List of contemporary ethnic groups of Europe

The following is a list of contemporary ethnic groups of Europe. There has been constant debate over the classification of ethnic groups. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be associated with shared ancestry, history, homeland, language or dialect and cultural heritage; where the term "culture" specifically includes aspects such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing (clothing) style and other factors.

By the nature of the concept, ethnic groups tend to be divided into subgroups, may themselves be or not be identified as independent ethnic groups depending on the source consulted.

Europe here is considered to be approximately delimited from North America by the Greenland Sea (extending west to Svalbard, Jan Mayen, and Iceland along the Fram and Denmark straits); from Asia by Thrace at the border between the Istanbul and Kocaeli Provinces, the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles, the Greater Caucasus Mountains, the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Kara Sea, and the Greek Aegean Islands; and from Africa by the Mediterranean Sea, Strait of Sicily, and Strait of Gibraltar.

Ethnic groups

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources.

See also: List of languages by number of native speakers

The following groups are commonly identified as "ethnic groups", as opposed to ethno-linguistic phyla, national groups, racial groups or similar. ^{[1] [2]}

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Ethnicity	Language(s)	Primary homeland	Subgroups, tribes & castes	Religion(s)
Abazins	Northwest Caucasian → Abazgi → Abaza	Russia (Abazinia)		Islam → Sunnism
Afro-Germans	Indo-European → Germanic → German	Germany		Christianity → Roman Catholicism; Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism; Islam
Afro-Portuguese	Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese	Portugal		Christianity Afro-Portugueses religions
Afro-Spaniards	Indo-European → Romance → Spanish	Spain		Christianity → Catholicism; Islam → Sunnism; Traditional African religions
Aghuls	Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Aghul	Russia (Dagestan)		Islam → Sunnism [3]
Akhvakhs	Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Akhvakh	Russia (Dagestan)		Islam
Albanians	Indo-European → Albanoid → Albanian [note 1] Albanian Sign Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign	Southeastern Europe	Ghegs (including Arbanasi and Kosovars), Tosks (including Arbereshe, Cham Albanians, Arvanites, Lab Albanians), Albanian tribes, along with significant populations in Eastern Thrace, France, the United Kingdom Italy, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Nordic countries, Switzerland, Greece (including Western Thrace), Ukraine, Romania, Hungary, Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, North Macedonia	Islam → Sunnism, Sufism → Bektashism; Christianity
Andis	Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Andi	Russia (Dagestan)		Islam
Anglo-Irish	Indo-European → Germanic → English → Hiberno-English Francosign → Irish Sign, BANZSL → British Sign BANZSL → British Sign → Northern Ireland Sign	Ireland		Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism
Aragonese	Indo-European → Romance → Aragonese, Spanish	Spain (Aragon)	Oscenses, Zaragozans, Turolenses	Christianity → Catholicism
Archis	Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Archi	Russia (Dagestan)		Islam → Sunnism
Armenians	Indo-European → Armenian [note 1] Northwest Caucasian → Circassian [note 1] Armenian Sign Historically Turkic → Kipchak → Armeno-Kipchak	Ukraine (Crimea, Nakhichevan-on-Don), Russia (Kuban, North Caucasus)	Cherkesogai, Armeno-Tats, Hayhurum, along with significant populations in Russia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Serbia, Poland, Greece, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Ukraine (including Crimea), France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, Malta, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany	Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy → Armenian Apostolic Orthodoxy Christianity → Eastern Catholicism → Armenian Catholicism Christianity → Eastern Protestantism → Armenian Evangelicalism
Aromanians	Indo-European → Romance → Aromanian	Southeastern Europe (Greece, Albania, North Macedonia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania) [note 2]	Significant populations in Greece, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, and North Macedonia, along with diaspora populations	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians	Indo-European → Albanoid → Albanian	Southeastern Europe (Kosovo, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, North Macedonia, Croatia)		Islam → Sunnism
Asturians	Indo-European → Romance → Asturleonese → Asturian Indo-European → Romance → Galician and Asturleonese → Eonavian [note 3] Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Castrapo	Spain (Asturias)	Eonavians	Christianity → Catholicism
Austrians	Indo-European → Germanic → Bavarian, German → Austrian German Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Austrian Sign	Austria, Italy (South Tyrol)		Christianity → Catholicism
Avars	Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Avar	Russia (Dagestan, Chechnya, Kalmykia)		Islam → Sunnism
Azerbaijanis	Turkic → Oghuz → Azeri [note 1] Francosign → RSLic → Russian Sign → Azerbaijani Sign	Russia (Dagestan)	Dagestani Azerbaijanis, along with significant populations in Russia	Islam → Shi'ism
Bagvalals	Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Bagvalal	Russia (Dagestan)		Islam → Sunnism
Balkars	Turkic → Kipchak → Karachay–Balkar → Balkar	Russia (Kabardino-Balkaria)		Islam → Sunnism
Bashkirs	Turkic → Kipchak → Bashkir	Russia (Badzhgard, Tatarstan, Perm Krai, Orenburg)	Northeastern (Aile, Badrak, Bikatin, Bishul, Duvan, Kalmak, Katai, Kossy, Kuvakan, Kudey, Kumruk, Murzy, Salyut, Syzgy, Synryan, Syrzy, Tabyn, Tersyak, Upey), Northwestern (Baylar, Balyksy, Bulyar, Gaina, Gere, Duvaney, Elan, Adyak, Adey, Irekte, Kanly, Karshin, Kirghiz, Taz, Tanyp, Uvanysh, Un, Uran, Jurmi), Southeastern (Burzyan, Kypsak, Tamyan, Tangaur, Usergan, Jurmaty), Southwestern (Ming)	Islam → Sunnism
