OPN5

OPN5
Identifiers
Aliases	OPN5 , GPR136, GRP136, PGR12, TMEM13, opsin 5
External IDs	OMIM: 609042; MGI: 2662912; HomoloGene: 72341; GeneCards: OPN5; OMA:OPN5 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 6 (human) [1] Band 6p12.3 Start 47,781,982 bp [1] End 47,832,780 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 17 (mouse) [2] Band 17|17 B3 Start 42,867,674 bp [2] End 42,922,286 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in testicle left testis right testis gonad skin of thigh left ventricle lower lobe of lung Brodmann area 9 prefrontal cortex apex of heart n/a More reference expression data BioGPS n/a
Gene ontology Molecular function 11-cis retinal binding G protein-coupled receptor activity photoreceptor activity signal transducer activity G protein-coupled photoreceptor activity Cellular component integral component of membrane membrane photoreceptor outer segment integral component of plasma membrane Biological process signal transduction visual perception response to stimulus G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway phototransduction detection of visible light cellular response to light stimulus Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 221391 353344 Ensembl ENSG00000124818 ENSMUSG00000043972 UniProt Q6U736 Q6VZZ7 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001030051 NM_181744 NM_181753 RefSeq (protein) NP_859528 NP_861418 Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 47.78 – 47.83 Mb Chr 17: 42.87 – 42.92 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Opsin-5, also known as G-protein coupled receptor 136 or neuropsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPN5 gene. Opsin-5 is a member of the opsin subfamily of the G protein-coupled receptors. ^{[5] [6] [7]} It is a photoreceptor protein sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light. The OPN5 gene was discovered in mouse and human genomes and its mRNA expression was also found in neural tissues. Neuropsin is bistable at 0 °C and activates a UV-sensitive, heterotrimeric G protein Gi-mediated pathway in mammalian and avian tissues. ^{[8] [9]}

Function

Human neuropsin is expressed in the eye, brain, testes, and spinal cord. Neuropsin belongs to the seven-exon subfamily of mammalian opsin genes that includes peropsin (RRH) and retinal G protein coupled receptor (RGR). Neuropsin has different isoforms created by alternative splicing. ^[7]

Photochemistry

When reconstituted with 11-cis-retinal, mouse and human neuropsins absorb maximally at 380 nm. When illuminated these neuropsins are converted into blue-absorbing photoproducts (470 nm), which are stable in the dark. The photoproducts are converted back to the UV-absorbing form, when they are illuminated with orange light (> 520 nm). ^[8]

Species distribution

Neuropsins are known from echinoderms, ^[10] annelids, arthropods, brachiopods, tardigrades, mollusks, and most are known from craniates. ^[11] The craniates are the taxon that contains mammals and with them humans. However, neuropsin orthologs have only been experimentally verified in a small number of animals, among them human, mouse ( Mus musculus ), ^[5] chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus ), ^{[9] [12]} the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), ^[13] the European brittle star Amphiura filiformis (related to starfish), ^[10] the tardigrade water bear ( Hypsibius dujardini ), ^[14] and the tadpole of Xenopus laevis . ^[15]

Searches of publicly available databases of genetic sequences have found putative neuropsin orthologs in both major branches of Bilateria: protostomes and deuterostomes. Among protostomes, putative neuropsins have been found in the molluscs owl limpet ( Lottia gigantea ) (a species of sea snail) and Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), in the water flea ( Daphnia pulex ) (an arthropod), and in the annelid worm Capitella teleta . ^[14]

Phylogeny

The neuropsins are one of three subgroups of the tetraopsins (also known as RGR/Go or Group 4 opsins). The other groups are the chromopsins and the Go-opsins. The tetraopsins are one of the five major groups of the animal opsins, also known as type 2 opsins). The other groups are the ciliary opsins (c-opsins, cilopsins), the rhabdomeric opsins (r-opsins, rhabopsins), the xenopsins, and the nessopsins. Four of these subclades occur in Bilateria (all but the nessopsins). ^{[11] [16]} However, the bilaterian clades constitute a paraphyletic taxon without the opsins from the cnidarians. ^{[11] [16] [17] [18]}

The phylogenetic relationship of the neuropsins to the other opsins

• 
  Phylogenetic reconstruction of the opsins. The outgroup contains other G protein-coupled receptors. The frame highlights the tetraopsins, which are expanded in the next image.
• 
  Phylogenetic reconstruction of the tetraopsins. The outgroup contains other G protein-coupled receptors including the other opsins. The frame highlights the neuropsins, which are expanded in the next image.

