2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine

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2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine
DOC2DACS.svg
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine molecule ball.png
Clinical data
Other names2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
  • 1-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
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UNII
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ChEMBL
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ECHA InfoCard 100.215.939 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Chemical and physical data
Formula C11H16ClNO2
Molar mass 229.70 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • ClC1=C(OC)C=C(CC(C)N)C(OC)=C1
  • InChI=1S/C11H16ClNO2/c1-7(13)4-8-5-11(15-3)9(12)6-10(8)14-2/h5-7H,4,13H2,1-3H3 Yes check.svgY
  • Key:ACRITBNCBMTINK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Yes check.svgY
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2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine (DOC) is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It was presumably first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, and was described in his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved). [2]

Contents

Chemistry

DOC is a substituted alpha-methylated phenethylamine, a class of compounds commonly known as amphetamines. The phenethylamine equivalent (lacking the alpha-methyl group) is 2C-C. DOC has a stereocenter and (R)-(−)-DOC is the more active stereoisomer.

Pharmacology

DOC acts as a selective 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptor partial agonist. Its psychedelic effects are mediated via its actions on the 5-HT2A receptor.[ citation needed ]

Dosage

A normal average dose of DOC ranges from 0.2–7.0 mg [3] the former producing threshold effects, and the latter producing extremely strong effects. Onset of the drug is 1–3 hours, peak and plateau at 4–8 hours, and a gradual come down with residual stimulation at 9-20h. After effects can last well into the next day. [3] [4]

Effects

Unlike simple amphetamines, DOC is considered a chemical that influences cognitive and perception processes of the brain. The strongest supposed effects include open and closed eye visuals, increased awareness of sound and movement, and euphoria. In the autobiography PiHKAL, Alexander Shulgin included a description of DOC as "an archetypal psychedelic" (#64); its presumed full-range visual, audio, physical, and mental effects show exhilarating clarity, and some overwhelming, humbling, and "composting"/interweaving effects. [4]

Dangers

Very little data exists about the toxicity of DOC. In April 2013, a case of death due to DOC was reported. The source does not specify whether the drug alone caused the death. [5] In 2014, a death was reported in which DOC was directly implicated as the sole causative agent in the death of a user. The autopsy indicated pulmonary edema and a subgaleal hemorrhage. [6]

Detection in biological specimens

DOC may be quantitated in blood, plasma or urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to provide evidence in a medicolegal death investigation. Blood or plasma DOC concentrations are expected to be in a range of 1–10 μg/L in persons using the drug recreationally, >20 μg/L in intoxicated patients and >100 μg/L in victims of acute overdosage. [7]

Popularity

Although rare on the black market, it has been available in bulk and shipped worldwide by select elite "Grey Market" Research Chemical suppliers for several years. Sales of DOC on blotting paper and in capsules was reported in late 2005 and again in late 2007. According to the DEA's Microgram from December 2007, the Concord Police Department in Contra Costa County, California, in the US, seized "a small piece of crudely lined white blotter paper without any design, suspected LSD 'blotter acid'". They added "Unusually, the paper appeared to be hand-lined using two pens, in squares measuring approximately 6 x 6 millimeters. The paper displayed fluorescence when irradiated at 365 nanometers; however, color testing for LSD with para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (Ehrlich's reagent) was negative. Analysis of a methanol extract by GC/MS indicated not LSD but rather DOC (not quantitated but a high loading based on the TIC)". [8] DOC is sometimes misrepresented as LSD by unscrupulous dealers. This is particularly dangerous, as DOC is not known to have the safety profile of LSD. It can be particularly unsafe, in comparison to LSD, for those suffering from hypertension, as amphetamine compounds are known to cause sharp increases in systolic blood pressure.

Drug prohibition laws

Canada

Listed as a Schedule 1 [9] as it is an analogue of amphetamine. [10] The CDSA was updated as a result of the Safe Streets Act changing amphetamines from Schedule 3 to Schedule 1. [11]

Australia

Unscheduled but can be controlled as schedule II as an analogue of DOB. [12]

China

As of October 2015 DOC is a controlled substance in China. [13]

New Zealand

Scheduled. [12]

Denmark

Denmark added DOC to the list of Schedule I controlled substances as of 8.4.2007. [12]

Germany

Scheduled in Anlage I since 22.1.2010. [12]

Sweden

Sveriges riksdag added DOC to schedule I ("substances, plant materials and fungi which normally do not have medical use") as narcotics in Sweden as of Aug 30, 2007, published by Medical Products Agency in their regulation LVFS 2007:10 listed as DOC, 4-klor-2,5-dimetoxi-amfetamin. [14] DOC was first classified by Sveriges riksdags health ministry Statens folkhälsoinstitut as "health hazard" under the act Lagen om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor (translated Act on the Prohibition of Certain Goods Dangerous to Health) as of Jul 1, 2004, in their regulation SFS 2004:486 listed as 4-klor-2,5-dimetoxiamfetamin (DOC). [15]