Basques	Aquitanian → Basque [note 4]	Basque Country (Spain, France)	Navarreans, Alavans, Biscayans, Gipuzkoans, Northern Basques	Christianity → Catholicism
Belarusians	Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian [note 5]	Belarus, Lithuania (Vilnius Region), Polesia (Poland, Ukraine), Russia (Smolensk Oblast, Pskov Oblast, Bryansk Oblast, Kaluga Oblast, Oryol Oblast), and neighboring regions	Significant populations in Poland, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, and Russia	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Belarusian Orthodoxy Christianity → Eastern Catholicism → Belarusian Greek Catholicism
Bezhta	Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Bezhta	Russia (Tsuntinsky District)		Islam → Sunnism
Black Britons	Indo-European → Germanic → English → Multicultural London English	United Kingdom		Christianity; Rastafari
Black French	Indo-European → Romance → French	France		Christianity; Islam Traditional African religions
Bosniaks	Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian → Bosnian	Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sandžak (Serbia, Montenegro), and neighboring regions	Significant populations in Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Albania, Kosovo, Slovenia, North Macedonia, East Thrace, Sweden, Austria, Germany	Islam → Sunnism
Botlikhs	Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Botlikh	Russia (Dagestan)		Islam → Sunnism [4]
Bretons	Indo-European → Celtic → Breton [note 1] [note 6] [note 7] Indo-European → Romance → Gallo Francosign → French Sign	France (Brittany)		Christianity → Catholicism
Bulgarians	Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian, Torlakian Francosign → Bulgarian Sign	Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia, and neighboring regions	Pomaks, Shopi, Paulicians, Macedonian Bulgarians, Bessarabian Bulgarians, Dobrujan Bulgarians, Thracian Bulgarians, Crimean Bulgarians, Karakachani, along with significant populations in East Thrace, Croatia, Germany, Spain, Romania, North Macedonia, Hungary, Serbia, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Kazakhstan, Ukraine	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Catalans	Indo-European → Romance → Catalan LSCic → Catalan Sign	Catalan Countries (Spain, France, Andorra, Italy)	Andorrans, Balears, Algherese, Roussillonese	Christianity → Catholicism
Chamalals	Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Chamalal	Russia (Tsumadinsky District)		Islam → Sunnism; Animism
Channel Islanders	Indo-European → Romance → Norman → Anglo-Norman Indo-European → Germanic → English → Channel Island English BANZSL → British Sign	British Crown Dependencies (Channel Islands)	Jèrriais (including Sercquiais), Guernésiais, Auregnais	Christianity
Chechens	Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Chechen	Russia (Chechnya, Aukh, Orstkhoy-Mokhk)	Kists, Chechen Kurds, Aukhs (including Veappiis), Orstkhoys, Terloys, Shatoys, Ghendargnoys, Zandkhoys, Chinkhoys, other teips with significant populations in Austria, France	Islam → Sunnism Historically Vainakh religion
Chuvash	Turkic → Oghur → Chuvash	Russia (Chuvashia)	Virjal, Anatri	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy; Vattisen Yaly
Circassians	Northwest Caucasian → Circassian [note 1] Historically Northwest Caucasian → Ubykh, Chakobsa	Russia (Circassia) [note 8]	Abzakhs, Adygeans, Besleneys, Bzhedugs, Chemirgoys, Cherkess, Kabardians, Natukhajs, Shapsugs, Ubykhs, Makhosh, Yegeruqways and Hatuqways, with significant populations in East Thrace, Germany, Bulgaria	Islam → Sunnism → Hanafism, Sufism → Naqshbandism
Cornish	Indo-European → Celtic → Cornish [note 9] Indo-European → Germanic → English → Cornish English BANZSL → British Sign	United Kingdom (Cornwall)		Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism, Methodism
Corsicans	Indo-European → Romance → Corsican [note 7]	France (Corsica)		Christianity → Catholicism
Cossacks	Indo-European → Slavic → Russian, Ukrainian, Balachka	Russia (Southern Russia), Ukraine (Eastern Ukraine), and neighboring regions	Terek Cossacks, Don Cossacks, Kuban Cossacks, Ural Cossacks, Astrakhan Cossacks	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Crimean Tatars	Turkic → Kipchak → Middle Crimean Tatar, Northern Crimean Tatar, Dobrujan Tatar Turkic → Oghuz → Balkan Gagauz → Southern Crimean Tatar Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Balkan Romani → Crimean Romani	Ukraine (Crimea)	Steppe, Mountain, and Southcoast tribes, Crimean Roma (including Urmacheli, Krimurja, Tayfa), along with Significant populations in Romania	Islam → Sunnism
Croats	Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian [note 1] [note 10] Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign [note 1]	Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina), Kosovo, Austria (Burgenland), and neighboring regions Italy (Campobasso)	Bunjevci, Krashovani, Janjevci, Šokci, Bosnian and Herzegovinian Croats, Montenegrin Croats, Serbian Croats, Slovenian Croats, Burgenland Croats, Croat Muslims, along with significant populations in Italy (including Molise Croats), the Czech Republic, Germany	Christianity → Catholicism
Czechs	Indo-European → Slavic → Czech Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Czech Sign	Czech Republic and neighboring regions	Bohemians, Chodové, Chods, along with significant populations in Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, France, Poland, Serbia	Christianity → Catholicism [note 11]
Danes	Indo-European → Germanic → Danish, East Danish, Jutish Francosign? → DTSic → Danish Sign	Danish Realm (Denmark), Germany (Southern Schleswig)	Southern Schleswig Danes	Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Dargins	Northeast Caucasian → Dargin [note 1]	Russia (Dagestan)	Kaitags, Southern Dargins (including Kubachis and Itsaris), Chirags, Mehwebs, Tsudaqars, Northern Dargins (including Kadars, Aqushas, and Urakhis)	Islam → Sunnism
