OPN3

Last updated
OPN3
Identifiers
Aliases OPN3 , ECPN, PPP1R116, opsin 3
External IDs OMIM: 606695 MGI: 1338022 HomoloGene: 40707 GeneCards: OPN3
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_014322
NM_001030011
NM_001030012
NM_001381855
NM_001381856

Contents

NM_010098

RefSeq (protein)

NP_055137
NP_001368784
NP_001368785

NP_034228

Location (UCSC)n/a Chr 1: 175.49 – 175.52 Mb
PubMed search [2] [3]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Opsin-3 also known as encephalopsin or panopsin [4] is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the OPN3 gene. [5] [6] [7] Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms. [8]

Function

Opsins are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. In addition to the visual opsins, mammals possess several photoreceptive non-visual opsins that are expressed in tissues outside the eye. The opsin-3 gene is strongly expressed in brain and testis and weakly expressed in liver, placenta, heart, lung, skeletal muscle, kidney, and pancreas. The gene is expressed in the skin [8] and may also be expressed in the retina. The protein has the canonical features of a photoreceptive opsin protein, [7] however in human skin, OPN3 is not photoreceptive and acts as a negative regulator of melanogenesis. [9]

Applications

When OPN3 analogues are expressed in neurons, activation by light inhibits neurotransmitter release. [10] [11] This makes these analogues useful tools for optogenetic silencing, a method to study the impact of specific neurons on brain function.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Behavioral neuroscience</span> Field of study

Behavioral neuroscience, also known as biological psychology, biopsychology, or psychobiology, is the application of the principles of biology to the study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Melanopsin</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Melanopsin is a type of photopigment belonging to a larger family of light-sensitive retinal proteins called opsins and encoded by the gene Opn4. In the mammalian retina, there are two additional categories of opsins, both involved in the formation of visual images: rhodopsin and photopsin in the rod and cone photoreceptor cells, respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Opsin</span> Class of light-sensitive proteins

Animal opsins are G-protein-coupled receptors and a group of proteins made light-sensitive via a chromophore, typically retinal. When bound to retinal, opsins become Retinylidene proteins, but are usually still called opsins regardless. Most prominently, they are found in photoreceptor cells of the retina. Five classical groups of opsins are involved in vision, mediating the conversion of a photon of light into an electrochemical signal, the first step in the visual transduction cascade. Another opsin found in the mammalian retina, melanopsin, is involved in circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex but not in vision. Humans have in total nine opsins. Beside vision and light perception, opsins may also sense temperature, sound, or chemicals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cryptochrome</span> Class of photoreceptors in plants and animals

Cryptochromes are a class of flavoproteins found in plants and animals that are sensitive to blue light. They are involved in the circadian rhythms and the sensing of magnetic fields in a number of species. The name cryptochrome was proposed as a portmanteau combining the chromatic nature of the photoreceptor, and the cryptogamic organisms on which many blue-light studies were carried out.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Photostimulation</span>

Photostimulation is the use of light to artificially activate biological compounds, cells, tissues, or even whole organisms. Photostimulation can be used to noninvasively probe various relationships between different biological processes, using only light. In the long run, photostimulation has the potential for use in different types of therapy, such as migraine headache. Additionally, photostimulation may be used for the mapping of neuronal connections between different areas of the brain by “uncaging” signaling biomolecules with light. Therapy with photostimulation has been called light therapy, phototherapy, or photobiomodulation.

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), also called photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGC), or melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs), are a type of neuron in the retina of the mammalian eye. The presence of ipRGCs was first suspected in 1927 when rodless, coneless mice still responded to a light stimulus through pupil constriction, This implied that rods and cones are not the only light-sensitive neurons in the retina. Yet research on these cells did not advance until the 1980s. Recent research has shown that these retinal ganglion cells, unlike other retinal ganglion cells, are intrinsically photosensitive due to the presence of melanopsin, a light-sensitive protein. Therefore they constitute a third class of photoreceptors, in addition to rod and cone cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Osteopontin</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Osteopontin (OPN), also known as bone /sialoprotein I, early T-lymphocyte activation (ETA-1), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), 2ar and Rickettsia resistance (Ric), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPP1 gene. The murine ortholog is Spp1. Osteopontin is a SIBLING (glycoprotein) that was first identified in 1986 in osteoblasts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galanin</span>

Galanin is a neuropeptide encoded by the GAL gene, that is widely expressed in the brain, spinal cord, and gut of humans as well as other mammals. Galanin signaling occurs through three G protein-coupled receptors.

A locus control region (LCR) is a long-range cis-regulatory element that enhances expression of linked genes at distal chromatin sites. It functions in a copy number-dependent manner and is tissue-specific, as seen in the selective expression of β-globin genes in erythroid cells. Expression levels of genes can be modified by the LCR and gene-proximal elements, such as promoters, enhancers, and silencers. The LCR functions by recruiting chromatin-modifying, coactivator, and transcription complexes. Its sequence is conserved in many vertebrates, and conservation of specific sites may suggest importance in function. It has been compared to a super-enhancer as both perform long-range cis regulation via recruitment of the transcription complex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">OPN1SW</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Blue-sensitive opsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPN1SW gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RRH</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Peropsin, a visual pigment-like receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RRH gene. It belongs like other animal opsins to the G protein-coupled receptors. Even so, the first peropsins were already discovered in mice and humans in 1997, not much is known about them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">OPN5</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Opsin-5, also known as G-protein coupled receptor 136 or neuropsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPN5 gene. Opsin-5 is a member of the opsin subfamily of the G protein-coupled receptors. It is a photoreceptor protein sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light. The OPN5 gene was discovered in mouse and human genomes and its mRNA expression was also found in neural tissues. Neuropsin is bistable at 0 °C and activates a UV-sensitive, heterotrimeric G protein Gi-mediated pathway in mammalian and avian tissues.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">OPN1MW</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Green-sensitive opsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPN1MW gene. OPN1MW2 is a similar opsin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">OPN1LW</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

