P, Ji Q, Liu Z, Snyder LA, Benard LM, Margolskee RF, Max M (2004). "The cysteine-rich region of T1R3 determines responses to intensely sweet proteins". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (43): 45068–75. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M406779200 . PMID   15299024.
• Xu H, Staszewski L, Tang H, Adler E, Zoller M, Li X (2005). "Different functional roles of T1R subunits in the heteromeric taste receptors". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (39): 14258–63. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10114258X. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0404384101 . PMC   521102 . PMID   15353592.
• Taniguchi K (2005). "Expression of the sweet receptor protein, T1R3, in the human liver and pancreas". J. Vet. Med. Sci. 66 (11): 1311–4. doi: 10.1292/jvms.66.1311 . PMID   15585941.
• Jiang P, Cui M, Zhao B, Liu Z, Snyder LA, Benard LM, Osman R, Margolskee RF, Max M (2005). "Lactisole interacts with the transmembrane domains of human T1R3 to inhibit sweet taste". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (15): 15238–46. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M414287200 . PMID   15668251.
• Galindo-Cuspinera V, Winnig M, Bufe B, Meyerhof W, Breslin PA (2006). "A TAS1R receptor-based explanation of sweet 'water-taste'". Nature. 441 (7091): 354–7. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..354G. doi:10.1038/nature04765. PMID   16633339. S2CID   291228.
• Behrens M, Bartelt J, Reichling C, Winnig M, Kuhn C, Meyerhof W (2006). "Members of RTP and REEP gene families influence functional bitter taste receptor expression". J. Biol. Chem. 281 (29): 20650–9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M513637200 . PMID   16720576.
• Koizumi A, Nakajima K, Asakura T, Morita Y, Ito K, Shmizu-Ibuka A, Misaka T, Abe K (2007). "Taste-modifying sweet protein, neoculin, is received at human T1R3 amino terminal domain". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 358 (2): 585–9. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.171. PMID   17499612.
• Mosinger B, Redding KM, Parker MR, Yevshayeva V, Yee KK, Dyomina K, Li Y, Margolskee RF (2013). "Genetic loss or pharmacological blockade of testes-expressed taste genes causes male sterility". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (30): 12319–24. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11012319M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1302827110 . PMC   3725061 . PMID   23818598.

External links

• TAS1R3 Gene
• TASTE RECEPTOR TYPE 1, MEMBER 3; TAS1R3

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.