Dobrujan Tatars	Turkic → Kipchak → Dobrujan Tatar Indo-European → Romance → Romanian	Romania (Constanța County)		Islam → Sunnism
Dutch	Indo-European → Germanic → Low Franconian, [note 1] Dutch Low Saxon [note 1] Francosign → Dutch Sign	Netherlands	Northern Dutch (including Hollanders, Zeelanders), Southern Dutch [note 12] (including Dutch Limburgers, North Brabantians, Kleverlanders)	Christianity [note 11]
English	Indo-European → Germanic → English → England English	United Kingdom (England)	New Forest commoners, Vectensians, Berwickers, Northern English, Moonrakers	Christianity
Erzyas	Uralic → Mordvinic → Erzya	Russia (Mordovia)	Shokshas	Christianity → Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism → Lutheranism Erzyan native religion
Estonians	Uralic → Finnic → Northern Estonian, Southern Estonian, Eastern Estonian, Northeastern coastal Estonian Francosign → RSLic → Estonian Sign	Estonia, Setomaa (Estonia and Russia), Latvia (Ludza, Gauja)	Setos, Võros, Hiiumaans, Saaremaans, Mulgis, Ludza Estonians, Gauja Estonians, Tartu Estonians, with significant populations in Finland	Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism [note 11]
Faroe Islanders	Indo-European → Germanic → Faroese, Danish → Gøtudanskt	Danish Realm (Faroe Islands)		Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Finns	Uralic → Finnic → Finnish, Meänkieli Indo-European → Germanic → Finland Swedish SSLic → FSLic [note 1]	Fennoscandia (Finland, Russia, Sweden, Norway)	Forest Finns, Tornedalians, Ingrian Finns, Savonians, Tavastians, Finns proper, Ostrobothnians, Peräpohjalaiset, Finnish Karelians, Finland Swedes, Kainuu, and Murmansk Finns, along with significant populations in Sweden, Switzerland	Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Flemings [note 12]	Indo-European → Germanic → Zeelandic, West Flemish, Dutch → Flemish Francosign → Belgian Sign → Flemish Sign	Belgium (Flanders, Brussels), France (French Flanders), Netherlands (Zeelandic Flanders)	Belgian Flemings, Zeelandic Flemings, French Flemings	Christianity → Catholicism
French	Indo-European → Romance → Oïl [note 1] Francosign → French Sign	France	Bigordans	Christianity → Catholicism
Frisians	Indo-European → Germanic → Frisian, [note 1] Indo-European → Germanic → Friso-Saxon, [note 1] Dutch → West Frisian Dutch Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch and Mainland West Frisian → Stadsfries Dutch	Frisia (Netherlands, Germany, historically Denmark)	West Frisians (including West Lauwers Frisians, Hindeloopen Frisians, Molkwerum Frisians, Schiermonnikoog Frisians, and Terschelling Frisians), East Frisians, North Frisians, Saterland Frisians	Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism, Lutheranism [note 11] [5]
Friulians	Indo-European → Romance → Friulian	Italy (Friuli)		Christianity → Catholicism
Gagauz	Turkic → Oghuz → Gagauz	Moldova (Gagauzia, Taraclia, Basarabeasca), Ukraine (Budjak)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Gajal	Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian	Bulgaria (Ludogorie), Turkey (East Thrace)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Galicians	Indo-European → Romance → Galician, Spanish → Castrapo	Spain (Galicia, Galicia irredenta)	Couto Mixtans	Christianity → Catholicism
Georgians	Kartvelian languages [note 1]	Poland (Warsaw), Russia (Moscow, Saint Petersburg), Ukraine (Donetsk Oblast, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast)	Adjarians, Gurians, Imeretians, Imerkhevians, Ingiloys, Javakhians, Kakhetians, Khevsurians, Meskhetians, Mingrelians, Mokheves, Mtiuletians, Pshavs, Rachians, Svans, Tushetians.	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Georgian Orthodoxy
Germans	Indo-European → Germanic → High German, [note 1] Low German, [note 1] Limburgish DGSic → German Sign	Central and Eastern Europe (especially Germany, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, and neighboring regions)	Black Sea Germans, Crimea Germans, Volga Germans, Transylvania Saxons, Carpathian Germans (including Zipser Germans), Bavarians, Palatines, Gottscheers, Silesian Germans, Swabians (including Satu Mare Swabians), Danube Swabians (including Banat Swabians), Sudeten Germans, Baltic Germans, Liège Germans, North Schleswig Germans, Olomouc Germans, Bukovina Germans, Halcnovians	Christianity
German-speaking Swiss	Indo-European → Germanic → Alemannic German, Bavarian, Swiss Standard German DGSic? → Swiss-German Sign	Switzerland (German-speaking Switzerland)		Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism
Gibraltarians	Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Llanito Indo-European → Germanic → English → Gibraltarian English BANZSL → British Sign [6]	British Overseas Territories (Gibraltar)	Significant populations in the United Kingdom	Christianity → Catholicism
Gorals	Indo-European → Slavic → Lechitic → Gorolski [note 13]	Southern Poland, northern Slovakia, Cieszyn Silesia (Poland, Czech Republic)	Sącz Lachs, Silesian Gorals	Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Lutheranism
Gorani	Indo-European → Slavic → Torlakian → Gorani	Gora (Kosovo, Albania, North Macedonia)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Greeks	Indo-European → Hellenic [note 1] Turkic → Kipchak → Urum, Turkish → Karamanli Turkish, Tsalka Indo-European → Romance → Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian Indo-European → Albanian → Arvanitika Indo-European → Slavic → Macedo-Bulgarian [note 1] Francosign → French Sign and American Sign → Greek Sign	Greece, Cyprus, Albania (Northern Epirus), Ukraine (Crimea, Pryazovia), Turkey (Istanbul), Italy (Magna Graecia), Bulgaria (Balkan Mountains, Rila, Northeastern Bulgaria), North Macedonia, Russia (North Caucasus), and neighboring regions	Asia Minor Greeks (including Pontic Greeks, Cappadocian Greeks (including Karamanlides), Constantinopolites), Greek Muslims (including Vallahades), Sarakatsani (including Karakachani), Souliotes, Azov Greeks (including Mariupol Greeks, Crimean Urums), Italiots (including Grikos and Grecanici), Macedonian Greeks, Tsakonians, Maniots, Karagounides, Phanariots, Caucasus Greeks, Sfakians, Slavophone Greeks, Corfiot Greeks, and sizeable populations of Arvanites, Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians who identify as ethnic Greeks, along with significant populations in Albania (including Northern Epirotes (including Himariotes)), Eastern Thrace, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Malta	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism → Greek Byzantine Catholicism, historically Hellenism, Neoplatonism, Greco-Roman Mysteries
