OPN3

OPN3
Identifiers
Aliases	OPN3 , ECPN, PPP1R116, opsin 3
External IDs	OMIM: 606695; MGI: 1338022; HomoloGene: 40707; GeneCards: OPN3; OMA:OPN3 - orthologs
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 1 (mouse) [1] Band 1|1 H3 Start 175,489,987 bp [1] End 175,520,342 bp [1]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in middle temporal gyrus placenta tibia Brodmann area 46 palpebral conjunctiva visceral pleura prefrontal cortex amniotic fluid Brodmann area 23 monocyte Top expressed in white adipose tissue vestibular membrane of cochlear duct motor neuron subcutaneous adipose tissue lateral geniculate nucleus medial geniculate nucleus secondary oocyte primary oocyte seminiferous tubule spinal ganglia More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function G protein-coupled receptor activity photoreceptor activity signal transducer activity G protein-coupled photoreceptor activity Cellular component integral component of membrane integral component of plasma membrane membrane photoreceptor outer segment Biological process G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway regulation of circadian rhythm signal transduction response to stimulus detection of light stimulus detection of visible light phototransduction cellular response to light stimulus Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 23596 13603 Ensembl n/a ENSMUSG00000026525 UniProt Q9H1Y3 Q9WUK7 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_014322 NM_001030011 NM_001030012 NM_001381855 NM_001381856 NM_010098 RefSeq (protein) NP_055137 NP_001368784 NP_001368785 NP_034228 Location (UCSC) n/a Chr 1: 175.49 – 175.52 Mb PubMed search [2] [3]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Opsin-3 also known as encephalopsin or panopsin ^[4] is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the OPN3 gene. ^{[5] [6] [7]} Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms. ^[8]

Function

Opsins are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. In addition to the visual opsins, mammals possess several photoreceptive non-visual opsins that are expressed in tissues outside the eye. The opsin-3 gene is strongly expressed in brain and testis and weakly expressed in liver, placenta, heart, lung, skeletal muscle, kidney, and pancreas. The gene is expressed in the skin ^[8] and may also be expressed in the retina. The protein has the canonical features of a photoreceptive opsin protein, ^[7] however in human skin, OPN3 is not photoreceptive and acts as a negative regulator of melanogenesis. ^[9]

Applications

When OPN3 analogues are expressed in neurons, activation by light inhibits neurotransmitter release. ^{[10] [11]} This makes these analogues useful tools for optogenetic silencing, a method to study the impact of specific neurons on brain function.

References

1. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026525 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
3. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. Koyanagi M, Takada E, Nagata T, Tsukamoto H, Terakita A (March 2013). "Homologs of vertebrate Opn3 potentially serve as a light sensor in nonphotoreceptive tissue". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (13): 4998–5003. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.4998K. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219416110 . PMC   3612648 . PMID   23479626.
5. Blackshaw S, Snyder SH (May 1999). "Encephalopsin: a novel mammalian extraretinal opsin discretely localized in the brain". The Journal of Neuroscience. 19 (10): 3681–3690. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-10-03681.1999. PMC   6782724 . PMID   10234000.
6. Halford S, Freedman MS, Bellingham J, Inglis SL, Poopalasundaram S, Soni BG, et al. (March 2001). "Characterization of a novel human opsin gene with wide tissue expression and identification of embedded and flanking genes on chromosome 1q43". Genomics. 72 (2): 203–208. doi:10.1006/geno.2001.6469. PMID   11401433.
7. "Entrez Gene: OPN3 opsin 3 (encephalopsin, panopsin)".
8. Haltaufderhyde K, Ozdeslik RN, Wicks NL, Najera JA, Oancea E (January 2015). "Opsin expression in human epidermal skin". Photochemistry and Photobiology. 91 (1): 117–123. doi:10.1111/php.12354. PMC   4303996 . PMID   25267311.
9. Olinski LE, Lin EM, Oancea E (January 2020). "Illuminating insights into opsin 3 function in the skin". Advances in Biological Regulation. 75: 100668. doi: 10.1016/j.jbior.2019.100668 . PMC   7059126 . PMID   31653550.
10. Mahn M, Saraf-Sinik I, Patil P, Pulin M, Bitton E, Karalis N, et al. (May 2021). "Efficient optogenetic silencing of neurotransmitter release with a mosquito rhodopsin". Neuron. 109 (10): 1621–1635.e8. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.03.013. PMC   7611984 . PMID   33979634.
11. Copits BA, Gowrishankar R, O'Neill PR, Li JN, Girven KS, Yoo JJ, et al. (June 2021). "A photoswitchable GPCR-based opsin for presynaptic inhibition". Neuron. 109 (11): 1791–1809.e11. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.04.026. PMC   8194251 . PMID   33979635.

Further reading

• Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (September 1996). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery". Genome Research. 6 (9): 791–806. doi: 10.1101/gr.6.9.791 . PMID   8889548.
• Halford S, Bellingham J, Ocaka L, Fox M, Johnson S, Foster RG, Hunt DM (2002). "Assignment of panopsin (OPN3) to human chromosome band 1q43 by in situ hybridization and somatic cell hybrids". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 95 (3–4): 234–235. doi:10.1159/000059351. PMID   12063405. S2CID   24099335.
• Kasper G, Taudien S, Staub E, Mennerich D, Rieder M, Hinzmann B, et al. (July 2002). "Different structural organization of the encephalopsin gene in man and mouse". Gene. 295 (1): 27–32. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(02)00799-0. PMID   12242008.
• Alam NA, Gorman P, Jaeger EE, Kelsell D, Leigh IM, Ratnavel R, et al. (December 2003). "Germline deletions of EXO1 do not cause colorectal tumors and lesions which are null for EXO1 do not have microsatellite instability". Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 147 (2): 121–127. doi:10.1016/S0165-4608(03)00196-1. PMID   14623461.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.