Prokineticin receptor 2

Last updated
PROKR2
Identifiers
Aliases PROKR2 , GPR73L1, GPR73b, GPRg2, HH3, KAL3, PKR2, dJ680N4.3, prokineticin receptor 2
External IDs OMIM: 607123 MGI: 2181363 HomoloGene: 16368 GeneCards: PROKR2
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

128674

246313

Ensembl

ENSG00000101292

ENSMUSG00000050558

UniProt

Q8NFJ6

Q8K458

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_144773

NM_144944

RefSeq (protein)

NP_658986

NP_659193

Location (UCSC) Chr 20: 5.3 – 5.32 Mb Chr 2: 132.18 – 132.23 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2), is a dimeric [5] G protein-coupled receptor encoded by the PROKR2 gene in humans. [6]

Contents

Function

Prokineticins are secreted proteins that can promote angiogenesis and induce strong gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction. The protein encoded by this gene is an integral membrane protein and G protein-coupled receptor for prokineticins. PKR2 is composed of 384 amino acids. Asparagine residues at position 7 and 27 undergo N-linked glycosylation. [5] Cysteine residues at position 128 and 208 form a disulfide bond. [5] The encoded protein is similar in sequence to GPR73, another G protein-coupled receptor for prokineticins. [6] PKR2 is also linked to mammalian circadian rhythm. [7] Levels of PKR2 mRNA fluctuate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, increasing during the day and decreasing at night. [7]

Mutations in the PROKR2 (also known as KAL3) gene have been implicated in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and gynecomastia. [8] Total loss of PKR2 in mice leads to spontaneous torpor usually beginning at dusk and lasting for 8 hours on average. [9]

PKR2 functions as a G protein-coupled receptor, thus it has a signaling cascade when it's ligand binds. PKR2 is a Gq-coupled protein, so when the ligand binds, beta-type phospholipase C is activated which creates inositol triphosphate. This then triggers calcium release inside the cell. [10]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thyrotropin receptor</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

The thyrotropin receptor is a receptor that responds to thyroid-stimulating hormone and stimulates the production of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The TSH receptor is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily of integral membrane proteins and is coupled to the Gs protein.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRHR) is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ACTH receptor</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

The adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor or ACTH receptor also known as the melanocortin receptor 2 or MC2 receptor is a type of melanocortin receptor (type 2) which is specific for ACTH. A G protein–coupled receptor located on the external cell plasma membrane, it is coupled to Gαs and upregulates levels of cAMP by activating adenylyl cyclase. The ACTH receptor plays a role in immune function and glucose metabolism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear receptor 4A3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

The nuclear receptor 4A3 (NR4A3) also known as neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 (NOR1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR4A3 gene. NR4A3 is a member of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steroidogenic factor 1</span> Protein-coding gene in humans

The steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) protein is a transcription factor involved in sex determination by controlling the activity of genes related to the reproductive glands or gonads and adrenal glands. This protein is encoded by the NR5A1 gene, a member of the nuclear receptor subfamily, located on the long arm of chromosome 9 at position 33.3. It was originally identified as a regulator of genes encoding cytochrome P450 steroid hydroxylases, however, further roles in endocrine function have since been discovered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor</span> Receptor protein that binds with somatcrinin

The growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that binds growth hormone-releasing hormone. The GHRHR activates a Gs protein that causes a cascade of cAMP via adenylate cyclase. GHRHR is distinct from the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, where growth hormone releasing peptides act to release growth hormone.

The prokineticin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the peptide hormone prokineticin. There are two variants each encoded by a different gene. These receptors mediate gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction and angiogenesis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KiSS1-derived peptide receptor</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

The KiSS1-derived peptide receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds the peptide hormone kisspeptin (metastin). Kisspeptin is encoded by the metastasis suppressor gene KISS1, which is expressed in a variety of endocrine and gonadal tissues. Activation of the kisspeptin receptor is linked to the phospholipase C and inositol trisphosphate second messenger cascades inside the cell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kinase insert domain receptor</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Kinase insert domain receptor also known as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) is a VEGF receptor. KDR is the human gene encoding it. KDR has also been designated as CD309. KDR is also known as Flk1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neuropilin 2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Neuropilin 2 (NRP2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NRP2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vascular endothelial growth factor C</span> Growth factor protein found in humans

Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) is a protein that is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor / vascular endothelial growth factor (PDGF/VEGF) family. It is encoded in humans by the VEGFC gene, which is located on chromosome 4q34.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GPR39</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

G-protein coupled receptor 39 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR39 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prokineticin receptor 1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Prokineticin receptor 1, also known as PKR1, is a human protein encoded by the PROKR1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GNRHR2</span>

Putative gonadotropin-releasing hormone II receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNRHR2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Placental growth factor</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Placental growth factor(PlGF) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PGF gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">INSL3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Insulin-like 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the INSL3 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">C-fos-induced growth factor</span> Mammalian protein found in humans

C-fos-induced growth factor (FIGF) is a vascular endothelial growth factor that in humans is encoded by the FIGF gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vascular endothelial growth factor B</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Vascular endothelial growth factor B also known as VEGF-B is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the VEGF-B gene. VEGF-B is a growth factor that belongs to the vascular endothelial growth factor family, of which VEGF-A is the best-known member.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vascular endothelial growth factor A</span> Protein involved in blood vessel growth

Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VEGFA gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FLT4</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Fms-related tyrosine kinase 4, also known as FLT4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FLT4 gene.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000101292 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000050558 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. 1 2 3 Sposini S, Caltabiano G, Hanyaloglu AC, Miele R (January 2015). "Identification of transmembrane domains that regulate spatial arrangements and activity of prokineticin receptor 2 dimers". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 399: 362–372. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2014.10.024. hdl: 10044/1/31246 . PMID   25449422. S2CID   13491537.
  6. 1 2 "Entrez Gene: PROKR2 prokineticin receptor 2".
  7. 1 2 Masumoto KH, Nagano M, Takashima N, Hayasaka N, Hiyama H, Matsumoto S, et al. (June 2006). "Distinct localization of prokineticin 2 and prokineticin receptor 2 mRNAs in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (11): 2959–2970. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04834.x. PMID   16819985. S2CID   20510543.
  8. ↑ Narula HS, Carlson HE (November 2014). "Gynaecomastia--pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 10 (11): 684–698. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.139. PMID   25112235. S2CID   40159424.
  9. ↑ Jethwa PH, I'Anson H, Warner A, Prosser HM, Hastings MH, Maywood ES, Ebling FJ (June 2008). "Loss of prokineticin receptor 2 signaling predisposes mice to torpor". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 294 (6): R1968–R1979. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00778.2007. PMC   2735815 . PMID   18417646.
  10. ↑ Martin C, Balasubramanian R, Dwyer AA, Au MG, Sidis Y, Kaiser UB, et al. (April 2011). "The role of the prokineticin 2 pathway in human reproduction: evidence from the study of human and murine gene mutations". Endocrine Reviews. 32 (2): 225–246. doi:10.1210/er.2010-0007. PMC   3365793 . PMID   21037178.

Further reading

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.