Hinukh	Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Hinuq	Russia (Tsuntinsky and Kizlyarsky districts)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Hungarians	Uralic → Hungarian Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Hungarian Sign Historically Indo-European → Iranic → Jassic	Hungary, Romania (Székely Land, Csángó Land, Bukovina), and neighboring regions	Palóc, Matyó, Magyarabs, Hungarian Cumans, Jasz, along with significant populations in Romania (including Székelys (including Bukovina Székelys) and Csángós), Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine, Croatia, Slovenia, Austria, Germany	Christianity → Catholicism, Hungarian Unitarianism, Eastern Catholicism → Hungarian Greek Catholicism
Hunzibs	Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Hunzib	Russia (Tsuntinsky District)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Icelanders	Indo-European → Germanic → Icelandic, Francosign → DTSic → Icelandic Sign	Iceland		Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism, Asartu
Ingushes	Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Ingush, Chechen → Orstkhoy	Russia (Ingushetia, Orstkhoy-Mokhk, Ossetian Prigorodny, Vladikavkaz)	Orstkhoys, Dzherakhs, Sholkhis, Feappiis, Khamkhins, Tsorins, Galashians, Nazranians, other shahars	Islam → Sunni Islam → Shafi'i Historically Vainakh religion
Irish	Indo-European → Celtic → Irish Indo-European → Germanic → English → Hiberno-English Francosign → Irish Sign BANZSL → British Sign → Northern Ireland Sign Historically Indo-European → Germanic → Yola and Fingallian	Ireland	Irish Catholics, Forth and Bargy people, significant populations in United Kingdom (including Ulster Scots people), Mainland Europe	Christianity → Catholicism and Protestantism
Irish Travellers	Indo-European → Irish and English → Shelta; [French Sign Language family|Francosign]] → Irish Sign	Ireland	Significant populations in the United Kingdom	Christianity → Catholicism
Istro-Romanians	Indo-European → Romance → Istro-Romanian	Croatia (Istria)		Christianity → Catholicism
Italians	Indo-European → Romance → Italo-Dalmatian, [note 1] Gallo-Italic [note 1] Indo-European → Slavic → Slavomolisano Francosign → LISic → Italian Sign [note 1] Historically Indo-European → Romance → Dalmatian	Italy, Switzerland (Italian Grisons, Ticino), France (Nice), San Marino, Vatican City, Croatia (Dalmatia, Croatian Istria), Montenegro (Dalmatia), Slovenia (Slovenian Istria, Slovene Littoral), Greece (Corfu)	Lombards, Lombards of Sicily, Lombards of Basilicata, Emilians, Tuscans, Romagnols (including Sammarinese), Venetians, Piedmontese, Central Italians, Southern Italians, Extreme Southern Italians (including Sicilians (including Pelagie Islanders (including Lampedusans, Linosans), Pantellerians)) Molise Croats, [7] Dalmatian Italians, Istrian Italians, Niçard Italians, Corfiot Italians, Swiss Italians, Ligurians (including Ligurian Gibraltarians, Genoese, Monégasques), with significant populations in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Romania, Croatia, Crimea, Belgium, Sweden, Gibraltar	Christianity → Catholicism
Izhorians	Uralic → Finnic → Ingrian	Russia (Ingria)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Jews	Afroasiatic → Canaanite → Hebrew → Modern Hebrew Various other Jewish languages Historically Indo-European → Romance → Zarphatic, Judaeo-Portuguese Indo-European → Slavic → Knaanic	Europe	Ashkenazim (including Galitzianers, Yekkes, Chuts, Unterlander Jews, Oberlander Jews, Litvaks, Udmurt and Tatar Jews), Sephardim (including Eastern Sephardim, Iberian Jews, Gorneyim, Sephardic Bnei Anusim, Xuetes), Astrakhan Jews, Italkim (including San Nicandro Jews and Italian Rite Jews), Byzantine Jews (including Romaniotes, Constantinopolitan Karaites), Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Shaposhniki, Karaimites, Levites (including Kohen), Transcarpathian Jews, along with significant populations in Russia, Belarus, the Czech lands, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, East Thrace, Austria, Italy, Greece, Switzerland, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, France, Monaco, the United Kingdom	Judaism Christianity → Xueta Christianity
Kalmyks	Mongolic → Central Mongolic → Oirat → Kalmyk Oirat	Russia (Kalmykia)	Dörbet Kalmyks (including Greater Dörbets, Lesser Dörbets, Buzava), Torgut Kalmyks, Khoshut Kalmyks, Baatud Kalmyks, Khoid Kalmyks,	Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism
Karachays	Turkic → Kipchak → Karachay	Russia (Karachay-Cherkessia)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Karatas	Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Karata	Russia (Dagestan)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Karelians	Uralic → Finnic → Karelian, Ludic, Livvi-Karelian	Karelia (Finland, Russia)	Tver Karelians, Olonets Karelians	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Kashubians	Indo-European → Slavic → Kashubian Historically Indo-European → Slavic → Slovincian	Poland (Kashubia)	Krubans, Slovincians, and Gochans, along with the Kashubian diaspora
Kazakhs	Turkic → Kipchak → Kazakh Francosign → RSLic → Russian Sign → Kazakh Sign	Kazakhstan	Uly juz, Orta juz, Kishi juz, along with significant populations in Russia	Islam → Sunni Islam
Komi	Uralic → Permic → Komi [note 1]	Russia (Komi Republic, Perm Krai, Murmansk Oblast, Nenets Autonomous Okrug)	Komi-Zyrians, Komi-Permyaks, Komi-Yazva, Izhma Komi	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Kumyks	Turkic → Kipchak → Kumyk	Russia (Kumykia)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Kvens	Uralic → Finnic → Finnish → Kven	Norway (Northern Norway)		Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism → Laestadianism
