Phylogeny
The RGR-opsins are restricted to the echinoderms, the hemichordates the craniates. [10] The craniates are the taxon that contains mammals and with them humans. The RGR-opsins are one of the seven subgroups of the chromopsins. The other groups are the peropsins, the retinochromes, the nemopsins, the astropsins, the varropsins, and the gluopsins. [10] The chromopsins are one of three subgroups of the tetraopsins (also known as RGR/Go or Group 4 opsins). The other groups are the neuropsins and the Go-opsins. The tetraopsins are one of the five major groups of the animal opsins, also known as type 2 opsins). The other groups are the ciliary opsins (c-opsins, cilopsins), the rhabdomeric opsins (r-opsins, rhabopsins), the xenopsins, and the nessopsins. Four of these subclades occur in Bilateria (all but the nessopsins). [10] [11] However, the bilaterian clades constitute a paraphyletic taxon without the opsins from the cnidarians. [10] [11] [12] [13]
The phylogenetic relationship of the RGR-opsins to the other opsins
Phylogenetic reconstruction of the opsins. The outgroup contains other
G protein-coupled receptors. The frame highlights the tetraopsins, which are expanded in the next image.
Phylogenetic reconstruction of the tetraopsins. The outgroup contains other G protein-coupled receptors including the other opsins. The frame highlights the chromopsins, which are expanded in the next image.
Phylogenetic reconstruction of the chromopsins. The outgroup contains other G protein-coupled receptors including the other opsins. The frame highlights the RGR-opsins.
In the phylogeny above, Each clade contains sequences from opsins and other G protein-coupled receptors. The number of sequences and two pie charts are shown next to the clade. The first pie chart shows the percentage of a certain amino acid at the position in the sequences corresponding to position 296 in cattle rhodopsin. The amino acids are color-coded. The colors are red for lysine (K), purple for glutamic acid (E), orange for arginine (R), dark and mid-gray for other amino acids, and light gray for sequences that have no data at that position. The second pie chart gives the taxon composition for each clade, green stands for craniates, dark green for cephalochordates, mid green for echinoderms, brown for nematodes, pale pink for annelids, dark blue for arthropods, light blue for mollusks, and purple for cnidarians. The branches to the clades have pie charts, which give support values for the branches. The values are from right to left SH-aLRT/aBayes/UFBoot. The branches are considered supported when SH-aLRT ≥ 80%, aBayes ≥ 0.95, and UFBoot ≥ 95%. If a support value is above its threshold the pie chart is black otherwise gray. [10]
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