OPN1LW is a gene on the X chromosome that encodes for long wave sensitive (LWS) opsin, or red cone photopigment. It is responsible for perception of visible light in the yellow-green range on the visible spectrum. The gene contains 6 exons with variability that induces shifts in the spectral range. OPN1LW is subject to homologous recombination with OPN1MW, as the two have very similar sequences. These recombinations can lead to various vision problems, such as red-green colourblindness and blue monochromacy. The protein encoded is a G-protein coupled receptor with embedded 11-cis-retinal, whose light excitation causes a cis-trans conformational change that begins the process of chemical signalling to the brain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Retinal G protein coupled receptor</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

RPE-retinal G protein-coupled receptor also known as RGR-opsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RGR gene. RGR-opsin is a member of the rhodopsin-like receptor subfamily of GPCR. Like other opsins which bind retinaldehyde, it contains a conserved lysine residue in the seventh transmembrane domain. RGR-opsin comes in different isoforms produced by alternative splicing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SAG (gene)</span>

S-arrestin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SAG gene.

Optogenetics is a biological technique to control the activity of neurons or other cell types with light. This is achieved by expression of light-sensitive ion channels, pumps or enzymes specifically in the target cells. On the level of individual cells, light-activated enzymes and transcription factors allow precise control of biochemical signaling pathways. In systems neuroscience, the ability to control the activity of a genetically defined set of neurons has been used to understand their contribution to decision making, learning, fear memory, mating, addiction, feeding, and locomotion. In a first medical application of optogenetic technology, vision was partially restored in a blind patient.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karl Deisseroth</span> American optogeneticist

Karl Alexander Deisseroth is an American scientist. He is the D.H. Chen Professor of Bioengineering and of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University.

Gene therapy is being studied for some forms of epilepsy. It relies on viral or non-viral vectors to deliver DNA or RNA to target brain areas where seizures arise, in order to prevent the development of epilepsy or to reduce the frequency and/or severity of seizures. Gene therapy has delivered promising results in early stage clinical trials for other neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, raising the hope that it will become a treatment for intractable epilepsy.

Genetically encoded voltage indicator is a protein that can sense membrane potential in a cell and relate the change in voltage to a form of output, often fluorescent level. It is a promising optogenetic recording tool that enables exporting electrophysiological signals from cultured cells, live animals, and ultimately human brain. Examples of notable GEVIs include ArcLight, ASAP1, ASAP3, Archons, SomArchon, and Ace2N-mNeon.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026525 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  3. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. Koyanagi M, Takada E, Nagata T, Tsukamoto H, Terakita A (March 2013). "Homologs of vertebrate Opn3 potentially serve as a light sensor in nonphotoreceptive tissue". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (13): 4998–5003. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.4998K. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219416110 . PMC   3612648 . PMID   23479626.
  5. Blackshaw S, Snyder SH (May 1999). "Encephalopsin: a novel mammalian extraretinal opsin discretely localized in the brain". The Journal of Neuroscience. 19 (10): 3681–3690. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-10-03681.1999. PMC   6782724 . PMID   10234000.
  6. Halford S, Freedman MS, Bellingham J, Inglis SL, Poopalasundaram S, Soni BG, et al. (March 2001). "Characterization of a novel human opsin gene with wide tissue expression and identification of embedded and flanking genes on chromosome 1q43". Genomics. 72 (2): 203–208. doi:10.1006/geno.2001.6469. PMID   11401433.
  7. 1 2 "Entrez Gene: OPN3 opsin 3 (encephalopsin, panopsin)".
  8. 1 2 Haltaufderhyde K, Ozdeslik RN, Wicks NL, Najera JA, Oancea E (January 2015). "Opsin expression in human epidermal skin". Photochemistry and Photobiology. 91 (1): 117–123. doi:10.1111/php.12354. PMC   4303996 . PMID   25267311.
  9. Olinski LE, Lin EM, Oancea E (January 2020). "Illuminating insights into opsin 3 function in the skin". Advances in Biological Regulation. 75: 100668. doi: 10.1016/j.jbior.2019.100668 . PMC   7059126 . PMID   31653550.
  10. Mahn M, Saraf-Sinik I, Patil P, Pulin M, Bitton E, Karalis N, et al. (May 2021). "Efficient optogenetic silencing of neurotransmitter release with a mosquito rhodopsin". Neuron. 109 (10): 1621–1635.e8. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.03.013. PMC   7611984 . PMID   33979634.
  11. Copits BA, Gowrishankar R, O'Neill PR, Li JN, Girven KS, Yoo JJ, et al. (June 2021). "A photoswitchable GPCR-based opsin for presynaptic inhibition". Neuron. 109 (11): 1791–1809.e11. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.04.026. PMC   8194251 . PMID   33979635.

Further reading

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.