Ladins	Indo-European → Romance → Ladin	Italy (Ladinia)		Christianity → Catholicism
Laks	Northeast Caucasian → Lak	Russia (Lakia)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Latvians	Indo-European → Baltic → Latvian, Latgalian Francosign → Russian Sign → Latvian Sign	Latvia, Russia (Zelenogradsky District, Arch-Latvian Selsoviet, Nizhnyaya Bulanka), Lithuania (Klaipėda County), and neighboring regions	Latgalians, Kursenieki, Selonians	Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Lezgins	Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Lezgian	Lezgistan (Russia)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Liechtensteiners	Indo-European → Germanic → Alemannic German DGSic? → Swiss-German Sign	Liechtenstein		Christianity → Catholicism
Lipka Tatars	Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian, Polish Indo-European → Baltic → Lithuanian	Belarus, Poland, Lithuania		Islam → Sunnism
Lithuanians	Indo-European → Baltic → Lithuanian, [note 1] [8] Lithuanian Sign	Lithuania, Poland (Podlaskie), Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast), and neighboring regions	Samogitians, Aukštaitians, Lietuvninkai, along with significant populations in Poland and the United Kingdom	Christianity → Catholicism
Livonians	Uralic → Finnic → Livonian	Latvia, Estonia		Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Luxembourgers	Indo-European → Germanic → Moselle Franconian → Luxembourgish	Luxembourg, Belgium (Arelerland), and neighboring regions		Christianity → Catholicism
Macedonians	Indo-European → Slavic → Macedonian	North Macedonia and neighboring regions	Torbeši, Mijaks, along with significant populations in Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia, Sweden, Croatia, Austria, France, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Romania, Montenegro, Poland, the United Kingdom	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Maltese	Afroasiatic → Arabic → Maltese	Malta	Gozitans, with significant populations in Greece (including Corfu)	Christianity → Catholicism
Manx	Indo-European → Celtic → Manx, [note 9] Indo-European → Germanic → English → Manx English	Crown Dependencies (Isle of Man)		Christianity → Protestantism
Maris	Uralic → Mari [note 1]	Russia (Mari El, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Perm Krai)	Meadow Mari, Hill Mari, Northwestern Mari, Eastern Mari, Mountain Mari	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Mari Native Religion
Mennonites	Indo-European → Slavic → Russian Indo-European → Germanic → German, Dutch, English Indo-European → Romance → Spanish	Europe	Russian Mennonites, Old Order Mennonites, Old Colony Mennonites, Amish Mennonites (including Beachy Amish (including Old Beachy Amish), Kauffman Amish Mennonites, Egli Amish, Stuckey Amish)	Christianity → Anabaptism → Mennonitism
Mokshas	Uralic → Mordvinic → Moksha	Russia (Mordovia, Tambov Oblast, Penza Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan)		Christianity → Russian Orthodox, Protestantism → Lutheranism Mokshas native religion
Moldovans	Indo-European → Romance → Romanian Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Moldova Sign	Moldova	Significant populations in Romania, Ukraine, Russia	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Romanian Orthodoxy
Montenegrins	Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian → Montenegrin	Montenegro and neighboring regions	Montenegrin tribes, with significant populations in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Kosovo, Albania, North Macedonia, Germany, Luxembourg	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Moravians	Indo-European → Slavic → Czech → Moravian	Czech Republic (Moravia)	Moravian Vlachs, Moravian Slovaks	Christianity → Catholicism
Muslimani	Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian [note 1] [note 10]	Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, North Macedonia, and neighboring regions		Islam
Nenets	Uralic → Samoyedic → Nenets [note 1]	Russia (Nenets Autonomous Okrug)	Forest Nenets, Tundra Nenets	Shamanism, Animism
Nogais	Turkic → Kipchak → Nogai	Russia (North Caucasus)	Ak Nogai, Karagash	Islam → Sunni Islam
Norwegians	Indo-European → Germanic → Norwegian Indo-European → Germanic → Dano-Norwegian → Urban East Norwegian, Bokmål, Riksmål Francosign → DTSic → Norwegian Sign	Norway	Kola Norwegians, Svalbarders, along with Significant populations in Finland, the United Kingdom	Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Occitans	Indo-European → Romance → Occitan, [note 7] Gardiol	Occitania (France, Italy, Spain, Monaco) [note 14]	Aranese, Auvergnats, Provencals, Languedociens, Gascons, Nicois, Guardiota, Monégasque Occitans	Christianity
Orcadians	Indo-European → Germanic → Scots → Orcadian Indo-European → Germanic → English → Scottish English BANZSL → British Sign historically Indo-European → Germanic → Norn	United Kingdom (Orkney)		Christianity → Protestantism → Presbyterianism [11]
Ossetians	Indo-European → Iranic → Ossetian [note 1]	Ossetia (Russia)	Iron, Digor	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Podlashuks	Indo-European → Slavic → Ukrainian or Belarusian → Podlachian	Poland (Podlachia)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism
Poles	Indo-European → Slavic → Polish, Belarusian → Simple speech Polish Sign	Poland, Czech Republic (Trans-Olza), Kresy (Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania), and neighboring regions	Masovians (including Bambers, Kurpies, Łowiczans, Masurians, Międzyrzec Boyars, Poborzans, Podlachians), Greater Polish (including Kaliszans, Kuyavians (including Kuyavian Borowiaks), and Taśtaks), Lesser Polish (including Cracovians, Lasovians, Lublinians, Sącz Lachs, and Sandomierzans), Kociewians, Łęczycans, Polish Uplanders, Sieradzans, Borderlands Poles (including Bug River Poles), Tuchola Borowians, Kocievians, Dolinians  [ pl ], and Warmians, as well as Significant populations in Germany, Iceland, Sweden, France, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, Belarus, Russia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Ireland, and Norway	Christianity → Catholicism