In the phylogeny above, Each clade contains sequences from opsins and other G protein-coupled receptors. The number of sequences and two pie charts are shown next to the clade. The first pie chart shows the percentage of a certain amino acid at the position in the sequences corresponding to position 296 in cattle rhodopsin. The amino acids are color-coded. The colors are red for lysine (K), purple for glutamic acid (E), dark and mid-gray for other amino acids, and light gray for sequences that have no data at that position. The second pie chart gives the taxon composition for each clade, green stands for craniates, dark green for cephalochordates, mid green for echinoderms, pale pink for annelids, dark blue for arthropods, light blue for mollusks, and purple for cnidarians. The branches branches to the clades have pie charts, which give support values for the branches. The values are from right to left SH-aLRT/aBayes/UFBoot. The branches are considered supported when SH-aLRT ≥ 80%, aBayes ≥ 0.95, and UFBoot ≥ 95%. If a support value is above its threshold the pie chart is black otherwise gray. ^[11]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000124818 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000043972 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Tarttelin EE, Bellingham J, Hankins MW, Foster RG, Lucas RJ (Nov 2003). "Neuropsin (Opn5): a novel opsin identified in mammalian neural tissue". FEBS Letters. 554 (3): 410–6. doi: 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01212-2 . PMID   14623103. S2CID   9577067.
6. Fredriksson R, Höglund PJ, Gloriam DE, Lagerström MC, Schiöth HB (Nov 2003). "Seven evolutionarily conserved human rhodopsin G protein-coupled receptors lacking close relatives". FEBS Letters. 554 (3): 381–8. doi: 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01196-7 . PMID   14623098. S2CID   11563502.
7. "Entrez Gene: OPN5 opsin 5".
8. Kojima D, Mori S, Torii M, Wada A, Morishita R, Fukada Y (2011). "UV-sensitive photoreceptor protein OPN5 in humans and mice". PLOS ONE. 6 (10) e26388. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...626388K. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026388 . PMC   3197025 . PMID   22043319.
9. Yamashita T, Ohuchi H, Tomonari S, Ikeda K, Sakai K, Shichida Y (December 2010). "Opn5 is a UV-sensitive bistable pigment that couples with Gi subtype of G protein". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (51): 22084–22089. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10722084Y. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1012498107 . PMC   3009823 . PMID   21135214.
10. Delroisse J, Ullrich-Lüter E, Ortega-Martinez O, Dupont S, Arnone MI, Mallefet J, Flammang P (2014). "High opsin diversity in a non-visual infaunal brittle star". BMC Genomics. 15 (1): 1035. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1035 . PMC   4289182 . PMID   25429842.
11. Gühmann M, Porter ML, Bok MJ (August 2022). "The Gluopsins: Opsins without the Retinal Binding Lysine". Cells. 11 (15): 2441. doi: 10.3390/cells11152441 . PMC   9368030 . PMID   35954284. Material was copied and adapted from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
12. Tomonari S, Migita K, Takagi A, Noji S, Ohuchi H (Jul 2008). "Expression patterns of the opsin 5-related genes in the developing chicken retina". Developmental Dynamics. 237 (7): 1910–22. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.21611 . PMID   18570255. S2CID   42113764.
13. Nakane Y, Ikegami K, Ono H, Yamamoto N, Yoshida S, Hirunagi K, Ebihara S, Kubo Y, Yoshimura T (Aug 2010). "A mammalian neural tissue opsin (Opsin 5) is a deep brain photoreceptor in birds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (34): 15264–8. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10715264N. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1006393107 . PMC   2930557 . PMID   20679218.
14. Hering L, Mayer G (Sep 2014). "Analysis of the opsin repertoire in the tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini provides insights into the evolution of opsin genes in panarthropoda". Genome Biology and Evolution. 6 (9): 2380–91. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu193. PMC   4202329 . PMID   25193307.
15. Currie SP, Doherty GH, Sillar KT (May 2016). "Deep-brain photoreception links luminance detection to motor output in Xenopus frog tadpoles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (21): 6053–6058. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.6053C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1515516113 . PMC   4889350 . PMID   27166423.
16. Ramirez MD, Pairett AN, Pankey MS, Serb JM, Speiser DI, Swafford AJ, Oakley TH (26 October 2016). "The last common ancestor of most bilaterian animals possessed at least 9 opsins". Genome Biology and Evolution evw248. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evw248 . PMC   5521729 . PMID   27797948.
17. Porter ML, Blasic JR, Bok MJ, Cameron EG, Pringle T, Cronin TW, Robinson PR (January 2012). "Shedding new light on opsin evolution". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 279 (1726): 3–14. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1819. PMC   3223661 . PMID   22012981.
18. Liegertová M, Pergner J, Kozmiková I, Fabian P, Pombinho AR, Strnad H, et al. (July 2015). "Cubozoan genome illuminates functional diversification of opsins and photoreceptor evolution". Scientific Reports. 5 11885. Bibcode:2015NatSR...511885L. doi:10.1038/srep11885. PMC   5155618 . PMID   26154478.

Further reading

• Terakita A (2005). "The opsins". Genome Biology. 6 (3): 213. doi: 10.1186/gb-2005-6-3-213 . PMC   1088937 . PMID   15774036.
• Vassilatis DK, Hohmann JG, Zeng H, Li F, Ranchalis JE, Mortrud MT, Brown A, Rodriguez SS, Weller JR, Wright AC, Bergmann JE, Gaitanaris GA (Apr 2003). "The G protein-coupled receptor repertoires of human and mouse". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (8): 4903–8. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.4903V. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0230374100 . PMC   153653 . PMID   12679517.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.