United Kingdom

Class A. [12]

United States

DOC is not scheduled or controlled at the federal level in the United States, [16] but the Department of Justice considers it to be an analogue of DOB [17] and, as such, possession or sale could be prosecuted under the Federal Analogue Act. [12] In December 2023, the US Drug Enforcement Administration issued a notice of proposed rulemaking that would classify both 2,5-dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine as schedule I controlled substances. [18]

In the United States, the analogues DMA, DOB, and DOM are Schedule I controlled substances.

US State of Florida

DOC is a Schedule I controlled substance in the state of Florida making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess. [19]

United Nations

In December 2019, the UNODC announced scheduling recommendations placing DOC into Schedule I alongside another several research chemicals. [20]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>PiHKAL</i> 1991 book by Alexander Shulgin and Ann Shulgin

PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story is a book by Dr. Alexander Shulgin and Ann Shulgin, published in 1991. The subject of the work is psychoactive phenethylamine chemical derivatives, notably those that act as psychedelics and/or empathogen-entactogens. The main title, PiHKAL, is an acronym that stands for "Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2C-I</span> Chemical compound

2C-I (2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine) is a phenethylamine of the 2C family with psychedelic properties. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and described in his 1991 book PiHKAL. The drug has been used recreationally as psychedelic and other reported effects and was sometimes confused with the more potent chemical cousin 25I-NBOMe, nicknamed "Smiles," in the media.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2C-T-7</span> Psychedelic phenthylamine drug

2C-T-7 is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. In his book PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story, Alexander Shulgin lists the dosage range as 10–30 mg. 2C-T-7 is generally taken orally, and produces psychedelic and entactogenic effects that last 8 to 15 hours. Up until Operation Web Tryp and three deaths, two of which involved the use of other drugs in addition to 2C-T-7, and one which involved an excessive insufflated dose, 2C-T-7 was sold commercially in Dutch and Japanese smartshops and online. It is known on the streets as Blue Mystic or 7th Heaven. There has been little real research done on this chemical other than Shulgin's comments in PiHKAL and a few small animal studies mostly aimed at detecting metabolites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2C-E</span> Chemical compound

2C-E is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and documented in his book PiHKAL. Like the other substances in its family, it produces sensory and cognitive effects in its physical reactions with living organisms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2C-C</span> Chemical compound

2C-C is a psychedelic drug of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, sometimes used as an entheogen. In his book PiHKAL , Shulgin lists the dosage range as 20–40 mg. 2C-C is usually taken orally, but may also be insufflated. 2C-C is schedule I of section 202(c) of the Controlled Substances Act in the United States, signed into law as of July, 2012 under the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2C-D</span> Chemical compound

2C-D is a psychedelic drug of the 2C family that is sometimes used as an entheogen. It was first synthesized in 1970 by a team from the Texas Research Institute of Mental Sciences, and its activity was subsequently investigated in humans by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL, Shulgin lists the dosage range as being from 20 to 60 mg. Lower doses of 10 mg or less have been explored for microdosing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine</span> Chemical compound

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine is a psychedelic and a substituted amphetamine. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, and later reported in his book PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. DOM is classified as a Schedule I substance in the United States, and is similarly controlled in other parts of the world. Internationally, it is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. It is generally taken orally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine</span> Chemical compound

Dimethoxybromoamphetamine (DOB), also known as brolamfetamine (INN) and bromo-DMA, is a psychedelic drug and substituted amphetamine of the phenethylamine class of compounds. DOB was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin in 1967. Its synthesis and effects are documented in Shulgin's book PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2C-T-8</span> Chemical compound

2C-T-8 is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, sometimes used as an entheogen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2C-N</span> Chemical compound

2C-N (2,5-dimethoxy-4-nitrophenethylamine) is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine</span> Chemical compound

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) is a psychedelic drug and a substituted amphetamine. Unlike many other substituted amphetamines, however, it is not primarily a stimulant. DOI has a stereocenter and R-(−)-DOI is the more active stereoisomer. In neuroscience research, [125I]-R-(−)-DOI is used as a radioligand and indicator of the presence of 5-HT2A serotonin receptors. DOI's effects have been compared to LSD, although there are differences that experienced users can distinguish. Besides the longer duration, the trip tends to be more energetic than an LSD trip, with more body load and a different subjective visual experience. The after effects include residual stimulation and difficulty sleeping, which, depending on the dose, may persist for days. While rare, it is sometimes sold as a substitute for LSD, or even sold falsely as LSD, which may be dangerous because DOI does not have the same established safety profile as LSD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2C-T-4</span> Chemical compound