Poleshuks	Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian or Ukrainian → West Polesian	Polesia (Belarus, Poland, Russia, Ukraine)		Christianity
Portuguese	Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese, Barranquenho	Portugal	Alentejans, Algarveans, Azoreans, Barranquenhos, [12] Beiroes, Madeirans, Mindericos, Minhotos, Olivenzans, Ribatejanos, Transmontanos	Christianity → Catholicism
Qaratays	Turkic → Kipchak → Tatar → Qataray	Russia (Kamsko-Ustyinsky District)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy Christianity → Protestantism → Baptism
Reisende	Indo-European → Germanic → Norwegian	Norway		Christianity
Resians	Indo-European → Slavic → Slovene → Resian	Italy (Resia)		Christianity → Catholicism
Roma	Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Romani, [note 1] Para-Romani [note 1] [note 15] Indo-European → Romance → Romanian → Boyash	Europe, Turkey, North Caucasus [note 16]	Kalderash, Iberian Cales (including Spanish Cales, Portuguese Cales, Brazilian Cales), Erromintxela, Finnish Kale, Welsh Kale, Vlax Roma, Romanichal (including Scottish Romanichal Travellers), Lowland Scottish Travellers, Burgenland Roma, Sinti (including Manouches), Belaruska Roma, Litovska Roma, Lotfitka Roma, Ruska Roma, Crimean Roma (including Urmacheli, Krimurja, Tayfa), Gurbeti, Xoraxane Roma (including Turkish Roma, Zargari, and Arlije), Romanisal, Bergitka Roma, Polska Roma, Cascarots, Ursari, Romanlar (including Turkish Roma, Sepetçi, Ayjides, Yerli, and Çerge), Wallachian Roma, Servitka Roma, Lovari, Boyash, along with significant populations in Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Montenegro, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Eastern Thrace, Ukraine, the United Kingdom	Christianity, Islam
Romands	Indo-European → Romance → Franco-Provencal, Frainc-Comtou, French → Swiss French Francosign → Swiss-French Sign	Switzerland (Romandy)		Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Calvinism
Romanians	Indo-European → Romance → Romanian Francosign → Romanian Sign	Romania, Moldova	Northern Dobrujans, Transylvanians, Wallachians (including Oltenians and Muntenians), Moldavians, Bukovinians, along with significant populations in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Ukraine, the United Kingdom	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Romansh	Indo-European → Romance → Romansh	Switzerland (Grisons)		Christianity
Russians	Indo-European → Slavic → Russian Francosign → Russian Sign	Russia, Ukraine (Sumy Oblast), and neighboring regions	Caucasus Russians, Siberians, Cossacks (including Kuban Cossacks and Nekrasov Cossacks), Pomors, Subbotniks, Old Believers (including Kamenschiks, Lipovans, Semeiskie), Karyms, Gurans, Doukhobors, Goryuns, Molokans (including Subbotnik Molokans), Polekhs, Starozhily, along with significant populations in Bulgaria, Belarus, Belgium, Estonia, France, Germany, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine	Christianity → Spiritual Christianity, Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy, Old Believerism and Old Ritualism Christianity and Animism → Eastern Orthodoxy and Animism → Pomor Christianity
Rusyns	Indo-European → Slavic → Carpathian Rusyn, Pannonian Rusyn	Transcarpathia (Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland), [note 17] Pannonian Plain (Croatia, Serbia), Romania (Bukovina, Maramureș), Lemkovyna (Poland, Slovakia)	Pannonian Rusyns, Lemkos, Hutsuls, Boykos, Dolinians  [ pl ], Zamieszańcy  [ pl ], with significant populations in Romania	Christianity → Eastern Catholicism
Rutuls	Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Rutul	Russia (Dagestan)		Islam → Sunni Islam
Sámi	Uralic → Sámi [note 1] Historically Uralic → Sámi → Akkala Sámi, Kemi Sámi, Kainuu Sámi	Sápmi (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia)	Inari Sámi, Kildin Sámi, Lule Sámi, Northern Sámi, Pite Sámi, Skolt Sámi, Southern Sámi, Ter Sámi, Ume Sámi, Akkala Sámi	Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Sardinians	Indo-European → Romance → Sardinian, [note 1] Sassarese, Gallurese	Italy (Sardinia)	Logudorese, Campidanese, Sassarese, Gallurese	Christianity → Catholicism
Scots	Indo-European → Germanic → Scots, English → Scottish English Indo-European → Celtic → Scottish Gaelic [note 9] BANZSL → British Sign	United Kingdom (Scotland)	Ulster Scots, Highlanders, Lowlanders, Berwickers, along with significant populations in Russia	Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism
Serbs	Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian → Serbian	Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska), Montenegro, Croatia, Kosovo, Romania, Hungary, Albania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, North Macedonia	Kosovo Serbs, Montenegrin Serbs, Croatian Serbs, Bosnian Serbs, Macedonian Serbs, Romanian Serbs, Hungarian Serbs, Albanian Serbs, Bulgarian Serbs, Slovenian Serbs, Vojvodinian Serbs, Triestine Serbs, Serb Muslims, along with significant populations in Greece, Germany, Austria, France, Slovakia, and Sweden	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Shetlanders	Indo-European → Germanic → Scots → Shetlandic Indo-European → Germanic → English → Scottish English BANZSL → British Sign Historically Indo-European → Germanic → Norn	United Kingdom (Shetland)		Christianity → Protestantism → Presbyterianism
Shopi	Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian	Shopluk (Bulgaria, Serbia, North Macedonia)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Silesians	Indo-European → Slavic → Silesian Indo-European → Germanic → Silesian German	Silesia (Poland, Germany, Czech Republic)	Cieszyn Vlachs, Moravians	Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Lutheranism
Slovaks	Indo-European → Slavic → Slovak Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Slovak Sign	Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Austria, and surrounding regions	Significant populations in Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Hungary, Austria, Serbia, Croatia	Christianity → Catholicism
Slovenes	Indo-European → Slavic → Slovene	Slovenia, Austria (Carinthia), Hungary, Italy (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), Croatia (Istria, Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Zagreb), and surrounding regions	Hungarian Slovenes (including Rába Slovenes), Carinthian Slovenes, Prekmurje Slovenes, Italian Slovenes, Croatian Slovenes along with significant populations in the Croatia, and Italy	Christianity → Catholicism
Sorbs	Indo-European → Slavic → Sorbian [note 1]	Lusatia (Germany, Poland)	Upper Sorbs, Lower Sorbs	Christianity → Catholicism
Spaniards	Indo-European → Romance → Spanish, Extremaduran, Asturleonese, [note 1] Barranquenho, Quinqui jargon Spanish Sign Historically Indo-European → Romance → Andalusi Romance, Old Riojan, Navarrese Romance	Spain, Portugal (Barrancos)	Andalusians, Barranquenhos, [12] Castilians, Leonese, Cantabrians, Extremadurans, Mercheros, Olivenzans	Christianity → Catholicism
Swabians	Indo-European → Germanic → Alemannic German → Swabian German	Germany (Swabia)		Christianity → Catholicism
Swedes	Indo-European → Germanic → Swedish, Dalecarlian, Gutnish, Norrlandic, Jamtska, East Danish → Scanian SSLic → Swedish Sign	Sweden, Estonia (Aiboland), Ukraine (Gammalsvenskby)	Scanians, Jamtish, Gutnish, Dalecarlians, Estonian Swedes along with significant populations in the United Kingdom, Ukraine	Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Timok Vlachs	Indo-European → Romance → Romanian Slavic → Shtokavian → Serbian	Serbia (Timok Valley, Belgrade)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Turks	Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish, Rumelian Turkish Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Balkan Romani → Rumelian Romani Turkish Sign	North Caucasus, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Europe	Turkish Turks (includes the Baraks, Manavs, Elbegli, Tahtacı, and other Anatolian Turkoman tribes), Rumelian Turks (including Kosovoan Turks, Dodecanese Turks, Western Thracian Turks, Bulgarian Turks (including in Turkey), Dobrujan Turks, Macedonian Turks, Bosnian Turks, Croatia, Serbian Turks, Montenegrin Turks), Yörüks, Amuca, Turkish Roma, along with significant populations in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Sweden	Islam → Sunni Islam, Alevism
Tutejszy	Indo-European → Slavic → Polish, Indo-European → Slavic → East Slavic, [note 1] Indo-European → Baltic → Eastern Baltic [note 1]	Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia		Christianity → Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy
Udis	Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Udi	Russia, Ukraine		Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy
Udmurts	Uralic → Permic → Udmurt	Russia (Udmurtia)	Besermyan	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Ukrainians	Indo-European → Slavic → Ukrainian, Surzhyk, Russian Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Ukrainian Sign	Ukraine, Transcarpathia (Slovakia, Poland), Belarus (Beresteishchyna)	Cossacks, Litvins, Pinchuks, Afro-Ukrainians, Podolyans, along with significant populations in France, Portugal, Kazakhstan, Germany, Italy, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Russia (including Kuban), Belarus, Slovakia, Moldova, Estonia, Finland, Italy, Serbia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Romania	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism → Ukrainian Greek Catholicism
Ulster Protestants	Indo-European → Germanic → Scots → Ulster Scots Indo-European → Germanic → English → Ulster English BANZSL → British Sign	Ulster (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland)		Christianity → Protestantism
Valencians	Indo-European → Romance → Catalan → Valencian LSCic → Valencian Sign	Spain (Valencian Community, Carche)		Christianity → Catholicism [13]
Vaqueiros de alzada	Indo-European → Romance → Asturleonese	Spain (Asturias, Province of Leon)		Christianity and traditional folk religion → Folk Catholicism → Vaqueiro religion
Vepsians	Uralic → Finnic → Veps	Russia (Former Veps National Volost, Vytegorsky, Babayevsky, Podporozhsky, Lodeynopolsky, Tikhvinsky, and Boksitogorsky districts)		Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy
Vilamovians	Indo-European → Germanic → Wymysorys [note 18]	Poland (Wilamowice)		Christianity → Catholicism
Volga Tatars	Turkic → Kipchak → Central Tatar, Mishar Tatar [note 19]	Russia (Volga Federal District), Finland	Astrakhan Tatars, Mishar Tatars (including Finnish Tatars), Kasimov Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Kryashens, Nagaybaks, Nukrat Tatars, Perm Tatars, Teptyars	Islam → Sunni Islam
Votians	Uralic → Finnic → Votic	Russia (Ingria), Estonia (Ida-Viru), Latvia (Bauska)	Kreevins, Poluverniki, Kukkuzi	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Walloons	Indo-European → Romance → Walloon, Picard, French → Belgian French Francosign → Belgian Sign → French Belgian Sign	Belgium (Wallonia, adjacent regions of Flanders), France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Ardennes), Netherlands (Dutch Limburg), Germany, Luxembourg	Significant populations in the Netherlands	Christianity → Catholicism
Welsh	Indo-European → Celtic → Welsh [note 9] Indo-European → Germanic → English → Welsh English BANZSL → British Sign	United Kingdom (Wales)		Christianity → Protestantism
Yenish	Indo-European → Germanic → Yenish	Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France		Christianity, Judaism
Yugoslavs	Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian, [note 1] [note 10] Macedonian, Slovene Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign, Croatian Sign	Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, North Macedonia, Croatia	Significant populations in Serbia	Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism Islam → Sunni Islam

Notes

1. Language family; with some exceptions, all speakers of the various languages within this family are typically seen as one singular ethnicity.
2. Non-contiguous homeland. Throughout most of its history (if not its entire history), this ethnic group has lived in separate, isolated communities scattered throughout the countries/subdivisions listed.