2C-T-4 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-isopropylthiophenethylamine) is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and is used as entheogenic recreational drug.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2C-G</span> Chemical compound

2C-G is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C-series. First synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, it is sometimes used as an entheogen. It has structural and pharmacodynamic properties similar to 2C-D and Ganesha. Like many of the phenethylamines in PiHKAL, 2C-G and its homologs have only been taken by Shulgin and a small test group, making it difficult to ensure completeness when describing effects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2C-T</span> Chemical compound

2C-T is a psychedelic and hallucinogenic drug of the 2C family. It is used by some as an entheogen. It has structural and pharmacodynamic properties similar to the drugs mescaline and 2C-T-2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitroamphetamine</span> Chemical compound

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitroamphetamine (DON) is a psychedelic drug and amphetamine. It is an analog of DOM and DOB. It is also closely related to 2C-N.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine</span> Psychedelic drug

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, and was described in his book PiHKAL.

Ganesha (2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-dimethylamphetamine) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. It is also a substituted amphetamine. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL, the dosage range is listed as 24–32 mg. The drug is usually taken orally, although other routes such as rectally may also be used. Ganesha is synthesized from 2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-dimethylbenzaldehyde. Ganesha is the amphetamine analog of 2C-G. It is a particularly long lasting drug, with the duration listed in PiHKAL as being 18–24 hours, which might make it undesirable to some users. It is named after the Hindu deity, Ganesha. Very little is known about the dangers or toxicity of ganesha. Effects of ganesha include:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aleph (psychedelic)</span> Chemical compound

Aleph is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug and a substituted amphetamine of the phenethylamine class of compounds, which can be used as an entheogen. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, who named it after the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet. In his book PiHKAL, Shulgin lists the dosage range as 5–10 mg, with effects typically lasting for 6 to 8 hours.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2C-T-15</span> Chemical compound

2C-T-15 or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(β-cyclopropylthio)phenethylamine is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was presumably first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and reported in his book PiHKAL .

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2,5-Dimethoxy-4-fluoroamphetamine</span> Chemical compound

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-fluoroamphetamine (DOF) is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine classes. Alexander Shulgin briefly describes DOF in his book PiHKAL:

Animal studies that have compared DOF to the highly potent DOI and DOB imply that the human activity will be some four to six times less than these two heavier halide analogues.

References

  1. ↑ Anvisa (2023-07-24). "RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 804 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-07-25). Archived from the original on 2023-08-27. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
  2. ↑ Shulgin A, Shulgin A (September 1991). PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. United States: Transform Press. p. 978. ISBN   0-9630096-0-5. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
  3. 1 2 "Erowid DOC Vault: Dosage". Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2008.
  4. 1 2 "Erowid Online Books: "PiHKAL" - #64 DOC". Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2005.
  5. ↑ Bucks J (25 April 2013). ""Moment of madness": rare drug implicated in student death". The Saint. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  6. ↑ Barnett RY, Baker DD, Kelly NE, McGuire CE, Fassette TC, Gorniak JM (October 2014). "A fatal intoxication of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine: a case report". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 38 (8): 589–91. doi: 10.1093/jat/bku087 . PMID   25217551.
  7. ↑ Baselt RC (2014). Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man. Seal Beach, California: Biomedical Publications. p. 2173. ISBN   978-0-9626523-9-4.
  8. ↑ "mg1207" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-17. Retrieved 2013-08-13.
  9. ↑ "Schedule I". Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. Canadian Legal Information Institute. 2022-03-31. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
  10. ↑ "Controlled Drugs and Substances Act". Definitions and interpretations. Canadian Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 2013-11-10. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
  11. ↑ "Backgrounder: The Safe Streets and Communities Act Four Components Coming Into Force". Canadian Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 2012-10-18.
  12. ↑ "关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知" (in Chinese). China Food and Drug Administration. 27 September 2015. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  13. ↑ "Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter - LVFS och HSLF-FS | Läkemedelsverket" (PDF).
  14. ↑ "Förordning om ändring i förordningen (1999:58) om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor" (PDF) (in Swedish). 27 May 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2018.
  15. ↑ "PART 1308 - Section 1308.11 Schedule I". www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov. Archived from the original on 27 August 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  16. ↑ "DEA Resources, Microgram, October 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-17. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
  17. ↑ "Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine (DOC) in Schedule I". www.regulations.gov.
  18. ↑ "The 2017 Florida Statutes - Title XLVI - CRIMES - Chapter 893 - DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION AND CONTROL". leg.state.fl.us. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  19. ↑ "December 2019 – WHO: World Health Organization recommends 12 NPS for scheduling".
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