3. Eonavian is variously classified as a dialect group of Galician, a transitional variety between Galician and Asturian, and as a separate linguistic group.
4. Due to the widespread presence of both Spanish and French, the majority of Basques only have a passive knowledge of their language.
5. Unlike the rest of the Soviet republics, who were able to maintain their native language despite the de facto Russianization during the Soviet era, the Russian language has largely replaced Belarusian in everyday use.
6. Due to a lack of mutual intelligibility with other Breton varieties, the Gwenedeg varieties are considered to be a distinct language from other Breton varieties within a Bretonic language family by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology within their Glottolog database.
7. Due to France's long history of promoting the French language at the expense of others, the vast majority only speak French.
8. Following the Caucasian War, the majority of Circassians and Abkhazians were deported to Turkey.
9. Due to a long history of English dominance within Great Britain, the Celtic languages within the islands have seen steady decline in use, with some of them eventually going extinct. Although all of them have since seen major language revival movements, English continues to be main language for the majority of this group.
10. Shtokavian, Chakavian, Kajkavian, Torlakian Burgenland Croatian, and Slavomolisano are often considered separate languages depending on classification, but Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin are typically considered Shtokavian varieties rather than distinct languages due to high degrees of mutual intelligibility.
11. Largest practiced religion; the majority/plurality of this group are actually non-religious.
12. The Flemings and Dutch, particularly Southern Dutch, have many cultural and linguistic characteristics in common, but due to a combination of religious differences and popular stereotypes within the Netherlands and Flanders based on the cultural extremes of the Northern and Southern Dutch regions, most Flemings will not consider themselves ethnically Dutch and vice versa.
13. Gorolski is not a distinct language, but rather a group of Lechitic dialects spoken by Gorals that fall into various Lechitic languages.
14. Occitania, as defined by the modern Occitan linguistic territory, covers most of the current Southern France, the Alpine valleys of the Western Piedmont, in Italy, Val d'Aran in Spain and Monaco ^{[9] [10]} an area of approximately 190,000 km2.
15. Though many Para-Romani languages are not genetically related to each other beyond having a Romani substrate, they are all known to be ethnolects developed by the Romani diaspora.
16. This ethnic group is largely a nomadic or semi-nomadic one and do not have a particular area to claim as a primary homeland; these countries are listed here due to having a significant population.
17. The Rusyn identity is mostly limited to those residing outside of Carpathian Ruthenia. Within Carpathian Ruthenia itself (especially in the Ukrainian region), the majority of its residents identify themselves as being Ukrainian.
18. Due to policies of polonization implemented after World War II, the majority of Vilamovians can only speak Polish.
19. While they are commonly subsumed into one Volga Tatar language, the central dialects belong to Kipchak-Bulgar while the Mishar dialects may belong to Kipchak-Cuman.

References

1. Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook . Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN   978-1-57356-019-1.
2. Goran Burenhult, Traditional Peoples Today: Continuity and Change in the Modern World Illustrated History of Humankind, vol. 5 (1994).
3. Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples – An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 30. ISBN   9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
4. "The Botlikhs". The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire . Institute of the Estonian Language. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
5. Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples – An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 351. ISBN   9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
6. "Government Publishes Bill to recognise British Sign Language as a language of Gibraltar – 274/2022". Government of Gibraltar . 19 April 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
7. Anita Sujoldžić, "Molise Croatian Idiom" Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine , Coll. Antropol. 28 Suppl. 1 (2004) 263–274
   

   Along with the institutional support provided by the Italian government and Croatian institutions based on bilateral agreements between the two states, the Slavic communities also received a new label for their language and a new ethnic identity – Croatian, and there have been increasing tendencies to standardize the spoken idiom on the basis of Standard Croatian. It should be stressed, however, that although they regarded their different language as a source of prestige and self-appreciation, these communities have always considered themselves to be Italians who in addition have Slavic origins and at best accept to be called Italo-Slavic, while the term "Molise Croatian" emerged recently as a general term in scientific and popular literature to describe the Croatian-speaking population living in the Molise.

8. Subačius, Giedrius (2005). The Lithuanian language: traditions and trends (PDF). The Lithuanian Institute, Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania. p. 7. ISBN   9955-548-09-6 . Retrieved 16 January 2023.
9. There is also a variant of Occitan Monegasque aboriginal (district of the Port à la Condamine and Saint Roman) -called patois- which is called Moneguier. (René ANFOSSO, speaker of Moneguier p. 51 in REVEST Laurenç Nissa e Occitània per Garibaldi. Garibaldian anthology of Oc, publisher Serre, Nice, 212 p.).
10. "15% of the population of Monaco speaks Niçard variety of Provençal, which strongly French influences from the Monegasque territory. In fact, people speaking Niçard are mainly people over 50, but Provencal increases its status as a literary language (translated from: "A further 15% of the population of Monaco speaks the Niçard variety of Provençal, which greatly influences the French of the Monegasque region. In fact, the Niçard speaking community is comprisedof over 50 years of age, Provençal is increasingly gaining status as a literary language}} "Monaco: "Language Situation", in Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition)}}, 2006, p. 230 Archived 2012-05-12 at the Wayback Machine .
11. Jennifer S. H. Brown (1996). "Company Men with a Difference". Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Company Families in Indian Country. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 31. ISBN   978-0806128139. It is clear, however, that while the Lowland Scots were not viewed as particularly distinct from the English ethnically or socially, the Orkneymen acquired considerable visibility as a separate group
12. Clements, Joseph; Amaral, Patrícia; Garrett, Jordan (2021). "Social identity and the formation and development of Barranquenho". In Sippola, Eeva; Matras, Yaron; Mazzoli, Maria (eds.). New Perspectives on Mixed Languages: From Core to Fringe. Language Contact and Bilingualism. Vol. 18. Boston/Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 249. doi:10.1515/9781501511257-008. ISBN   9781501517266. S2CID   236374063.
13. Nafría, Ismael (2 April 2015). "Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España". La Vanguardia . Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2023.